Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:53:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 155045.pdf.jpg: 18129 bytes, checksum: 793ef698661cfebe06fec69c097c6fe2 (MD5) 155045.pdf: 969043 bytes, checksum: 532604cf3ec9930dbf6ecc8feb6ec35c (MD5) 155045.pdf.txt: 313744 bytes, checksum: 774564f81deab0ab96693b3cde4335c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-21T00:00:00Z / The purpose of this study is to analyse the relationship between domestic and international politics in the issue of access to medicines to the treatment of HIV/AIDS, focusing on the Brazilian case. The main argument is that there is an imbalance in the Brazilian strategy, which, on one hand, resulted in its leadership and considerable victories in the foreign arena, but, on the other hand, did not reflected the same caution on the creation of internal capacities in order to implement these gains. / Esta pesquisa analisa as relações entre a política doméstica e a política internacional na questão do acesso a medicamentos para o tratamento de HIV/AIDS, focalizando o caso pátrio. Argumenta-se que há um descompasso na estratégia brasileira que, se por um lado, resultou em uma posição de liderança e significativas vitórias no plano externo, por outro lado, não refletiu a mesma preocupação na criação de capacidades internas para a efetiva implementação desses avanços.

Doctorat en Santé Publique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-10-19T16:42:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 patriciaaparecidabaumgratzdepaula.pdf: 674957 bytes, checksum: 47aead25964f7f8056ae745c65f91f0c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-10-25T12:23:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 patriciaaparecidabaumgratzdepaula.pdf: 674957 bytes, checksum: 47aead25964f7f8056ae745c65f91f0c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-25T12:23:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 patriciaaparecidabaumgratzdepaula.pdf: 674957 bytes, checksum: 47aead25964f7f8056ae745c65f91f0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-28 / O presente trabalho enfatiza a questão do acesso aos medicamentos visto como direito social assegurado na constituição do Sistema Único de Saúde. Para tanto, abordar-se-á o processo de medicalização vivenciado pela sociedade brasileira contemporânea, bem como, a política nacional de medicamentos e seus entraves. Também irá se buscar a apreensão da categoria acesso aos medicamentos, a partir das dimensões do acesso aos serviços de saúde. Todas estas categorias consideradas indissociáveis na busca pelo acesso universal e eqüinâme aos medicamentos. Nessa perspectiva, a partir da pesquisa qualitativa, foram realizados grupos focais com os usuários das unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) de Juiz de Fora – Minas Gerais, para buscar compreender o entendimento da problemática inerente ao acesso aos medicamentos como direito social, isto é, se esses usuários sentem-se como portadores de direitos ou como privilegiados ao obterem tal acesso. Esse estudo indicou que a maioria dos usuários das UBS não se considera como portadores de direitos, mostrando que o acesso aos medicamentos como direito social garantido constitucionalmente está longe de ser efetivado no cotidiano do serviço público de saúde brasileiro na contemporaneidade. / The present work emphasizes the question of access to medicine as a social right assured by the constitution of Health Public System. For that, it has been approached the process of medicalization experienced by the Brazilian society nowadays, as well as, the national medicines politics and its obstacles. It is also aimed to search for the apprehension of the access category to medicines, from the access dimension to the health services. All these categories considered inseparable in the search for universal and equanimous access to medicines. In this perspective, from the qualitative research, it has been realized foccuss groups with the users of the health basic unities (HBU) from the Juiz de Fora – Minas Gerais, to look forward to comprehend the understanding of the problematic inherent to access to medicines as a social right, that is, if these users feel themselves as porters of rights or as priviledged ones to obtain this access. This study has indicated that the majority of the HBU users do not consider themselves as porters of the rights, showing that access to medicines as a social right assured constitutionally is far from being daily effected in the Brazilian public health service in the contemporaneity.

