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What do we owe to each other in civil society? And what do we owe to each other specifically in the aftermath of a large-scale moral transgression that implicates or impacts a large portion of the population? This dissertation, which takes place at the intersection of political and moral philosophy, begins with this question. I argue that in order to make sense of our social and political obligations under the circumstances of so-called transitional justice, we must first interrogate the moral grounding of those obligations — an activity that is all too easy to overlook or engage in non-reflectively. I argue that while a consequentialist approach to ethical value underlies our intuitions in transitional justice as presently practiced, a contractualist approach offers a promising alternative. On my account, a contract-based approach is especially well-suited to transitional moments, not only because it conveys the collaborative nature of the transitional project, but because it reifies the agency and autonomy of previously victimized individuals. Chapter I draws out the distinction between transitional justice as an array of formal mechanisms and practices (‘formal transitional justice’) and transitional justice as a collection of intuitions about response to grievous wrongdoing (‘ideal transitional justice’). Our ideas about transitional justice influence and shape the form it ultimately takes on the world stage, and those ideas are informed in large part by our moral intuitions. To that end, I introduce the notion of ‘transitional ethics’ as a complement to transitional justice. In Chapter II, I make the case that a thorough exploration of transitional ethics requires us to investigate the suitability of various ethical approaches for the transitional moment. While virtue ethical and deontological approaches fail to resonate robustly with the unique demands of the transitional moment, consequentialist and contractualist approaches succeed. Indeed, the former is already implicitly present in most scholarly theorizing about transitional justice, but the latter deserves increased attention. It is with this consideration that the remainder of the dissertation is concerned. Chapter III considers the impact of a contractualist transitional ethic on victim experiences, and makes the case that the contractualist emphasis on relationships lends itself particularly well to the reification of their moral worth and dignity. Chapter IV turns towards perpetrators, particularly to cases of ‘complex’ perpetrators who themselves may also be victims in some sense or another. Chapter V engages with the final puzzle: how can we hold wrongdoers retributively accountable (if indeed such a thing is desirable) when we orient our approach to transitional justice around the recognition of personal dignity? I argue that the recognition of personal dignity, which contractualism emphasizes, is not incompatible with accountability. Rather, conceiving of perpetrators as signatories to the social contract protects their fundamental rights while emphasizing their civil responsibilities.

Abstract In view of the vigorous development of Taiwan traditional industries, this research is aimed at the products of Taiwan traditional industries that are sold overseas and are subjected to the accusation of dumping. These imported countries want to protect their domestic manufacturers and curb the development of importing goods from Taiwan. Our domestic manufacturers, in particular the petrochemistry and steel industries, incur serious competition of the same kind of products from other countries with the way of great quantity and low-price dumping. It makes Taiwan producers postpone their investing plan and observe the proceeding situation to reduce their loss. Under the liberalization of world trade, every manufacture in his country strive to produce his core products and to sell them abroad. Every country includes the anti-dumping into his trade policy to protect his domestic industries. It evolves a protecting tool under the liberalization of world trade, and the authority of justice administration of each country also becomes a tool of trade protectionism. Taiwan domestic industries has to strengthen their financial structure and core products, to consolidate the information of products, yield and sales volume as well as the domestic and export selling price, to compare and to take action in advance. It would avoid the accusation of dumping by foreign manufacturers, and prevent other countries¡¦ dumping to us further. This article is to explore the impact of Taiwan entering the WTO and the relating handling solutions.

The trend towards Information Systems (IS) Outsourcing has become an important trend in recent years. With the prevalence of the Internet, international-based, as well as integration of, up-downstream outsourced IS is no longer independently contracted by single contractor units. This has seen relationships between contractor and customer - and between large contractors and small contractors - become increasingly complicated. This is further complicated by the dual pressures on the contractor of offering both a better customer service and controlling cost and quality issues while re-outsourcing to other end contractors. Conflicts can often occur between the members of any outsourcing project because acknowledgement diversities will result in different points of view. The purpose of this research is to identify the possible acknowledgement diversities that may occur between the three types of outsource (Customer, Contractor, End Contractor) during the four key stages of outsourcing (public bidding, contract signing, project development, checking before acceptance). The research basic of the dissertation will be structured by technology frame theories and interviewing will occur in several cases in order to obtain pointed theoretical and practical values for other researchers' reference.

