Doctor Legum - LLD / International standards recognise the basic right of all women and girls to make free choices about reproduction including the number if any, spacing and timing of their children without being subjected to discrimination, coercion, or violence. The enjoyment of this right by many women in the world has overtime been interfered with through forced sterilisation which has a salient history beginning with the eugenics movement in the 20th century indicating a disproportionate impact on the poor, ethnic minorities, women with disabilities, transgender group, as well as women living with HIV.

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Nigeria is at a crossroad - how to balance developmental needs with environmental protection. The challenge is exacerbated because Nigeria operates a mono-economy which overwhelmingly depends on the crude oil resources from the Niger Delta for its economic survival. As a result, the protection of the Niger Delta environment has not been accorded the priority it deserves. The thesis aims to investigate the potentials of Constitutional Environmental Rights (CERs) to assist in resolving the environmental sustainability crisis in the Niger Delta. The thesis will utilize insights developed by environmental justice scholarship as the theoretical framework to investigate the main causes of the sustainability crisis in the Niger Delta and to propose ways to tackle these environmental challenges. The thesis draws inspiration from the research carried out by David Boyd on the efficacy of CERs for environmental sustainability for its analytical framework. Although Trans-National Corporations (TNCs) and international trade contribute to the sustainability crisis in the Niger Delta, the thesis will not focus on these. Instead, it will focus on the internal legal causes of the sustainability crisis in the Niger Delta, because the external causes of the sustainability crisis have been addressed at length by other researchers. Moreover, addressing the internal causes of the sustainability crisis could also address some of the impacts of the external causes of the sustainability crisis in the Niger Delta. As such, the thesis uses 3 of Boyd's CERs performance indices in analyzing the suitability of CERs to tackle the 3 identified major internal causes of the sustainability crisis in the Niger Delta. Specifically, Boyd's index 1 (impetus for the enactment of stronger environmental laws) could address gaps in Nigeria's environmental regulatory framework. Index 4 (improvement in the implementation and enforcement of environmental laws) could address the non-implementation and non-enforcement problems with the existing environmental regulatory framework in Nigeria. Lastly, index 6 (increased public participation in environmental governance) could address the marginalization of the Niger Delta in resource governance in Nigeria. These indices will not only help to uncover the weaknesses in Nigerian laws and their enforcement but will also identify potential barriers to CERs within the current legal and policy architecture and suggest solutions on how CERs would be implemented if recognized in Nigeria to avoid these barriers. The main contribution of the thesis is a detailed case study of how CERs may work in Nigeria to tackle the environmental crisis in the Niger Delta, and a detailed and specific analysis of what would be required in terms of domestic political, structural and legal change to ensure that CERs could contribute to the sustainability of the Niger Delta as much as they have in other countries. The research makes specific recommendations for changes to Nigerian law, policy and institutions, such as adoption of CERs in the enforceable part of the Constitution, ownership and control by federating units of natural resources found in their territories, and elimination of barriers to access to justice. This would come about through strategically crafted constitutional provisions and laws to address the underlying factors that would limit the effectiveness of CERs in Nigeria. The thesis argues that addressing these fundamentals and constitutionalizing environmental rights will lead to improved environmental outcomes for the Niger Delta.

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This briefing aims to highlight and clarify the importance of the availability and misuse of small arms and light weapons (SALW), and associated armed violence, for development programming in the areas of governance, security sector reform (SSR), and safety, security and access to justice (SSAJ). By doing so the effectiveness of governance, SSR and SSAJ programmes can be enhanced. Moreover, governance, SSR and SSAJ programmes can be developed to contribute more to the reduction of armed violence perpetrated with SALW and facilitated by their availability