Introdução: No âmbito da epidemiologia nos serviços de saúde, este estudo avaliou a adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso de pacientes portadores de hipertensão arterial em uma situação de pleno acesso farmacológico, verificando sua associação com aspectos sócio demográficos, comportamentais e características clínicas. Metodologia: estudo transversal com aplicação de questionário junto a usuários do Programa Remédio em Casa da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de São Paulo. A variável dependente foi a adesão e as variáveis independentes, as características sociodemográficas, comportamentais e clínicas. Foram calculadas as razões de prevalência e a análise multivariada foi realizada por regressão de Poisson. Principais resultados: portadores de hipertensão arterial com pleno acesso aos medicamentos apresentaram alta adesão terapêutica. Os poucos participantes não aderentes não diferiram dos demais do ponto de vista das características sócio demográficas, comportamentais e clínicas. Conclusão: em situação de adequada assistência, os fatores relacionados aos aspectos individuais perdem influência na determinação da adesão, sendo superados pela oferta efetiva de atenção à saúde e pelo pleno acesso aos medicamentos / Background: This study evaluated the medication adherence of hypertensive patients who had full access to medicines and the association with sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical characteristics. Methods: Cross-sectional study using a questionnaire applied to users of Programa Remédio em Casa [Home Medicine Program], a program of distribution of medicines from the city of São Paulo-Brazil. The dependent variable was adherence and the independent variables were sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical characteristics. Prevalence ratios were calculated and multivariate analyses were performed using Poisson Regression. Results: The study population showed high adherence. The non-adherent participants did not differ from the adherent participants in sociodemographic, behavioral or clinical characteristics. Conclusions: with effective provision of health care and full access to medicine, sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical factors lose influence in the determination of adherence to medicine

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-03-09T19:24:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 alinealbuquerquedeoliveira.pdf: 1451212 bytes, checksum: 15ba4b6f2342ac4f8df7a64a03699bef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-03-10T14:34:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alinealbuquerquedeoliveira.pdf: 1451212 bytes, checksum: 15ba4b6f2342ac4f8df7a64a03699bef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-10T14:34:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alinealbuquerquedeoliveira.pdf: 1451212 bytes, checksum: 15ba4b6f2342ac4f8df7a64a03699bef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-06 / A legitimidade pela garantia do direito universal e integral à saúde tem elevado o número de ações judiciais, inclusive de medicamentos, contra as várias esferas de gestão do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Tais demandas têm causado rupturas na gestão do SUS, criando até mesmo políticas paralelas de gestão, com desvio de recursos públicos para o cumprimento das liminares. Com o intuito de conhecer as características dos autores da ação, das ações judiciais e dos medicamentos solicitados via judicial contra a Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Estado de Minas Gerais, mais especificamente contra a Superintendência Regional de Saúde de Juiz de Fora (SRS/JF), foi realizado estudo transversal observacional das ações judiciais de medicamentos que desdobraram no período de outubro de 2004 a outubro de 2015. Foram analisados 574 processos iniciais solicitando 929 medicamentos. Houve um predomínio do sexo feminino (63,3%) e residentes no município Juiz de Fora, sede da SRS/JF. Aproximadamente 59% dos autores foram atendidos pela defensoria pública ou por advogado dativo (aquele por ela nomeado) e 88,3% teve como réu exclusivamente o Estado de Minas Gerais. Os medicamentos mais demandados são pertencem ao grupo do Sistema Nervoso Central (26,5%), segundo classificação ATC, sendo os imunossupressores (9,6%), antiepiléticos (7,6%) e agentes trombóticos (6,9%) os subgrupos farmacológicos mais demandados. Os medicamentos mais solicitados foram etanercepte (2,5%), quetiapina e rivaroxabana (2,2%) e oxcarbamazepina (1,9%). Cerca de 11,4% estão presentes na Relação Estadual de Medicamentos para o Programa Farmácia de Minas: atenção primária à saúde e 18,5 % compõem o componente especializado e, conforme verificado em outros estudos, as solicitações são maiores para aqueles não pertencentes às listas oficiais de financiamento público (70,1%). Dos medicamentos solicitados, 77,1% possuem atualmente alternativas terapêuticas no SUS. A utilização do Manual de Indicadores de Avaliação e Monitoramento possibilitou a verificação de semelhanças e diferenças em relação a outros estudos que já o utilizaram ou aqueles que possuem dados semelhantes aos do presente estudo. Acreditamos que as tendências