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Judgement by acknowledgement Abstract The topic of this diploma thesis is judgement by acknowledgement, a decision on the merits commonly used in practice, which is supposed to speed up the trial and make it more efficient. The thesis deals with both the judgement by acknowledgement issued under the express consent of the defendant and the so-called fiction of acknowledgement of the claim by the defendant, on the basis of which the judgment by acknowledgement can also be issued. The aim of this thesis is not only to provide comprehensive explanation of the process that precedes the issuance of the judgement by acknowledgement, but also to describe the importance of this judgement, its historic development on the Czech territory and to compare its national legislation with the Slovak one. This paper also highlights some problematic aspects of this judgement and offers possible solutions. The thesis is divided into six chapters. Chapter One deals with the historical development of the judgement by acknowledgement on the Czech territory. In particular, it focuses on establishing a judgement for recognition in to the Czech legal system on the edge of the 19th and 20th century and its reintroduction into the civil process in 1993 - 2009, when the judgement by acknowledgement acquired a form that remained to this...

Background: Miscarriage is a common phenomenon in our society. It is reported that approximately 17 % of all pregnant women in Sweden go through a miscarriage every year. For many women miscarriage is a tumultuous life event that often has a deep emotional impact. Miscarriage is a subject that often is prohibited to talk about in our western society. Consequently this means that nurses have an important role in the emotional support for these women. This can be a challenge in Sweden since the hospital stay for women who go through a miscarriage is very short and often limited to a day.Aim: This study aims to highlight women's reported experiences of miscarriage and their requested support.Methods: This study is based on twelve original scientific articles, of which ten had a qualitative approach, one had a quantitative approach and one had a mixed approach.Results: The study showed that the experience of miscarriage is individual. How women experience their miscarriage is largely linked to a woman's thoughts about her pregnancy. A miscarriage can evoke complex reactions if the woman starts to fantasize about her child and starts to identify herself as a mother. Many of the women complained about the lack of care that was given to them from the health care, which had a significant role in how they experienced the miscarriage. They requested more acknowledgements and more humanistic treatment and care, as well as follow-ups. The study also showed that women feel that relatives are a support factor to them during the miscarriage.Discussions: The results showed that there are flaws in the care of women who has experienced miscarriage, particularly that the women’s emotional needs are not met. Nurses who work in a gynecological unit require enhanced skills and preparedness in the health care of women undergoing miscarriage. / Bakgrund: Missfall är ett vanligt förekommande fenomen i vårt samhälle. I Sverige rapporteras varje år att cirka 17 % av alla gravida kvinnor genomgår missfall. För många kvinnor är missfall en omtumlande händelse i livet som ofta har en djup emotionell påverkan. Missfall är till stor del ett ämne som är tabubelagt att samtala om i vårt västerländska samhälle. Därför har sjuksköterskor en viktig roll i det emotionella stödet till dessa kvinnor, vilket innebär en utmaning i Sverige eftersom vårdtiden för kvinnor som genomgått ett missfall är mycket kort, ofta begränsad till ett dygn.Syfte: Denna litteraturstudie syftar till att belysa kvinnors rapporterade upplevelser av missfall samt vilka stödinsatser de efterfrågar.Metod: Litteraturstudien är baserad på tolv vetenskapliga originalartiklar varav tio stycken hade kvalitativ ansats, en hade kvantitativ och en hade mixad ansats.Resultat: I studien framkom det att upplevelsen av missfall är individuell. Hur kvinnor upplever sitt missfall är till stor del sammankopplat med kvinnans tankar runt sin graviditet. Om kvinnan har börjat fantisera om sitt barn och börjat identifiera sig med en ny identitet som mor, kan ett missfall framkalla komplexa känslomässiga reaktioner. Många av kvinnorna påtalade brister i bemötandet från sjukvården, vilket hade en betydande roll för hur de upplevde missfallet. De efterfrågade mer bekräftelse och ett mer humanistiskt bemötande och vårdande, samt uppföljningar. Studien visade även att kvinnor upplever att de närstående är viktiga stödfaktorer för dem under missfallet.Diskussion: Resultatet visade att det föreligger brister inom vård av kvinnor som genomgått missfall, framförallt genom att kvinnornas emotionella behov inte blir tillgodosedda. Sjuksköterskor som arbetar inom gynekologiska enheten behöver en ökad kompetens och beredskap i vårdandet av kvinnor som genomgår missfall.

