O treinamento físico (TF) é uma intervenção efetiva na redução do risco e/ou no tratamento de diversas doenças crônicas associadas com inflamação sistêmica de baixa intensidade. Entretanto, as alterações promovidas pelo TF na massa adiposa, nos parâmetros inflamatórios e na tolerância à glicose e à insulina podem ser rapidamente revertidas com o destreinamento físico. Por outro lado, estudos com suplementação de aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada, em especial, de leucina, demonstraram que essa intervenção nutricional pode ser efetiva na redução dos riscos de doenças que resultam em inflamação de baixa intensidade. Assim, objetivou-se, com este trabalho, investigar os efeitos da suplementação crônica de leucina na homeostase glicêmica e na expressão e fosforilação de proteínas envolvidas na via de sinalização da insulina no tecido adiposo periepididimal de ratos destreinados. Para tal, foram utilizados 46 ratos wistar machos com ~ 300 g de massa corporal distribuídos em dois grupos no Experimento I: Treinamento controle (T8, n = 8) e Sedentário controle (S8, n = 7); estes animais receberam a ração controle e o grupo T8 foi submetido ao TF por oito semanas. O Experimento II durou quatorze semanas, com oito de TF e seis de destreinamento físico. Os animais foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: DT, grupo destreinado e com livre acesso à ração durante todo o experimento (n = 8); DTL, grupo destreinado e com livre acesso à ração controle durante o período de treinamento e à ração controle suplementada com 5 % de leucina no período de destreinamento físico (n = 7); T14, grupo que permaneceu treinando durante todo o período experimental e com livre acesso à ração controle (n = 8) e; S14, grupo que permaneceu sedentário durante todo o período experimental e com livre acesso à ração controle (n = 8). O TF por oito semanas foi efetivo em diminuir a adiposidade corporal, o volume de adipócitos e a concentração sérica de leptina, além de reduzir a fosforilação da proteína JNK2 no Experimento I. Inversamente, seis semanas de destreinamento físico foram suficientes para reverter estas alterações. Além disso, no Experimento II pudemos verificar uma redução nas concentrações de IL-6, IL-10 e na fosforilação de proteínas pró-inflamatórias no tecido adiposo periepididimal caracterizando, portanto, um quadro de inflamação crônica de baixa intensidade com o destreinamento físico. Verificamos ainda que o TF por quatorze semanas foi efetivo em aumentar a atividade máxima da enzima citrato sintase e que houve reversão deste parâmetro com o destreino. A suplementação de leucina foi capaz de manter o volume de adipócitos semelhante ao grupo que permaneceu treinando durante todo o experimento, mas não preservou a redução na concentração sérica de leptina. Os resultados evidenciam que o destreinamento físico promove aumento na adiposidade corporal com diminuição de adipocinas anti-inflamatórias e que a suplementação com leucina, nestas condições experimentais, não foi efetiva em preservar os efeitos do TF. / Obesity is characterized as a chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and is associated with several non-transmissible chronic diseases. This metabolic disorder results from excessive food intake compared to energy expenditure, which leads to storage of excessive amount of triglycerides in the adipose tissue. Dietary intervention and exercise programs, promoting reduction in adiposity, have been identified as important strategies for reducing the risk and helping the treatment of obesity and associated diseases. However, changes promoted by physical training in fat mass, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, as well as the activity of enzymes of energy metabolism can be rapidly reversed with detraining. Moreover, studies with branched-chain amino acid supplementation, particularly leucine, have demonstrated that nutritional intervention can be effective in reducing the risk of obesity and improving glycemic control. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of chronic leucine supplementation on glucose homeostasis and expression and phosphorylation of proteins involved in insulin signaling pathway in the epididymal adipose tissue of detrained rats. Male adult Wistar rats (approximately 300 g body weight) were used and divided into two groups for Experiment I: Control training [(T8, n = 8): control diet and 8-week physical training] and Control sedentary [(S8, n = 7): control diet for 8 weeks]. Experiment II comprised eight weeks of physical training and six weeks of detraining. The animals were divided into four groups: DT [detrained group with free access to standard diet throughout the experiment (n = 8)]; DTL [detrained group with free access to standard diet during the training period and to 5% leucine supplemented diet during the detraining period (n = 7)]; T14 [group under training throughout the experimental period with free access to standard diet (n = 8)] and; S14 [untrained group for the study period with free access to standard diet (n = 8)]. Physical training for eight weeks was effective in reducing body fat, adipocyte volume and serum leptin levels and in reducing the phosphorylation of JNK2 protein in Experiment I. Conversely, six weeks of detraining were sufficient to reverse these changes. Moreover, in Experiment II, a reduction in the concentrations of IL-6 and IL-10 was verified in the detrained animals, thus characterizing a condition of chronic low-grade inflammation with detraining. We also observed that training for fourteen weeks was effective in increasing the maximum activity of the enzyme citrate synthase; however, this effect was reversed with detraining. Leucine supplementation was able to sustain adipocyte volume similar to trained group (T14); however, it did not maintain the reduction in leptin levels. The results show that detraining promotes increased adiposity and reduces the levels of anti-inflammatory adipokines. Leucine supplementation, under the experimental conditions, was not effective in sustaining the effects of physical training.