verificadas sirvam de subsídio para a reformulação de políticas públicas, com vistas à ampliação do acesso a medicamentos, preservando a gestão pública e o direito à saúde. / The legitimacy by ensuring universal and integral right to health is the high number of judicial actions, including medicines against various spheres of management of the Unic Health System (SUS). Such demands have caused disruptions in S US management, creating even, parallel management policies, diversion of public funds to meet the injunctions. In order to know the characteristics of the plaintiffs, judicial actions and medicines requested remedy against the State Department of Health of the State of Minas Gerais, more specifically against the Regional Superintendent of Juiz de Fora Health (SRS / JF ), was conducted observational cross-sectional study of lawsuits drugs that deployed from october 2004 to october 2015. 574 initial processes requiring 929 drugs were analyzed. There was a predominance of females (63,3%) and living in the city of Juiz de Fora, headquarters of the SRS / JF. Approximately 59% of authors were attended by the public defender or attorney dative (the one named for her) and 88.3% had the defendant only the state of Minas Gerais. The most demanded drugs are belong to the Central Nervous System group (26,5%), according to ATC classification, immunosuppressants and (9,6%), antiepileptics (7,6%) and thrombotic agents (6,9%) the most demanded pharmacological subgroups. The most requested medications were etanercept (2,5%), quetiapine and rivaroxaban (2,2%) and oxcarbamazepina (1,9%). About 11,4% are present in the State List of Drugs for Mine Pharmacy Program: primary health care and 18,5% make up the specialized component and, as seen in other studies, requests are higher for those not belonging to official lists of public funding (70,.1%). The requested medications, 77,1% currently have therapeutic alternatives in the SUS. The use of the Monitoring and Evaluation Indicators Manual enabled the verification similarities and differences with other studies that have used or those with similar data for the present study. We believe that the trends serve as a subsidy for the reformulation of public policies with a view to expanding access to medicines, preserving the public administration and the right to health.

Despite the adoption of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health in 2001, which unequivocally affirmed WTO members’ rights to use compulsory licences and other TRIPS flexibilities to access medicines, thirteen years on, developing countries and least developed countries are still grappling with access to medicines issues and a high disease burden. Despite some well researched and eloquent arguments to the contrary, it is a trite fact that patents remain an impediment to access to medicines by encouraging monopoly prices. The WTO TRIPS Agreement gives members room to legislate in a manner that is sympathetic to access to affordable medicines by providing for exceptions to patentability and the use of patents without the authorisation of the patent holder (TRIPS flexibilities). This study focuses on access to medicines under the TRIPS Agreement from a SADC comparative perspective by interrogating the extent of the domestication of TRIPS provisions promoting access to medicines in the SADC region with specific reference to Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe. After establishing that all SADC members, including Seychelles which is yet to be a WTO member have intellectual property (IP) laws in their statute books, this study confirms that while most of the IP provisions may be used to override patents, they are currently not being used by SADC members due to non-IP reasons such as lack of knowledge and political will. The study also engages in comparative discussions of topical occurrences in the context of access to medicines litigation in India, Thailand and Kenya and extracts useful thematic lessons for the SADC region. The study’s overall approach is to extract useful lessons for regional access to medicines from the good experiences of SADC members and other developing country jurisdictions in the context of a south-south bias. The study draws conclusions and recommendations which if implemented will in all likelihood lead to improved access to medicines for SADC citizens, while at the same time respecting the sanctity of patent rights. The study recommends the adoption of a rights-based approach, which will ultimately elevate patient rights over patent rights and urges the region to consider using its LDCs status to issue compulsory licences in the context of TRIPS Article 31 bis while exploring the possibility of local pharmaceutical manufacturing to produce generics, inspired by the experiences of Zimbabwe and current goings on in Mozambique and the use of pooled procurement for the region. The study embraces the rewards theory of patents which should be used to spur innovation and research into diseases of the poor in the SADC region. Civil society activity in the region is also identified as a potential vehicle to drive the move towards access to affordable medicines for all in the SADC region. / Mercantile Law / LL.D.