The principle of concentration as one of the fundamental branch principles of civil proceedings consists in the obligation of the parties to perform certain procedural actions in specific stages of adversarial proceedings in order to speed up the proceedings and the decision of the court. Its purpose is to avoid delays in proceedings and provide effective judicial protection of subjective private rights of the parties. This principle plays an important role in Czech civil law. At the same time, some elements of the statutory concentration, which apply in the Czech legal system, are connected with certain problematic aspects. These particularly include rigidity of statutory concentration associated with the absence of the possibility of court's flexible actions and the anchor of fictitious judgment by acknowledgement as a consequence of the defendant's procedural passivity. The main goal set out by the author of this piece of work is to introduce individual elements of concentration in the Czech law, analyze their shortcomings, and propose some possible solutions through comparison with the Slovak adjustment mechanism of concentration. In the first part, the author analyzed the individual elements of concentration in the current applicable Czech legislation and put them in historical context. The author...

L'entreprise de cette recherche doctorale s'articule autour de trois axes de réflexion. Elle a, pour un temps, consisté en la redécouverte freudienne d'une intelligence de la notion de méconnaissance. Dans l’exploration des procédés fondateurs de la psyché et des mécanismes associés, cette méconnaissance apparaît en filigrane tout au long de l'oeuvre du maître de la psychanalyse et sa consistante à la fois structurelle et processuelle est supposée. La visite de l'enseignement de l'héritage de la psychiatrie classique ainsi que l'examen lacanien ont permis, par la suite, le développement du concept de méconnaissance. Il est défini à travers les empreintes corrélatives des mécanismes de reconnaissance et de l'identification, ceci afin de modéliser quatre actes psychiques fondant des méconnaissances singulières selon la prégnance de leur ancrage dans les champs de l'imaginaire et du symbolique. Le délire est alors appréhendé tel un savoir, « Ça-voir » authentique, dont l'efficience de la liaison avec une image signifiante dévoile les qualités de son expression. Un déploiement de nouvelles perspectives théoriques a été un dernier pas, avancées faisant valoir l'existence de logiques délirantes chez des patients en fonction de la particularité d’un discours psychotique, schizophrénique ou paraphrénique. L'argumentation psychopathologique a été engagée dans une intention d'ouvertures thérapeutiques sur la clinique des psychoses. / All research and works during all these years are gathered in this document based on three main phases. The first phase was to rediscosver Freud’s theory about smart concept of “méconnaissance” meaning "misconstrue" or "misrecognize”. As we have explored the foundations of the psyché and all related mechanisms, this misconstrue appears within all Freud’s work long where both structural and processual components have been evaluated. Following the heritage of classical psychiatry school, and deepening lacanien’s theories and teachings, the second step has allowed to develop and detail the “méconnaissance” concept. According to Lacan’s lessons, identification and acknowledgement are the two key drivers of this concept. To build on them, it is possible to modelize four psychic acts founded on particular “méconnaissance” depending on the close links to the fields of imaginary and symbol. So, delusion could be viewed as a kind of knowledge, a true “ça-voir”, closely connected to a significant image. Last but not least, the third phase dealt with new theoritical perspectives based on the existence of delirious logic for patients according to their specific psychosis, schizophrenia and paraphrenia talkings. Psychopathological arguments were binded in order to identify new open therapeutic areas for clinical psychosis.