Orientador: Licio Augusto Velloso / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T19:17:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bombassaro_Bruna_M.pdf: 2789722 bytes, checksum: 84c9ac89c77f8ea14c7c63e6f9bfdfc6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A proteína PGC1? é um co-ativador de transcrição gênica que desempenha papel importante na regulação de uma série de fenômenos metabólicos que compreendem desde o controle da termogênese e mitocondriogênese até a regulação da secreção de insulina e a produção hepática de glicose. Como vários dos fenômenos biológicos controlados direta ou indiretamente pela PGC1? tem importância vital, a regulação dos níveis de PGC1? nos tecidos deve ser finamente ajustada. Nos últimos anos, inúmeros estudos exploraram os mecanismos envolvidos com o controle da expressão gênica e tradução da PGC1?. Entretanto, apenas alguns poucos estudos avaliaram a degradação da mesma. Um dos mais importantes mecanismos envolvidos com a regulação funcional e da meia-vida de proteínas é a ubiquitinação, que pode direcionar proteínas alvo ao proteassoma para degradação ou a outras modificações pós-traducionais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a participação de uma proteína com atividade deubiquitinase e ubiquitina ligase, a A20, na manutenção da homeostase do tecido adiposo de animais submetidos à dieta rica em gordura e voluntários humanos magros e obesos antes e após cirurgia de redução de peso. Foram utilizados o tecido adiposo branco visceral e subcutâneo e o tecido adiposo marrom de camundongos Swiss machos submetidos a 16 semanas de dieta hiperlipídica e o tecido adiposo subcutâneo de voluntários magros e obesos antes e após a cirurgia bariátrica. Esses tecidos foram avaliados quanto ao conteúdo protéico e expressão gênica da proteína A20, e sua associação com a PGC1? por imunoprecipitação e imunofluorescência, bem como a ubiquitinação desta última. Os resultados obtidos a partir do tecido adiposo de humanos mostram uma diminuição na expressão da proteína A20 nos pacientes antes e após a cirurgia bariátrica com relação aos voluntários magros. A PGC1? aparece mais ubiquitinada nos pacientes obesos em relação e a associação entre A20 e PGC1? parece aumentar com o ganho de peso na mesma proporção que o conteúdo protéico de PGC1? parece diminuir. No tecido adiposo subcutâneo de camundongos obesos, observamos uma diminuição de PGC1? bem como redução da marcação por cadeias de poliubiquitina desta proteína, associado a um aumento de A20 e aumento da associação de A20 com PGC1?. Camundongos obesos foram também tratados com um oligonucleotídeo antisense (ASO) para A20, resultando na redução de sua expressão gênica. Os animais tratados apresentaram uma piora na tolerância à glicose no teste de GTT o que ocorreu concomitantemente a redução de PGC1?. Nossos resultados indicam que, no tecido adiposo, a A20 se associa a PGC1? e a redução da sua expressão resulta em redução da expressão da PGC1? o que é acompanhando de uma piora no controle homeostático da glicose / Abstract: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ? coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1?) plays an important role in whole body metabolism and, particularly in glucose homeostasis. Its expression is tightly regulated and, small variations in tissue levels can have a major impact in a number of physiological and pathological conditions. Recent studies have shown that the ubiquitin/proteasome system plays a role in the control of PGC-1? degradation. Here we evaluated the interaction of PGC-1? with the protein A20, which plays a dual-role in the control of the ubiquitin/proteasome system acting as a deubiquitinase and as an E3 ligase. We employed immunoprecipitation, quantitative real-time PCR and immunofluorescence staining to evaluate PGC-1?, A20, PPAR? and ubiquitin in the adipose tissue of humans and mice. Our results show that, in distinct sites of the adipose tissue A20 binds to PGC-1?. At least in the subcutaneous fat of humans and mice the levels of PGC-1? decrease during obesity, while its physical association with A20 increases. The inhibition of A20 leads to a reduction of PGC-1? and PPAR? expression, suggesting that A20 acts as a protective factor against PGC-1? disposal. Thus, we provide evidence that mechanisms regulating PGC-1? ubiquitination are potentially involved in the control of the function of this transcriptional co-activator / Mestrado / Fisiopatologia Médica / Mestra em Ciências

Orientadores: Raquel Franco Leal, Marciane Milanski Ferreira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T07:39:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_VivianeSoares_M.pdf: 3712403 bytes, checksum: 2d823f7642defb3fa237170182d5fb32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A doença de Crohn (DC) é caracterizada por uma inflamação de etiologia ainda desconhecida. A hipertrofia do tecido adiposo mesentérico reflete a atividade da doença, uma vez que o mesmo recobre toda a área acometida pela doença. Além disso, os adipócitos sintetizam leptina e adiponectina, adipocinas com ações pró e antiinflamatórias. Objetivo: Avaliar as concentrações séricas de leptina e adiponectina na DC em remissão e em atividade, como também a expressão tecidual de adiponectina na DC em atividade. Casuística e Método: Dezesseis pacientes com DC ileocecal atendidos no ambulatório de Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais da Universidade Estadual de Campinas participaram do estudo. A análise de leptina e adiponectina foi realizada por ELISA nos pacientes com DC em atividade (grupo DCAT), DC em remissão (grupo DCR) e seis controles saudáveis. Também dez pacientes com DC ileocecal em atividade (grupo DCG) e oito controles (grupo CG) com doença não inflamatória participaram do estudo, para avaliação da adiponectina tecidual. As biópsias foram armazenadas em nitrogênio líquido, e a expressão de adiponectina foi realizada por imunoblot de extrato protéico total. Resultados: Os níveis de proteína C reativa foram maiores no grupo DCAT quando comparado aos demais grupos (p<0,05). Os níveis séricos de adiponectina foram menores no grupo DCAT comparado ao controle, porém não houve diferença entre os grupos DCAT e DCR. A expressão de adiponectina no tecido mesenterial foi significantemente menor no grupo DCG quando comparado ao controle (grupo CG). A leptina sérica foi similar entre os grupos (p>0,05). Os níveis de colesterol total e pré-albumina foram menores no grupo DCAT (p<0,05), quando comparados com o controle. O índice de massa corporal e o nível sérico de triglicérides foram similares entre os grupos. A % de gordura corporal foi menor no grupo DCAT em relação ao controle, e a avaliação subjetiva global mostrou desnutrição no grupo DCAT quando comparado ao DCR. Conclusão: Baixos níveis de adiponectina sérica e mesenterial na DCAT sugerem defeito