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:34:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vivian de Almeida Gregori Torres.pdf: 786296 bytes, checksum: fc6dcca18d50fc0c76e823b6580fe14c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-20 / In Brazil, a quite expressive number of people - as a matter of fact all the population between the socioeconomic elite, which is able to pay the charges of competent lawyers with its own resources, and a huge popular bulk which relies on the public judicial assistance does not have access to judicial support. It happens because of their monthly income (around three minimum salaries); due to their income they do not have the right for public assistance and on the other side no money enough for a private service. However, the admittance to justice is a guaranteed right in the Constitution of 1988. First, we emphasize the access to a lawyer as sine qua non condition to make possible that all Brazilians would have a satisfactory customer support (and consequently, to fulfill the constitutional guarantee), we propose the resource socalled third sector under the supervision or regulation of the Public Defender itself. We then understand that the inclusion of all Brazilian people in the range of the judicial support, which is made possible by the association between the State and the third sector, fulfilling the constitutional right, will turn individuals into citizens and will establish a real democratization of justice. / No Brasil, um grande contingente de brasileiros, na verdade toda a população entre uma extremamente minoritária elite sócio-econômica, a qual pode custear com recursos próprios eficientes serviços advocatícios, e uma majoritária e colossal massa popular, que pode recorrer à assistência judiciária pública, está excluído do acesso à justiça, pois se, por um lado, não dispõe do recurso ao amparo judiciário da Defensoria Pública (por ter renda mensal que atinge em torno de três salários mínimos), por outro, mediante a renda com que conta fica impossibilitado de arcar particularmente com o amparo do Judiciário de que venha a necessitar. Entretanto, o acesso à justiça constitui direito assegurado pela Constituição Federal de 1988. Enfatizamos aqui primeiramente o acesso ao advogado como condição sine qua non para o efetivo acesso à justiça e, para viabilizar o satisfatório atendimento desse enorme número de brasileiros que se acha à margem do amparo da justiça (e, conseqüentemente, o cumprimento da garantia constitucional), propomos o recurso ao chamado terceiro setor sob a supervisão ou regulamentação da própria Defensoria Pública. Entendemos, nesse espírito, que a devida inclusão da totalidade dos brasileiros na esfera do amparo judiciário possibilitada pela associação do Estado com o terceiro setor, atendendo de fato a um direito constitucional, converterá indivíduos em cidadãos e concretizará a real democratização da Justiça.

Rättegångskostnader – Costs in Civil Procedure The rules on costs in Chapter 18 of the Swedish Code of Legal Procedure (Sw: Rättegångsbalken) have an impact on several procedural questions but have rarely been thoroughly discussed in legal practice or theory since their adoption in 1942. On the other hand, since the Code was adopted civil procecedure scholars have considerably focused on the development and changes in society and how they affect civil procedure. This thesis aims at examining both these lines of development. The impact of the theoretical discussions during the 20th century is critically addressed, with special attention to cost-related questions, and the application of rules on costs in some current and actual situations are examined and evaluated from a pragmatic perspective. The inquiry shows that costs have been of indirect relevance for the theoretical discussion in procedural law and that this theoretical development in turn has had effects on cost rules. Changing views on civil procedure have led to altered framings of cost problems and to shifts in how the rules have been comprehended and applied. The inquiry covers questions on cost assessment and cost shifting between the parties, as well as problems connected to possibilities to spread costs and risk on legal representatives, funders and others. It is argued that a more compromising and pluralistic application of the rules combined with more explicit communication in cost issues between the parties and the court during early stages of the proceedings may facilitate and lead to more nuanced cost decisions without burdening the final stages of the proceedings with extensive legal argumentation.

This thesis identifies the financial incentives of litigants and lawyers to behave in certain ways in relation to civil litigation files. By identifying such incentives, this thesis raises questions about the extent to which substantive and procedural private law is capable of being influenced by them. Specifically, this thesis argues that: lawyers have a lawmaking function within the private law system; lawyers have financial incentives distinct from those of their clients; and the costs of retaining lawyers produce observable incentives and effects on the outcomes of civil litigation matters. In addition to the many theoretical materials cited, empirical data have been cited from research observing the legal profession in North America and elsewhere. This thesis argues that external influences--such as financial incentives for non-parties--can affect the way private law applies and develops. This thesis also identifies general regulatory strategies that might limit the influence of external factors on private law.

