Genetic differentiation in phenotypic traits among populations from heterogeneous environments is often observed in common-garden studies on forest trees, but data on adaptive variation in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Scotland are limited. As a result, current seed transfer guidelines are based on earlier molecular marker studies and do not take into account environmental or adaptive genetic variation. An analysis of spatial variation in climate showed substantial differences in temperature and precipitation among the native Scots pine sites in Scotland. To investigate whether differentiation in response to environmental variation has occurred in Scotland, a glasshouse-based common-garden trial of ~3,360 seedlings from 21 populations and 84 open-pollinated families was established in 2007. At the beginning of the 2nd growing season, timing of bud flush showed evidence of genetic differentiation among populations, with those from cooler origins generally flushing earlier. Variation was also found among families within populations, suggesting that the trait is genetically controlled. Populations and families showed different levels of variability in this trait which could be partly due to variable levels of temporal climate fluctuation in different parts of Scotland. Chlorophyll fluorescence was used to examine drought response in three-year old seedlings from five populations on sites that experience contrasting levels of annual rainfall. It was found that the response was not related to rainfall, but possibly to more complex moisture variables that also take into account additional factors such as evaporation. Also, photosynthetic capacity in response to cold winter temperatures varied significantly among eight populations that were kept outdoors, and the largest reduction was seen in seedlings from the mildest, most maritime coastal site. The following spring, height growth and needle flush started earlier in seedlings from cooler locations. Earlier studies on genetic diversity of native pinewoods have shown high levels of selectively neutral variation in this predominantly outcrossing conifer, and a mating system analysis with a limited number of microsatellite markers supported this pattern. Together, these data suggest that despite significant historic population size decrease, environmental gradients have resulted in genetic differentiation among native pinewoods. In order to minimise the risk of planting poorly-adapted stock and to maximise the success of replanting programmes, it is important that the origins of planting stock are carefully considered in management guidelines for the species.

Explores the difference between the two versions of Virginia Woolfs short story about Nurse Lugton.

In this study environmental work in the Swedish hotel chain "Scandic" is investigated. Earlier studies point out sustainability and different environmental certificate programs as essential for the housing sector to contribute to sustainable tourism. The purpose and willingness to fulfill such a mission has been investigated by interviewing central actors in the hotel chain. The result shows that there is a desire to be part of environmental certificate programs mainly for the reason to be part of the system and not for the benefit of nature. Sustainable development is understood as being environmentally friendly. Different solutions to adapt and being more environmentally friendly is discussed. The results are connected with the perspectives of sustainable tourism and possible improvements in the housing sector are discussed. Svanen, who is a well-known eco-label in Sweden, is being discussed further on in this study. The eco-label represents a big part of the hotel chains environmental work and is therefore an important part to investigate further.   Keywords; Scandic Sustainable tourism, Sustainable development, environmental adaption, Svanen.

Climate change is a global and slow process that affects humans all over the world. Climate adaption within agriculture is important to reduce the risks that agricultures are exposed to because of climate change.  Through climate adaption you can improve the positive effects and take advantage of them optimally. How the climate change affects agricultures varies depending on regions and societies. The purposes of the study are to examine how different actors experience the impacts of climate change on the agriculture in Värmland. And what different actors think about climate adaption within the agriculture.    Through a survey and structured interviews with open-ended questions the purpose was to document experienced affects and opinions from different actors. Altogether nine respondents have been interviewed to answer the research questions and they represent farmers, organizations and authorities. The study show that actors experience fluctuations in the weather and the climate, they think climate adaption within the agriculture is important. Rain and moisture are observed to affect the agriculture in larger scales than before, but climate change can also have positive effects like longer growing seasons and the ability to grow new crops.  Some respondents perceive that there are uncertainties about climate change which obstruct climate adaption in the agriculture. According to several respondents information is important to improve the climate adaption, but at the same time other factors like economics, politics and laws influence how climate adaption are administered within agricultures.      Keywords: Climate change, climate adaption, agriculture, actors / Klimatförändringarna är en global och långsam process som påverkar människor världen över. Klimatanpassning inom lantbruket är därmed viktigt för att reducera de risker som lantbruket utsätts för. Genom att tillämpa klimatanpassning kan man främja de positiva effekterna av klimatförändringarna och utnyttja dem optimalt. Hur lantbruket påverkas av klimatförändringarna varierar beroende på region och samhälle. Syftena med studien är att undersöka hur olika aktörer upplever att klimatförändringarna påverkar lantbruket i Värmland. Och vad olika aktörer anser om klimatanpassning inom lantbruket Genom en survey med strukturerade intervjuer och öppna svar är avseendet att kartlägga och dokumentera upplevda effekter och åsikter från olika aktörer. Sammanlagt har nio respondenter intervjuats för att besvara frågeställningarna, varav de representerar lantbrukare, organisationer och myndigheter. Undersökningen visar att flera aktörer upplever förändringar i vädret och klimatet, de tycker det är viktigt med klimatanpassning inom lantbruket. Regn och fukt upplevs påverka lantbruket i större omfattning nu jämfört med tidigare. Men klimatförändringarna kan också medföra positiva effekter som längre växtsäsonger och möjligheter att odla nya grödor. Några respondenter upplever dock att det finns en osäkerhet kring klimatförändringarna vilket försvårar klimatanpassningen inom lantbruket. Enligt flera respondenter är information viktigt för att förbättra arbetet samtidigt som ekonomiska, politiska och juridiska aspekter influerar hur klimatanpassning tillämpas inom lantbruket.   Nyckelord: Klimatförändringar, klimatanpassning, lantbruk, aktörer