nos mecanismos antiinflamatórios, o que pode ser responsável pela manutenção do processo inflamatório e hipertrofia da gordura mesenterial próximo à área intestinal afetada, mesmo na presença de baixos níveis de % de gordura corporal / Abstract: Crohn's disease (CD) is characterized by inflammation and an etiology that is still unknown. Hypertrophy of mesenteric fat is a reflect of disease activity, since this fat covers the entire length of the affected area. Also, adipocytes synthesize leptin and adiponectin, adipokines responsible for pro and anti-inflammatory effects. Aim: To evaluate serum levels of adiponectin and leptin, as well as mesenterial expression of adiponectin in active CD and those in remission. Casuistic and Methods: Sixteen patients with ileocecal CD followed at the Outpatient Clinic, Coloproctology Unit of University of Campinas Clinical Hospital, participated of the study. Analysis of serum adiponectin and leptin by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay were performed in patients with active CD (DCAT Group), remission CD (DCR Group) and in six healthy controls. Ten patients with active ileocecal CD (DCG Group) and eight patients (CG Group) with non-inflammatory disease selected for surgery were also studied. The specimens were snap-frozen and the expression of adiponectin was determined by immunoblot of protein extracts. Results: Serum C-reactive protein levels were higher in DCAT Group when compared to the others (p<0.05). Serum adiponectin was lower in the DCAT Group when compared to control (p<0.05), but no differences were seen when comparing the DCAT and DCR Groups. Mesenteric adiponectin expression was lower in DCG group when compared to CG group (p<0.05). Serum leptin was similar in all groups (p>0.05). Serum total cholesterol and pre-albumin were lower in the DCAT group when compared to controls (p<0.05). Body Mass Index (BMI) and serum triglycerides were similar among the groups. The percentage of body fat was lower in the DCAT group compared to controls, and the global subjective evaluation showed malnourishing in the DCAT group when compared to DCR group. Conclusion: The lower level of serum and mesenteric adiponectin in active CD suggests a defective regulation of anti-inflammatory pathways, which could be responsible to the maintenance of inflammatory process and hypertrophy of the mesenteric fat tissue nearby the affected intestinal area, even in the presence of low percentage of body fat / Mestrado / Fisiopatologia Cirúrgica / Mestra em Ciências

A aplicação terapêutica de Células Tronco (CT) em equinos é um campo emergente. Nestes animais, as CT são promissoras para o tratamento de lesões nos tendões e rupturas de ligamentos. Apesar das características e do potencial na restauração de tecidos lesionados, bem como dos efeitos parácrinos destas células, não existem dados a respeito do seu uso no tratamento de desordens sistêmicas que podem acometer os equinos, tais como a endometrose. A endometrose é uma doença progressiva e irreversível que leva a degeneração do endométrio e a formação de um tecido fibroso periglandular, sendo de grande relevância na medicina veterinária, por ser uma das maiores causas de infertilidade. Apesar dos constantes avanços na busca de um tratamento, nenhum obteve sucesso. Levando-se em consideração a importância da doença, o objetivo deste projeto foi utilizar CT, previamente isoladas e caracterizadas pelo nosso grupo, no tratamento da endometrose, visando diminuir o processo inflamatório e a formação do tecido fibroso periglandular. Seis éguas com endometrose foram sincronizadas. Em quatro foram infundidas CT previamente marcadas com Vybrant, e nas outras duas (controle) apenas solução fisiológica. Antes da infusão, foram coletadas biópsias uterinas e amostras para citologia. Após 7, 21 e 61 dias da infusão, foram coletadas novas biópsias e amostras citológicas. Por meio da fluorescência direta observamos a presença das CT marcadas enxertadas tanto no corpo quanto nos cornos uterinos das éguas. Através de análises histológicas observamos uma significativa melhora no aspecto morfológico e na organização do tecido uterino, bem como, das glândulas endometriais, após a infusão das CT, tal resultado foi observado progressivamente ao longo dos dias. Notamos também uma diminuição no processo de fibrose do tecido periglandular. As análises de citologia demonstraram a ausência de inflamação uterina antes e após a infusão das CT. Nossos dados sugerem que existem benefícios na utilização de CT de tecido adiposo de equinos no tratamento do tecido uterino acometido pela endometrose, que clinicamente só poderão ser validados após a prenhez desses animais. / In horses, Stem Cell (SC) therapies are a promising tool to the treatment of many injuries, as tendon lesions and ligaments rupture. Besides the characteristics and the potential in tissue restoration, as well as, paracrine effects of SC, there is no information about the use of them for the treatment of systemic disorders which can commit horses, such as endometrosis. Endometrosis is a progressive and irreversible disease which is defined as active or inactive periglandular and stromal endometrial fibrosis, including glandular alterations within fibrotic foci. Modifications induced by this disease alter the surface of endometrium which, in consequence, led to infertility. Conventional treatments do not reduce the fibrotic process or even help to restore fertility. Considering the importance of this disease, the goal of this project is to use SC, previously isolated and characterized by our group, in the treatment of endometrosis, in order to reduce inflammatory process and periglandular fibrous tissue formation, typical of this disease. Six mares with confirmed endometrosis were synchronized for the use as animal model in this work. In four of animals we infused stem cells previously marked with Vybrant, and the other two (control group) were infused with saline solution. Before the infusion, uterine biopsies and also samples for cytology were collected. After 7, 21 and 61 days of cells infusion new biopsies and cytology samples for analysis were collected. We observed, by direct fluorescence, the presence of marked cells grafted in both body and uterine horns of treated animals. Through histological analysis we observed a significant improvement in morphology and organization of uterine tissue, as well as endometrial glands, after infusion of stem cells, this result was observed progressively throughout the days. Furthermore, we noted a decrease in the process of periglandular tissue fibrosis, after infusion of cells. Cytology analysis showed that the animals have no uterine inflammation before or after infusion of SC. Our data suggest that there are benefits of using stem cells from equine adipose tissue in the treatment of uterus tissue affected by endometriosis, which can only be clinically validated after pregnancy of these animals.