No description available.

Submitted by Paulo Junior (paulo.jr@fgv.br) on 2010-05-13T21:02:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cláudia Hoirisch.pdf: 1193444 bytes, checksum: 18921b0201a6008cb606c1dcc39797a0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Paulo Junior(paulo.jr@fgv.br) on 2010-05-13T21:03:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Cláudia Hoirisch.pdf: 1193444 bytes, checksum: 18921b0201a6008cb606c1dcc39797a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-05-14T12:29:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cláudia Hoirisch.pdf: 1193444 bytes, checksum: 18921b0201a6008cb606c1dcc39797a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-24 / The scope of this study is to evaluate the implementation process of the Compulsory License in the case of the antiretroviral efavirenz. This research is descriptive in nature and the medium of investigation was the case study. It was conducted during the months of October through December 2009 with semi-structured interviews containing open-ended questions with a group of Public Health policy makers and managers residing in the states of Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo and the Federal District who participated in the compulsory license process. These individuals were allowed to express themselves without any constraints in such a way that they could produce discourses. The Collective Subject Discourse (CSD) technique was then used for analysis of the discourses. The results revealed that Brazil has the technological capability to develop and produce antiretrovirals within a reasonably short period of time. The results further showed that the Compulsory License helped to curb spending on antiretrovirals and that the measure can be used to ensure access by the public to high-cost and strategic antiretroviral drugs for the Brazilian public health service (Unified Health System – SUS) in an environment with limited funds, whenever an impasse is reached in negotiations for price reductions with transnational pharmaceutical laboratories. / O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o processo de implementação da Licença Compulsória no caso do anti-retroviral efavirenz. Esta pesquisa é de caráter descritivo, o meio de investigação foi o estudo de caso e foi conduzido com entrevistas semi-estruturadas contendo questões abertas para um conjunto de atores representativos da área da Saúde Pública que participaram do processo da licença compulsória residentes nos estados do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo e no Distrito Federal durante os meses de outubro a dezembro de 2009. Permitiu-se que esses indivíduos se expressassem mais ou menos livremente de forma que eles produzissem discursos. Para a análise dos discursos, utilizou-se a técnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC). Os resultados demonstraram que o Brasil possui capacitação tecnológica para desenvolver e produzir anti-retrovirais em um prazo relativamente curto. Os resultados mostram ainda que a Licença Compulsória ajudou a refrear os gastos com anti-retrovirais e que o instrumento pode ser utilizado para garantir o acesso da população a medicamentos anti-retrovirais de alto custo e estratégicos para o Sistema Único de Saúde em um ambiente de recursos limitados sempre que se chegar a um impasse na negociação para redução de preços com os laboratórios farmacêuticos transnacionais.