Cancer är en sjukdom som väcker många tankar och känslor. Tidigare värderingar och prioriteringar i livet ifrågasätts och omvärderas oftast av den som drabbats av cancer. En allvarlig sjukdom som cancer kan bidra till stress och påverka kroppen på flera sätt, försämrat immunförsvar är ett av dem. Coping är ett begrepp som innebär individens sätt att hantera en svår situation. Coping delas in i två huvudgrupper, emotionell- och problemfokuserad coping. Genom att öka sjuksköterskors förmåga att identifiera patienters copingstrategier, kan bemötandet och förmågan att förstå individen förhoppningsvis förbättras. Syftet med studien var att belysa copingstrategier hos patienter med cancersjukdom. En litteraturstudie som bygger på tjugo vetenskapliga artiklar, tolv kvalitativa och åtta kvantitativa studier. Resultatet visar att patienter med cancer hanterar sjukdomen på olika sätt. Genom att påverka det som är möjlig, försöka se utifrån ett positivt perspektiv men även strategier som innebar att se utifrån ett negativt perspektiv. Andra sätt att hanterasjukdomen var att ta fokus från sjukdomen och finna stöd i olika former. Copingstrategier har olika effekt beroende på individuella faktorer och under vilken tidsperiod de används. Strategier med negativ effekt kan ha allvarliga konsekvenser och bör därför vara viktiga för sjuksköterskor att identifiera. Genom att försöka hjälpa till bättre coping kan fysisk och psykisk skada minska, trots sjukdom.

Local differentiation may occur during a short period of time and is part of the formation of new species. The isopod Asellus aquaticus is an example of a species in which local adaptation has occurred during a short period of time. An establishment of stonewort (Chara spp.) vegetation in Lake Tåkern (in the 2000) resulted in two different Asellus ecotypes; a lighter pigmented, smaller one that lives among stoneworts grazing periphytic algae, and a darker, larger ecotype that feeds on decaying leaves in reed (Phragmites australis vegetation. The purpose of this study was to examine whether there are differences in growth between ecotypes, depending on whether the food was periphytic algae or leaves, and to study the choice of substrates between the two food types. For the study, animals from both habitats were brought in from Lake Tåkern to the laboratory. I found that both the reed and the stonewort animals grew better when feeding on periphytic algae than on leaves, but that there was no difference in weight gain between the two ecotypes. There was no indication that the animals preferred any of the substrates. Results suggest that despite earlier noted differences in behavior, size and pigmentation (which differentiation had brought), there is no evidence that Asellus aquaticus has adapted to feed on plant matter prevailing in their original habitat. The animals grew better when the food was algae maybe due to that the algae, as previous studies show, are easier assimilated, whereas Asellus has to eat a larger amount of leaves to reach the same energy intake.

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Abstract The aim of this essay is to find out what kinds of adaption are necessary when translating an English text from a specialist book into a text that will suit Swedish students in upper secondary school. In order to obtain the data needed for the study I translated a part of a chapter from the book North American Indian Wars by Richard H. Dillon. The analysis focuses on how to make the target text as clear and unambiguous as possible for the intended readers and what methods can be used to reach this aim. The analysis shows that one kind of adaption that had to be made during the translation process mainly consisted of additions and omissions. The additions were made in order to clarify certain passages in the source text that otherwise could have been difficult for the target readers to understand. The omissions, on the other hand, were often made due to the fact that some of the words or phrases in the source text are very specific and may refer to things that may be unknown to the target readers. In some cases such words or phrases could be omitted without making the target text lose any vital information, and in some cases they had to be exchanged with an explanation or a word that would be easier for the intended readers to understand. Apart from addition and omission of information, Vinay and Darbelnet’s procedures of modulation and equivalence were used in order to make the target text accessible to the target readers. The analysis shows that obligatory modulation had to be used due to differences in point of view between English and Swedish, whereas optional modulation was used to suit the target readers’ level of attainment. The analysis also shows that Vinay and Darbelnet’s procedure of equivalence was very useful when translating idioms, metaphors and similes in order to make the target text easy to understand for the target readers.

Climate change is an undeniable global event. Widely believed to be caused by human activities that release greenhouse gases, this change in climate will occur over a very short period of time when it is compared to natural climate variations. The effect the change will have on environments is somewhat unknown and any predictions are best guess scenarios. In British Columbia the mountain pine beetle has destroyed millions of pine trees but the infestation is not yet done. This may be one of the early symptoms of global warming on the British Columbia environment. Climate change will warm temperatures in BC and increase the annual precipitation. These warmer temperatures allow for longer growing seasons and in many cases, more favorable growing conditions. Studies on Sitka Spruce have found increases in volume growth by as much as 20% and growth in the boreal has been found to increase with higher CO2 levels and warmer temperatures. Climate change does not have to mean beetle epidemics and dying ecosystems. With proactive management British Columbia may actually find benefits in a warming climate.

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