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from human adipose tissue and umbilical cord (Wharton’s jelly, UCB) represent a useful source of adult stem cells for cellular therapy and tissue engineering. The biggest concern with the use of MSCs therapeutically relates to their isolation and growth/manipulation ex vivo. This study aimed to establish methods for the routine isolation and characterization of MSCs from human tissues. The objectives were (1) to show that MSCs could be isolated from different human tissues, namely adipose tissue, Wharton’s jelly, and UCB; (2) to confirm the MSC phenotypic profile over at least 10 passages; and (3) to show the multilineage differentiation capacity of the isolated cells. The minimal criteria as defined by the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) were used to determine whether MSCs were successfully isolated from various human tissues. Two different techniques involving enzymatic digestion or explant cultures were utilized, and compared for isolating MSCs from Wharton’s jelly. Umbilical cord blood has been suggested as another source of MSCs. However, we were unable to grow MSCs from UCB. Proliferation kinetics of isolated MSCs revealed that cords, either from digested cords or cord pieces had a mean PDT from passage 1 to 4 that was approximately 3 fold lower than for the ASCs. Mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue and Wharton’s jelly expressed the classical MSC phenotype (CD73+, CD90+, CD105+, CD34-, and CD45-). The cells from Wharton’s jelly showed a more uniform MSC profile over passages, with higher levels of marker expression when compared to ASCs. Variability in phenotype was observed in early ASC passages, whereas WJ-MSCs seemed to attain the MSC phenotype as early as passage 0 for both isolation techniques. Low levels of CD34 positive cells remained in the ASCs. Oil red O staining was used for identifying the lipid droplets in adipogenic differentiation cultures. A colorimetric assay as well as image analysis was used to quantify the differentiation. For the cord samples, both assays produced positive results. Histological examination, however, revealed that the cords did not form lipid droplets. The ASCs showed a statistically significantly greater differentiation capacity into adipocytes compared with the cords (pooled digested and pieces data). Alizarin red S staining was used for identifying calcium deposition during matrix mineralization in osteogenic differentiation cultures. No significant differences in osteogenic differentiation were observed between ASCs and WJ-MSCs. Chondrogenic differentiation was observed for both MSC sources by positive staining of glycosaminoglycans using toluidine blue O. The main findings of the study showed that MSCs, according to the ISCT guidelines, were successfully harvested from adipose tissue. However, due to the lack of adipogenic differentiation of WJ-derived cells, they did not meet the ISCT guidelines to be classified as MSCs, and were referred to as MSC-like cells. Regardless of the isolation technique used, Wharton’s jelly yielded cells with similar proliferation capacity, phenotype, and differentiation capacity. This study did, however, reveal that biological differences do exist between stem cells from different sources. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Immunology / unrestricted

La qualité des carcasses et des viandes bovines dépend de l’équilibre entre les masses musculaires et adipeuses qui conditionnent le poids de carcasse et son rendement (composition en muscle et en gras), mais aussi la qualité sensorielle de la viande (tendreté, jutosité et flaveur). Comprendre comment contrôler le rapport des masses de muscle relativement à celles des tissus adipeux (TA) représente donc un enjeu majeur pour les filières de viande bovine. Ce rapport dépend du nombre et du volume des cellules musculaires et adipeuses. Ces propriétés sont sous le contrôle d’événements cellulaires se mettant en place précocement chez le bovin puisque le nombre de cellules musculaires est fixé dès l’âge 180 jours post-conception (jpc) chez le fœtus. Des analyses de l’évolution des protéomes de ces deux tissus, au cours de la vie fœtale ont produit des données originales mais insuffisantes. En outre, il n’est pas toujours aisé d’extraire ou de générer une information biologique pertinente à partir d’expérimentations de génomique. Ceci est particulièrement vrai chez les ruminants, car ils sont peu annotés dans les bases de données et peu de ressources bioinformatiques leur sont dédiées. Dans ce contexte, notre objectif était de concevoir un serveur web « tout en un » permettant une fouille des données de génomique chez le bovin afin d’améliorer les connaissances sur les mécanismes associés à la croissance par hyperplasie et par hypertrophie des tissus musculaire et adipeux. Aussi, nous avons organisé notre travail de thèse en deux axes. Un outil d’analyse de données de génomique, dédié aux ruminants (bovin, ovin et caprin) nommé ProteINSIDE (www.proteinside.org) a été développé. En une seule requête, il synthétise l'information biologique stockée dans les bases de données publiques ou fournie par les annotations fonctionnelles issues de l’ontologie des gènes. Il prédit aussi les protéines qui sont sécrétées (sécrétome des tissus) et qui interviennent dans la signalisation entre les cellules ou tissus. Il lie les protéines selon leurs interactions moléculaires afin d’identifier et de visualiser celles qui contribuent à un même processus biologique et celles qui sont centrales à un processus biologique. ProteINSIDE a été testé avec des jeux de données de 1000 protéines par espèce et a été comparé avec succès à DAVID, BioMyn et AgBase, conçus pour la recherche d'information et l'annotation, ainsi qu'à PrediSi et Phobius qui prédisent les protéines sécrétées. ProteINSIDE a été appliqué à l’analyse des protéomes des tissus musculaires et adipeux. Une première analyse des données relatives à l’ontogenèse des tissus, a révélé des liens entre des protéines présentes dans les deux tissus fœtaux et des protéines impliquées dans les processus d’autophagie. Dans une seconde étude, nous avons décrit les protéomes des deux tissus à 140 jpc. Nous avons identifié 514 protéines musculaires et 752 protéines adipeuses, dont 346 communes. Ces protéines interviennent par exemple dans la régulation négative de l’apoptose, dans les processus d’autophagie, dans la régulation de la prolifération cellulaire et dans la voie de signalisation Wnt. Nous avons identifié 47 et 93 protéines potentiellement sécrétées par le muscle et le TA, dont 24 communes. L’intégration des connaissances sur les protéines sécrétées avec celles disponibles pour le « surfaceome » a suggéré des protéines qui participeraient au dialogue muscle-TA. Nous avons donc produit un