[pt] O presente trabalho se desdobra através do dentro/ fora da União Europeia (UE) perguntando que poder existe na narrativa de poder normativo? E o que essa narrativa faz com a UE? Essas questões são investigadas movendo o foco de análise para perceber em que extensão e de que maneiras as relações com Outros afetam a identidade da UE. Considerando que o Poder Normativo Europeu (PNE) é o elo entre a segurança ontológica da UE e sua política externa, ele não pode ser pensado independentemente do Outro. A tese oferece uma teorização dos mecanismos de difusão e posterior operacionalização de uma perspectiva dialógica que endogeneiza o Outro desde o início. Recepção de normas é, portanto, parte integrante da análise de difusão. Posteriormente, a tese recria diferentes processos de difusão a partir do PNE como política externa para observar o argumento condutor de que, quando os Outros são integralizados à análise, dois dilemas do PNE despontam, um político e outro, mais profundo, ontológico. Um primeiro dilema é político: se o PNE enfrenta resistência, ou ele a anula, minando assim seu status de um tipo distinto de política externa; ou não, e então não alcança seu objetivo de difusão de normas. Mas um dilema mais profundo está ligado ao fato de que o PNE não é apenas uma política externa: é também um componente central do projeto de identidade da UE. Mesmo se as normas forem difundidas e as políticas convergirem, o PNE pode não ser reconhecido como a identidade superior na qual a ordem internacional deve se espelhar. Dito isto, se a UE tomar conhecimento do seu não reconhecimento, ela é posta diante de ver isto como uma aberração que será remediada ao longo do tempo, ou como uma potencial ameaça à sua segurança ontológica. Ela, portanto, paralisa e não consegue alterar sua abordagem. Como resultado, o PNE como política externa pode, mesmo que seja bem-sucedido, prejudicar seu projeto de identidade; e o PNE como projeto de identidade pode minar sua política externa exatamente quando sua tendência a ver-se confirmado ao encontrar o Outro prejudica seu reconhecimento externo. Empiricamente, o dilema ontológico é observado em um caso de cooperação para o desenvolvimento, o Programa entre a UE e a Comunidade de Estados Latino-Americanos e Caribenhos (CELAC) sobre Políticas de Drogas (COPOLAD), iniciado em 2011 e renovado em 2016. O dilema político, por sua vez, é observado em um caso de resistência, a busca pelo acesso global a medicamentos que provocou intensa polarização e divergências entre a UE e o Brasil no âmbito multilateral em 2008-2009, com desenvolvimentos até 2016. A tese constrói uma teoria e desenvolve hipóteses conectadas aos dilemas do PNE, integrando seriamente o Outro em uma abordagem dialógica aos dois casos paradigmáticos. A abordagem explora a presença de diferenças, contestação e assimetrias de poder em trajetos processuais que resultam em um dos dois dilemas. A maioria dos estudos que abordam o exercício do poder normativo da UE como política externa lidam com casos de Europeização entre os Estados membros da UE, candidatos e países vizinhos. Esse cenário pode conduzir a um problema tanto para a estabilização da identidade política da UE quanto para o sucesso de sua política externa, uma vez que países distantes das suas fronteiras provavelmente desafiam o discurso de excepcionalidade e caráter distinto da UE. Estudos Europeus e a própria UE, por sua vez, não lançaram luz sobre esse problema até meados dos anos 2000. Em contrapartida, esta tese contribui para a agenda de pesquisa sobre difusão de normas e governança externa da UE em duas frentes principais: 1) oferecendo um quadro teórico para analisar o PNE como política externa, proponho que nosso entendimento é atualmente insuficiente para compreender dilemas que têm a ver com a forma como o PNE deve funcionar; 2) operacionaliza uma abordagem dialógica dos estudos de caso que revelam a política de recepção de normas, considerando os Outros como parte / [en] The present work looks across European Union s inside/outside by asking what power is there in a normative power narrative? And what does this narrative do to the EU? These questions are investigated by moving the focus of analysis to see to what extent and in which ways relationships set up with Others beyond Europe affect the EU political identity. Considering that NPE is the link between the EU s ontological security and its foreign policy, it cannot be thought independently of the Other. At first, the thesis offers a theorization of mechanisms of diffusion and subsequently operationalization in a dialogic perspective that endogeneize the Other from the onset. Norm reception is thus integral part of the diffusion analysis. At second, it recreates different processes of diffusion starting from NPE as foreign policy to observe the driving argument that, when the Others are endogeneized, two dilemmas of NPE arise, one political and another, more profound one, ontological. A first dilemma is political: If NPE faces resistance, it either overrules it thereby undermining its status of a different type of foreign policy; or it does not, and then does not succeed in its aim of norm diffusion. But a more profound dilemma is connected to the fact that NPE is not just a foreign policy: it is also a central component of the EU s identity project. Even if norms are diffused and policies converge, NPE may not be recognized as the superior identity to which the international order should strive. This