O estudo de diferentes línguas tem permitido observar a existência de pronomes indefinidos e de determinantes indefinidos que podem ser associados ao estado de conhecimento ou desconhecimento do falante, ou de outro agente saliente (como o sujeito da sentença), em relação ao referente do sintagma determinante (constituído pelo pronome ou pelo determinante e um nome). Muitos estudiosos (cf. ABUSCH; ROOTH, 1997; ALONI, 2007; ALONI; VAN ROOIJ, 2007; ALONSO-OVALLE; MENÉNDEZ-BENITO, 2010; BECKER, 1999; CHIERCHIA, 2006; CONDORAVDI, 2008; EBERT; EBERT; HINTERWIMMER, no prelo; FARKAS, 2006; HINTERWIMMER; UMBACH, no prelo; HASPELMATH, 1997; IONIN, 2008; JAYEZ; TOVENA, 2006; KRATZER; SHIMOYAMA, 2002; ZAMPARELLI, 2007; entre outros) têm se dedicado à descrição e à análise desses indefinidos. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever e explicar, a partir do aparato teórico da Semântica Formal, as contribuições semânticas e pragmáticas que algum e (um) certo e trazem para o significado das sentenças em que aparecem. Defende-se que, no que diz respeito à marcação da identificabilidade do referente, esses indefinidos estão em posições opostas, pois, enquanto algum combinado com nomes contáveis e massivos marca que o falante (ou outro agente saliente) não está em condições de identificar o referente do DP, (um) certo, por sua vez, marca que o falante deve identificar o referente. No entanto, quando combinados com nomes como charme, ambos marcam imprecisão em relação a uma escala grau presente no nome. Este trabalho pretende ser uma contribuição para o entendimento da semântica de determinantes indefinidos no português brasileiro. Ao descrever e analisar o comportamento semântico e pragmático de algum e (um) certo, este texto contribui, de maneira mais abrangente, para o estudo que tem se desenvolvido em várias línguas com o objetivo de construir uma tipologia para os indefinidos associados ao estado epistêmico do falante. / The study of languages has allowed to observe the existence of indefinite pronouns and indefinite determiners that can be associated with the speakers state of acknowledgement or ignorance, or another prominent agents (such as the subject of the sentence) with respect to determining the referent of the phrase (constituted by a pronoun or a determiner and a name). Many scholars (cf. ABUSCH; ROOTH, 1997; ALONI, 2007; ALONI; VAN ROOIJ, 2007; ALONSO-OVALLE; MENÉNDEZ-BENITO, 2010; BECKER, 1999; CHIERCHIA, 2006; CONDORAVDI, 2008; EBERT; EBERT; HINTERWIMMER, no prelo; FARKAS, 2006; HINTERWIMMER; UMBACH, no prelo; HASPELMATH, 1997; IONIN, 2008; JAYEZ; TOVENA, 2006; KRATZER; SHIMOYAMA, 2002; ZAMPARELLI, 2007; among others) have been devoted to the description and analysis of such indefinites. The aim of this paper is to describe and explain, from the theoretical apparatus of Formal Semantics, the semantic as well as pragmatic contributions of algum (some) and (um) certo (a certain) and show those contributions each of them brings to the meaning of sentences in which they appear. It is argued that, regarding the marcation of identifiability of the referent, these indefinites are in opposite positions, because whereas algum (some) combined with countable and mass nouns marks that the speaker (or another prominent agent) is not able to identify the referent of DP, (um) certo, (a certain) marks instead that the speaker is able to identify the referent. Nonetheless, when they are combined with nouns such as charme (charm) both mark the imprecision in relation to a scale present in the noun. This work intends to be a contribution to the understanding of the semantics in indefinite determinants in Brazilian Portuguese. By describing and analyzing the semantic and pragmatic behaviors of algum (some) and (um) certo (a certain), this text contributes, in a broader way, to the studies which have been carried out in several languages with the goal of build a typology for the indefinites associates to the speakers epistemic state.