serveur web pour la fouille de données de génomique non seulement chez le bovin, l’ovin, le caprin, mais aussi chez l’homme, le rat et la souris. Ce type de serveur devrait être particulièrement utile à la communauté scientifique. Son application a conduit à la production de connaissances nouvelles et d’hypothèses de travail pour la compréhension des mécanismes de régulation de la croissance fœtale du muscle squelettique et du tissu adipeux. / The quality of carcasses and meats depends on the balance between muscle and adipose tissue (AT) masses that determine carcass weight and performance (muscle and fat composition), but also the sensory quality of the meat (tenderness, juiciness and flavor). Understanding how to control the ratio of muscle mass relative to AT mass represents a major challenge for beef producers. The balance between these masses depends on the number and volume of muscle and AT cells. These cellular events are taking place at the early steps of fetal period in cattle, as the total number of muscle cells is fixed at 180 days post-conception (dpc) in the fetus. The analysis of the evolution of these two proteome tissues during fetal life produced original but insufficient data. In addition, it is not always easy to extract or generate relevant biological information from genomic experiments. This is particularly true in ruminant species because they are not annotated in databases and few bioinformatic resources are dedicated to them. In this context, our objective was to design an “all in one” web service to analyze genomic data in cattle in order to improve knowledge of the mechanisms involved in fetal muscle and AT growth. Thus, we have organized our thesis in two axes. We developed a genomic data analysis tool, dedicated to ruminant species (cattle, sheep and goat) and named ProteINSIDE (www.proteinside.org). In a single query, this tool synthesizes the biological information stored in public databases or provided by functional annotations from gene ontology. It also predicts proteins that are secreted (tissue secretome) and which are involved in signaling between cells or tissues. It links proteins according to their molecular interactions to identify and visualize those that contribute to the same biological processes and those that are central to a biological process. ProteINSIDE was tested with data sets of 1000 proteins by species and has been successfully compared with DAVID, BioMyn, and AgBase (designed for information retrieval and annotation), as well as PrediSi and Phobius (that predict proteins secreted). We applied ProteINSIDE to the proteome analysis of muscle and AT. A first analysis of data on the ontogenesis of the tissue revealed links between proteins of both fetal tissues and proteins involved in autophagy processes. In a second study, we constructed and described the bovine proteomes of both tissues at 140 dpc. We identified 514 muscle protein and 752 AT proteins, including 346 commons proteins. As an example, these proteins are involved in the negative regulation of apoptosis, in autophagy processes, in the regulation of cell proliferation, and in the Wnt signaling pathway. We identified 47 and 93 potentially secreted proteins by muscle and TA, including 24 commons proteins. The integration of knowledges about the secreted proteins with those available for the “surfaceome” suggested proteins which could participate in the cross-talk between muscle and AT. Thus, we produced a web server to mine genomic data from bovine, sheep, and goat species, but also from human, rat and mice species. This type of server should be particularly useful to the scientific community. Its implementation has led to the production of new knowledge and working hypotheses for the understanding of the mechanisms which regulate fetal growth of muscle and AT.

Le stress oxydant correspond à un déséquilibre entre les défenses antioxydantes et les espèces pro-oxydantes en faveur de ces derniers. Il joue un rôle central dans de nombreuses pathologies telles que l'obésité, le diabète et les maladies cardiovasculaires. Le diabète est caractérisé par une hyperglycémie chronique, source d'un stress oxydant accru et de dommages oxydatifs tissulaires. Notamment l'hyperglycémie favorise la glycation des protéines aboutissant à la formation de produits avancés de glycation (AGE). Bien que l'action délétère des AGE soit reconnue dans le diabète, leurs rôles au niveau cardiaque et adipeux restent encore assez méconnus. L'objectif de mon travail de thèse a été de déterminer les effets du stress oxydant, induit par l'hyperglycémie et l'albumine glyquée, au niveau des tissus adipeux et cardiaque, mais aussi au niveau de lignées cellulaires adipocytaires et cardiaques. Mes résultats ont montré un impact délétère de l'hyperglycémie tant au niveau cellulaire que tissulaire. De plus, certains dysfonctionnements identifiés au niveau de cœurs ou de tissu adipeux provenant de modèle animaux diabétiques ont pu être reproduits in vitro par l'incubation de lignées cellulaires adipeuses ou cardiaques en présence d'albumine glyquée. Cette étude propose de nouveaux éléments de compréhension sur les dommages de type oxydatif dans le cadre de la pathologie diabétique et ouvre de nouvelle piste d'étude sur le rôle spécifique que pourrait exercer les AGE issus de l'albumine au niveau du tissu adipeux et cardiaque. / Oxidative stress is defined as “an imbalance between oxidants and anti-oxidants in favor of the oxidants”, leading to a disruption of redox signaling and control and/or molecular damage. It plays a central role in many diseases such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Diabetes is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, a source of increased oxidative stress and tissue oxidative damage. In particular, hyperglycemia can promote protein glycation leading to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Although the deleterious action of AGEs in diabetes is recognized, its impact in the heart and adipose tissues remains relatively unknown. The objective of this thesis was therefore to determine the effects of hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress together with glycated albumin on the redox balance of adipose and cardiac tissues, and also by in vitro analysis of heart and adipocyte cell lines.This study revealed enhanced oxidative stress and damage induced by hyperglycemia at both cellular and tissue levels. In addition, the oxidative damage identified in heart and adipose tissues isolated from diabetic mice could be reproduced in vitro by the incubation of adipose or cardiac cell lines in the presence of glycated albumin. The current study proposes novel insights into redox imbalance in adipose and heart tissues of diabetic/obese mice and highlights the role of AGEs (especially glycated albumin) as a putative contributor to adipocyte and cardiomyocyte dysfunction.