said, if the EU becomes aware of its non-recognition, it is put before either seeing this as an aberration that will be remedied over time, or as a potential threat to its ontological security. It is hence stuck and cannot change its approach. As a result, NPE as a foreign policy can, even if successful, undermine its identity project; and NPE as identity politics can undermine its foreign policy exactly when its tendency to see itself confirmed when meeting the Other undermines its external recognition. Empirically, the ontological dilemma is observed in a case of development cooperation, the Programme between the EU and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean Countries (CELAC) on Drugs Policies (COPOLAD), which began in 2011 and was renewed in 2016. And the political dilemma is observed in a case of resistance, the quest of global access to medicines that provoked intense polarization and divergences between the EU and Brazil at the multilateral level in 2008-2009, with further developments until 2016. The thesis builds a theory and develops hypotheses connected to the NPE dilemma, seriously integrating the Other in a dialogic approach to the two paradigmatic cases. The approach explores the role of difference, contestation and power asymmetries in processual paths that end up in either of the two dilemma. Most studies that address the exercising of NPE as foreign policy tackle cases of Europeanization among EU Member States, candidates and neighboring countries. This scenario may lead to a consequent problem for both the stabilization of the EU political identity and success of foreign policy, since countries far from its borders are likely to challenge EU s discourse of exceptionalism and distinctiveness. European Studies and the EU itself did not shed light on this problem until mid-2000s. By contrast, this thesis contributes to the research agenda of norms diffusion and EU external governance on two main fronts: 1) offering a theoretical framework to analyze NPE as foreign policy, I propose that our understanding is currently insufficient to grasp dilemmas that have to do with how NPE should work; 2) it operationalizes a dialogic approach to the case studies that reveal the politics of norm reception, considering the Others as part of a fruitful communication with the EU, and not as passive receivers of NPE. Politically, it is relevant for the EU to make the NPE as a strategy coincide with its discourse on norms and principles, reducing the creation of stereotypes like double standards. In addition, to embody the Others in

Despite the adoption of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health in 2001, which unequivocally affirmed WTO members’ rights to use compulsory licences and other TRIPS flexibilities to access medicines, thirteen years on, developing countries and least developed countries are still grappling with access to medicines issues and a high disease burden. Despite some well researched and eloquent arguments to the contrary, it is a trite fact that patents remain an impediment to access to medicines by encouraging monopoly prices. The WTO TRIPS Agreement gives members room to legislate in a manner that is sympathetic to access to affordable medicines by providing for exceptions to patentability and the use of patents without the authorisation of the patent holder (TRIPS flexibilities). This study focuses on access to medicines under the TRIPS Agreement from a SADC comparative perspective by interrogating the extent of the domestication of TRIPS provisions promoting access to medicines in the SADC region with specific reference to Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe. After establishing that all SADC members, including Seychelles which is yet to be a WTO member have intellectual property (IP) laws in their statute books, this study confirms that while most of the IP provisions may be used to override patents, they are currently not being used by SADC members due to non-IP reasons such as lack of knowledge and political will. The study also engages in comparative discussions of topical occurrences in the context of access to medicines litigation in India, Thailand and Kenya and extracts useful thematic lessons for the SADC region. The study’s overall approach is to extract useful lessons for regional access to medicines from the good experiences of SADC members and other developing country jurisdictions in the context of a south-south bias. The study draws conclusions and recommendations which if implemented will in all likelihood lead to improved access to medicines for SADC citizens, while at the same time respecting the sanctity of patent rights. The study recommends the adoption of a rights-based approach, which will ultimately elevate patient rights over patent rights and urges the region to consider using its LDCs status to issue compulsory licences in the context of TRIPS Article 31 bis while exploring the possibility of local pharmaceutical manufacturing to produce generics, inspired by the experiences of Zimbabwe and current goings on in Mozambique and the use of pooled procurement for the region. The study embraces the rewards theory of patents which should be used to spur innovation and research into diseases of the poor in the SADC region. Civil society activity in the region is also identified as a potential vehicle to drive the move towards access to affordable medicines for all in the SADC region. / Mercantile Law / LL.D.