Štěpán Chejn - Diplomová práce Název práce v českém jazyce: Vybrané otázky přístupu k soudům v ochraně životního prostředí Název práce v anglickém jazyce: Selected issues of access to justice in evironmental protection Abstrakt: Cílem diplomové práce je zhodnotit platnou právní úpravu přístupu k soudům v otázkách životního prostředí ve světle nálezu Výboru pro dodržování Aarhuské úmluvy. Práce nejprve stručně pojednává o teoretických přístupech a obecných otázkách, které jsou pro zhodnocení platné právní úpravy nezbytné, a poté popisuje hlavní body stížnosti. V závěru se pak věnuje tématu odkladného účinku, jelikož v této části nebyla dle Výboru Úmluva porušena. Součástí práce je také autorův vlastní výzkum dle zákona 106/1999 Sb. Klíčová slova: Soudní ochrana životního prostředí, Aarhuská úmluva, odkladný účinek Abstract: The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the legal regulation of access to justice in environmental matters in the light of findings of the Compliance Committee of the Aarhus Convention. The thesis briefly discusses theoretical approaches and general issues that are necessary to evaluate existing legislation, and then describes the main points of the complaint. The conclusion is devoted to the topic of suspensive effect, as in this section according to the Compliance Committee the Convention...

O trabalho apresentado propõe-se a descrever e analisar os institutos da assistência jurídica (que tem como subtipo a assistência judiciária) e da justiça gratuita no Brasil, em benefício de pessoas pobres na acepção jurídica do termo, com enfoque nos conflitos individuais do trabalho. Abrange o estudo dos serviços de orientação jurídica pré-processual e o patrocínio das causas judiciais com isenção de honorários e de todo tipo de despesa oriunda dos processos. Para atingir esse objetivo, utiliza-se a compilação e análise crítica de informações extraídas de obras doutrinárias, de jurisprudência e de pesquisas de levantamento de dados realizadas por terceiros, tudo com base em material nacional e estrangeiro, com final apresentação de conclusões e proposições acerca das divergências doutrinárias e jurisprudenciais existentes. Demonstra-se que a assistência jurídica, a assistência judiciária e a justiça gratuita possuem antecedentes ainda na antiguidade e evoluíram até a conformação atual no direito brasileiro. O objetivo dessa evolução é proporcionar o acesso à justiça e a efetivação do princípio da igualdade, que são ao mesmo tempo fundamentos daqueles institutos. Para o mais amplo atendimento aos necessitados, não há exclusividade na prestação dos serviços de assistência jurídica nem limites nas isenções de despesas judiciais. Os benefícios e a lista de prestadores dos serviços são vastos. Além disso, o procedimento foi simplificado ao longo do tempo até a existência atual de presunção relativa de pobreza daquele que afirma essa condição. / The presented dissertation aims to describe and analyze the institutes of legal aid and exemption from court fees in Brazil, for the benefit of poor people in the legal sense, focusing on individual labor conflicts. It covers the services of free legal advice and advocacy with exemption from legal representatives fees and other charges relating to proceedings. To achieve this objective, it uses the compilation and review of information extracted from doctrinal works, case studies and data collection, all based on national and foreign material, with a final presentation of conclusions and proposals about the doctrinal and case study discussions. It demonstrates that the different systems of legal aid and exemption from court fees have evolved over time until the present existence in Brazilian law, always with the goal of providing access to justice and the realization of the principle of equality, which are also its foundations. To assist the needy to the fullest, there is no exclusivity in the provision of legal aid services or limits on the exemptions from charges relating to the proceedings. The benefits and the list of service providers are vast. Moreover, the procedure has been simplified over time until the existence of the presumption of poverty which states that this condition.