L'obésité est l'un des plus grands défis de santé publique du 21ème siècle et est considérée comme un facteur de risque majeur pour la santé. L'obésité est responsable de l'apparition de divers troubles, notamment du diabète, des maladies cardiovasculaires et de certains cancers. Le tissu adipeux (TA) est un organe endocrine très actif qui a une activité sécrétoire intense produisant un assortiment de plus de 600 facteurs qui ont des activités biologiques variées. Certains de ces facteurs sont appelés adipocytokines et font l'objet d'un intérêt particulier dans les recherches récentes sur le métabolisme et les pathologies associées. De nombreuses données sur les adipocytokines suggèrent fortement que le tissu adipeux est un élément clé dans le développement d'une inflammation chronique. De nombreuses maladies neurodégénératives chroniques telles que la sclérose latérale amyotrophique, la maladie d'Alzheimer et la maladie de Parkinson ont été associées à une inflammation du système nerveux central (SNC), dans lequel la microglie et les astrocytes (cellules gliales) jouent un rôle déterminant. L'autotaxin (ATX) et l'adiponectine (ADIPO) sont des médiateurs sécrétées par le TA. Le rôle de ces médiateurs dans les activités métaboliques a été bien étudié, mais leur rôle potentiel ainsi que les mécanismes précis dans la vulnérabilité du CNS restent à déterminer. Ici, nous proposons d'utiliser, in vivo, deux stimuli inflammatoires distincts le lipopolysaccharide (LPS) et le triméthylétain (TMT) pour caractériser l'expression de médiateurs de l'inflammation du SNC chez la souris. Une injection intrapéritonéale (ip) aiguë de LPS (100 μg/kg de poids corporel) mime une infection bactérienne Gram négative, tandis que l'injection ip aiguë de TMT (2 mg/kg de poids corporel), induit une neurodégénérescence hippocampique. Les microglies et les astrocytes sont les principales sources de facteurs inflammatoires dans le cerveau. Afin de rechercher, in vitro, le rôle de l'ATX et de l'ADIPO sur ces cellules dans un état inflammatoire et de stress oxydatif, nous avons généré des tansfectants stables sur-exprimant l'ATX dans des cellules microgliales murines (BV2) et l'ADIPO dans des cellules astrocytaires murines (CLTT). Les clones BV2 et CLTT surexprimant ces facteurs ont été traitées avec du LPS (1 μg/ml) et du H2O2 (100μM). Nos résultats in vivo ont démontré que l'ATX et l'ADIPO sont exprimés dans le cerveau et que le LPS pourrait induire une réponse neuroinflammatoire transitoire dans trois régions distinctes du cerveau l'hippocampe (HIP), le cortex (COR) et le cervelet (CER). Il a été également constaté qu'à cette dose modérée de 100μg de LPS / kg de poids corporel de la souris, la microglie et les astrocytes ne sont pas activés dans le cerveau (Projet-1). Nos résultats in vitro démontrent les effets anti-inflammatoires de l'ATX dans les cellules microgliales observables par la baisse d'expression des marqueurs d'activation microgliale (CD11b, CD14, CD80 et CD86) et d'expression et de production de cytokines pro-inflammatoires (TNF-α et IL-6) (Project-2). Nous avons montré que l'ADIPO a un rôle anti-oxydant dans les astrocytes via l'atténuation significative de ROS, une inhibition d'enzymes pro-oxydantes (iNOS et la COX-2) et une régulation positive d'enzymes anti-oxydantes (SOD et CAT) (Projet-3). Dans l'ensemble, ces résultats suggèrent qu'une inflammation périphérique induite par une infection ne provoque pas de neurodégénérescence (à moins d'une infection importante), mais pourrait sensibiliser les cellules gliales et augmenter leur réponse à la stimulation suivante. L'ATX et l'ADIPO pourraient jouer un rôle dans la régulation de la neuroinflammation en régulant l'activation gliale dans un contexte de stress. Des travaux supplémentaires seront nécessaires afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires régulant l'inflammation du SNC et aboutir à de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques pour combattre les maladies neurodégénératives. / Globally obesity is one of the greatest public health challenges of 21st century, and is considered a major health risk factor. Obesity is responsible for the onset of various kinds of disorders including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Adipose tissue (AT) is a highly active endocrine organ which has intense secretory activity producing an assortment of over 600 factors that have versatile biological activities. Some of these factors are named adipocytokines and have gain an intensive focus on current metabolic and disease recent research. Accumulating data on adipocytokine research strongly suggest that adipose tissue is the key player in promoting chronic inflammation. Many chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases have been associated with inflammation in the Central Nervous System (CNS) in which microglia and astrocytes (glial cells) play a decisive role. Autotaxin (ATX) and Adiponectin (ADIPO) are mediators secreted by the AT. The role of these mediators in metabolic activities have been well studied but the potential role of these adipocyte secreted factors and its precise mechanisms in CNS vulnerability remains to be determined. Here we used, in vivo, two distinct inflammatory stimuli, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and trimethyltin (TMT), to characterize the expression of inflammatory mediators in mouse CNS. Acute intraperitoneal (ip) injection of LPS (100μg/Kg bwt) mimics gram negative bacterial infection, while acute ip injection of organometal TMT (2mg/kg bwt), induces hippocampal neurodegeneration. Microglia and astrocytes are the major source of inflammatory factors in the brain. To investigate, in vitro, the role of ATX and ADIPO in inflammatory and oxidative stress condition, we generated stable over-expressing transfectant in murine microglia BV2 cells for ATX and murine astrocyte CLTT cells for ADIPO. BV2 and CLTT stably transfected overexpressing clones were treated with LPS (1 μg/mL) and H2O2 (100μM). Our in vivo results demonstrated that ATX and ADIPO were expressed in the brain and LPS induced a transient neuroinflammatory response in three distinct regions of the brain hippocampus (HIP), cortex (COR) and cerebellum (CER). Besides this it was also found that with this mild dosage of 100 μg LPS/Kg bwt of mice, microglia and astrocytes were not activated in the brain (Project-1). Our in vitro results authenticate the anti-inflammatory effects of ATX in microglial cells demonstrated by the downregulation of microglial activation markers (CD11b, CD14, CD80 and CD86) and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and secretion (TNF-α and IL-6) (Project-2). Likewise, ADIPO put forth its anti-oxidant role in astrocyte cells mediated via significant mitigation of ROS, and as well by the significant down and upregulation of pro-oxidative inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) and anti-oxidative enzymes mRNA expression levels superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) respectively (Project-3). Overall these results suggest that peripheral inflammation induced by infection will not induce neurodegeneration (unless a massive infection) but could prime the glial cells and make them more responsive to the next stimulation. ATX and ADIPO may play a role in the regulation of neuroinflammation by regulating glial activation in stressed situations. Further investigations will be needed to better understand the molecular mechanisms regulating brain inflammation and lead to new therapeutic strategies to combat neurodegenerative diseases.

Orientadores: Regina Celia Spadari-Bratfisch, Dora Maria Grassi-Kassisse / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T15:56:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hatore_EdgarTeruhiko_M.pdf: 10729043 bytes, checksum: a8e99d57d617133d73cabb8f544052b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Os efeitos do estresse por natação sobre marcadores metabólicos diferem daqueles do estresse por choques nas patas. Estas diferenças poderiam ser conseqüências da natureza do estressor, que difere nos dois modelos, ou da intensidade de estresse, que parece ser menor quando os animais são submetidos à natação do que quando submetidos a choque nas patas. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o efeito da intensidade do estressor sobre a mobilização de substratos metabólicos. Ratos Wistar adultos foram distribuídos em grupos: controle, não submetido à natação; e ratos submetidos à natação em água a 35°C, 24°C ou 18°C. As sessões de natação ocorreram em três dias consecutivos com 5, 15 e 15 min de duração, respectivamente. Os ratos foram pesados antes da primeira e da última sessão de natação e após a última sessão sua temperatura retal foi determinada por um tele-termômetro; foram anestesiados e uma amostra de sangue foi coletada por punção cardíaca. Foram retiradas amostras do fígado e dos músculos gastrocnêmio, sóleo e ventricular cardíaco. Adipócitos foram isolados do tecido adiposo epididimal e incubados com agonistas adrenérgicos. O glicerol e o lactato liberados no meio infranadante foram considerados como indicadores da sensibilidade das respostas lipolítica e glicolítica aos agonistas, respectivamente. Foram determinadas também as concentrações plasmáticas de glicose, lactato, ácidos graxos livres, glicerol e corticosterona, além da concentração muscular e hepática de glicogênio. O peso corporal dos ratos dos quatro grupos não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa antes da primeira ou da terceira sessão de natação. Após natação em temperaturas de 24°C e 18°C os ratos apresentaram hipotermia (30,7 +/- 0,7°C e 24,0 +/- 0,5°C, respectivamente) em relação os grupos controle (37,2 +/- O,12°C) e natação a 35°C(36,7 +/- 0,2°C), entre os quais não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa. Após a terceira sessão de natação, a concentração plasmática de corticosterona aumentou significativamente nos grupos submetidos à natação em 18°C (294,7 +/-17,9 ng/mL) e 24°C (289,5 +/- 27,1 ng/mL) do que 35°C (166,3 +/- 11,8 ng/mL), sendo os três significativamente diferentes do controle (57,2 +/- 10,0 ng/mL), enquanto que as concentrações sanguíneas de lactato e de ácidos graxos livres estavam significativamente elevadas em relação ao controle, mas não diferiram entre os grupos de ratos submetidos à natação. As concentrações de glicogênio das amostras hepáticas, cardíacas e do músculo sóleo de ratos submetidos à natação não diferiram significantemente do grupo controle. Porém, as concentrações de glicogênio nas porções branca e vermelha do músculo gastrocnêmio estavam reduzidas após natação. Em adipócitos isolados de ratos submetidos à natação houve aumento da liberação basal de glicerol e de lactato, mas as respostas ao d-butiril-AMPc, à noradrenalina e à adrenalina, assim como a sensibilidade às duas catecolaminas,não diferiu significantemente do controle. Concluímos que a intensidade do agente estressor pode ser modulada pela temperatura da água em protocolos de estresse por natação, de modo que as temperaturas mais baixas em relação à temperatura corporal do rato determinam respostas de estresse mais intensas, evidenciadas pela concentração plasmática de corticosterona. Entretanto, as alterações observadas nos marcadores metabólicos analisados são independentes da intensidade do estressor, no paradigma de estresse utilizado neste trabalho / Abstract: The effects of swimming stress on metabolic markers are different than those induced by foot-shock stress. These differences might be due either to stress intensity, which seems to be minor when the rats are submitted to swimming than foot-shock stress, or to the type of stressor agent. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of the stressor intensity on metabolic markers. Adult Wistar rats were distributed in groups: control, not submitted to swimming; or swimming stressed rats with the water temperature at 35°C, 24°C or 18°C. Swimming sessions occurred daily, for 3 days, with 5, 15 and 15 min duration, respectively. Before the first and last sessions the rats were weight and after the last swimming session the rat's rectal temperature was determined using a tele-thermometer; then the rats were anesthetized and a blood sample was collected through cardiac puncture. Samples of the liver, as well as the gastrocnemius, soleus and cardiac muscles were also collected. Adipocytes were isolated from the epididimal adipose tissue and were incubated with adrenergic agonists: The glycerol and lactate released in the infranatant were considered as indicative of in vitro lipolytic and glycolytic sensitivity to the agonists,respectively. The plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate, free fat acids, glycerol and corticosterone, as well as the muscular and hepatic glycogen concentrations were determined. The results have shown that the rat' s body weights were not altered by swimming. After swimming at 24 C and 18 C the rats showed severe hypothermia (30.7+/-0.7°C and 24.0+/- 0.5 C, respectively, p<0.05), whereas swimming at 35C did not alter the rats rectal temperature (36.7 +/-0.2°C) compared to control (37.2 +/- 0.12C). The plasma levels of corticosterone significantly enhanced in 18°C (294.7 +/- 17.9 ng/mL), 24°C (289.5+/- 27.1 ng/mL) and 35°C (166.3 +/-11.8 ng/mL) swimming groups, compared to control (57.2 +/- 10.0 ng/mL). The glucose and glycerol plasma levels were not altered, whereas the blood lactate and free fat acids levels significantly increased after swimming, with no difference between the stressed groups. Swimming did not alter the glycogen concentrations of the liver as well as cardiac and soleus muscle, but caused a decrease in the white and red gastrocnemius compared to control, with the decrease being independent of the water temperature. The in vitro basal glycerol and lactate release by adipocytes increased, similarly in all swimming groups. The lipolytic response to d-butiryl cAMP,norepinephrine and epinephrine were not different between groups. Catecholamines determined a biphasic effect on lactate release by adipocytes with the concentrations in the range up to 10 nM being stimulant and those higher than 10 nM being inhibitory of lactate release. No differences were observed between groups. We conclude that the stress intensity might be modulated by the water temperature in protocols of swimming stress, with lower temperatures being more stressful than those similar to the rats body temperature, as determined by the plasma levels of corticosterone. We also conclude that the swimming stress paradigm altered the analyzed metabolic markers in a manner that was independent of the stressor intensity (homotypic), in the stress paradigm used in this work / Mestrado / Fisiologia / Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Le tissu adipeux (TA) contient un grand nombre de leucocytes qui jouent un rôle fondamental dans la régulation de l'activité métabolique du TA. Chez l'individu sain, les leucocytes du TA ont un profil majoritairement anti-inflammatoire (macrophages M2, polynucléaires éosinophiles, lymphocytes T CD4 Th2 et T régulateurs). Chez le sujet obèse, on observe une modification des populations immunitaires vers un phénotype majoritairement pro-inflammatoire (macrophages M1, polynucléaires neutrophiles, lymphocytes T CD8 et T CD4 Th1). Cet état inflammatoire participe au développement du syndrome métabolique. Chez l'adulte, les leucocytes circulants sont principalement produits dans la moelle osseuse (MO) par des cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH). Notre équipe a montré qu'une partie des leucocytes du TA sont produits in situ grâce à la présence de CSH tissulaires spécifiques, dont l'activité hématopoïétique diffère selon le dépôt adipeux. Ce résultat suggère que les CSH du TA pourraient être contrôlées par leur niche, comme c'est le cas dans la MO. Considérant le rôle prépondérant des leucocytes dans la physiopathologie du TA et le rôle des CSH dans ce tissu, les objectifs de cette thèse ont été les suivants : 1) Caractériser le rôle de l'hématopoïèse du TA dans le développement des maladies métaboliques. 2) Caractériser d'un point de vue cellulaire et moléculaire la niche des CSH du TA et la régulation de leur activité par cet environnement. 3) Mettre en évidence et caractériser l'activité hématopoïétique du TA chez l'homme. Concernant le premier objectif, nos résultats montrent que dans un modèle de diabète induit par un régime riche en gras, les CSH du TA produisent des macrophages pro- inflammatoires ayant un rôle direct dans le développement des altérations de l'homéostasie glucidique. La greffe de CSH du TA issues d'une souris diabétique dans une souris maintenue sous régime standard induit le transfert de la pathologie. Inversement, la greffe de CSH de TA d'une souris saine dans une souris diabétique améliore le phénotype métabolique. Concernant le second objectif, nous montrons que les CSH du TA se localisent préférentiellement dans le cœur du TA sous-cutané, région principalement composée d'adipocytes beiges, alors que la périphérie, constituée d'adipocytes blancs uniloculaires héberge moins de CSH. L'activation ou l'inhibition des adipocytes beiges diminue la quantité de CSH au cœur du tissu, montrant qu'un déséquilibre du métabolisme des adipocytes beiges a un impact sur les CSH, suggérant que ces adipocytes pourraient alors faire partie d'une niche hématopoïétique. Les approches in vitro ne nous ont pas permis d'aller plus loin dans la caractérisation des acteurs cellulaires et/ou moléculaires de cette niche. Concernant le troisième objectif, nous montrons pour la première fois la présence de CSH dans le TA chez l'homme. La fonctionnalité de ces CSH a été testée in vitro et in vivo. En culture en milieu semi-solide, les CSH de TA humain sont capables de donner des clones myéloïdes, comme chez la souris. In vivo, chez des souris immuno-déficientes reconstituées avec des CSH de TA humain, on retrouve des cellules immunitaires humaines dans le tissu adipeux, ce qui démontre leur capacité à reconstituer une partie du système immunitaire de ce tissu. En conclusion, ce travail de thèse a permis de montrer que l'activité hématopoïétique du TA joue un rôle crucial dans le maintien de la balance énergétique. Les CSH du TA résideraient préférentiellement dans une niche localisée au cœur du tissu, composée d'adipocytes beiges. La caractérisation des signaux moléculaires présents dans les différentes zones du TA permettra de proposer de nouvelles hypothèses sur la régulation de l'activité des CSH du TA. Chez l'homme, notre travail a permis de mettre en évidence une hématopoïèse tissulaire endogène au tissu adipeux, renforçant ainsi l'importance physiopathologique de nos précédents résultats obtenus chez la souris. / The adipose tissue (AT) contains a lot of leukocytes that play a fundamental role in the regulation of AT metabolic activity. In a physiological situation, AT-leukocytes mostly display an anti-inflammatory profile (M2 macrophages, eosinophils, CD4 Th2 T cells and regulatory T cells). Obesity induces a shift in AT immune cells towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype (M1 macrophages, neutrophils, CD8 and CD4 Th1 T cells). This inflammatory state contributes to the development of the metabolic syndrome. In adults, circulating leukocytes are mostly produced in the bone marrow (BM) by hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). A few years ago, we have shown AT harbors a specific resident HSC population that can renew innate immune cells and especially macrophages in the AT, via in situ differentiation. This endogenous hematopoietic activity differs according to the localization of the fat pad, suggesting that like BM-HSC, AT HSC might be controlled by their environment. Considering the important role of leukocytes in the AT physiopathology and the role of resident HSC in this tissue, the objectives of this work were the followings: 1) To characterize the role of the AT hematopoiesis in the onset of metabolic diseases. 2) To characterize the AT HSC niche from a cellular and a molecular point of view, and the regulation of their activity by this environment. 3) To demonstrate the presence of an endogenous AT-hematopoiesis in humans. First, by using transplantation of sorted AT-HSC and gain and loss of function studies we showed that some of the inflammatory AT-macrophages inducing metabolic disease originate from resident AT-HSC. Transplantation of AT-HSC sorted from high fat diet-fed (HFD) mice is sufficient to induce AT-macrophage accumulation, and to transfer metabolic disease in control mice. Conversely, the transplantation of control AT-HSC improves both AT-inflammation and glucose homeostasis in HFD mice. Second, we showed that AT-HSC are preferentially localized in the core of sub-cutaneous AT that contains beige adipocytes, instead of the periphery that mostly harbors unilocular white adipocytes. Activation or inhibition of beige adipocytes induces a loss of this preferential localization, suggesting that modifications of the subcutaneous AT core region metabolism impact HSC behavior. This suggests that beige adipocytes might be a part of a hematopoietic niche in the AT. However, we were unable to characterize the cellular and/or molecular constituants of this niche. Finally, we showed for the first time that as in mice, human AT contains resident HSC. In methylcellulose semi-solid medium, human AT-HSC are able to produce myeloid clones. In vivo, after transplantation of human AT-HSC in immunodeficient mice, human immune cells are observed in the AT. These results show that human AT exhibit a functional endogenous hematopoietic activity. Altogether, we show in this study that the AT hematopoietic activity plays a crucial role in the control of energy balance. Although AT HSC are localized preferentially at the vicinity of beige adipocytes, molecular signals controlling this population remain to be characterized. Finally, we demonstrate for the first time an endogenous hematopoiesis in human AT, highlighting the physiopathological importance of our previous results obtained in mice.