This thesis investigates acquisition of negation and focus particles in oral L2 French. It concerns adverbs of addition (aussi, encore), restriction (seulement) and temporal contrast (déjà, encore). These items all lack independent referential value i.e. they depend on other constituents in an utterance for their interpretation, they are not structurally obligatory and they variably affect other constituents in an utterance. The learner has to capture the significance of each item, its syntactic position and its pragmatic function in a given context. The study aims at describing the development in oral production of 24 Swedish learners, beginners to very advanced, and 6 native speakers, in all together 80 interviews, in order to postulate an acquisitional itinerary. The analysis consists of two parts. The first one concerns negation types such as non in various functions, constituent negation (pas X), phrasal negation (ne…pas) and semi-negations (ne…aucun/jamais/personne/rien). The results show, inter alia, that non is used in different pragmatic functions at different levels of acquisition. At the initial stage, non is also used idiosyncratically as a constituent negation and as a preverbal phrasal negation. At the post-initial stage, where also the verbs are mainly finite, phrasal negation (ne) pas is post-verbal. Furthermore, the analysis showed that jamais and rien appear prior to the other semi-negations. In the second part, the use of focus particles is analyzed. The study revealed that the additive particle aussi appears first, in an initial or final position of an utterance, followed by additive encore and restrictive seulement at the post-initial stage and that the temporal adverbs encore and déjà are almost solely used by advanced learners. An acquisitional sequence was postulated, with idiosyncratic negation and additive focus particles appearing previous to post-verbal negation and restrictive particles. The temporal adverbs of contrast appear at the advanced stages.

The main aim of this study is to examine how characterizations of persons in books for children and adolescents relate to traditional sex role patterns and to determine if there is any difference in this respect between books for girls and books for boys as well as between popular books and quality books.Eight books for girls, eight books for boys, and four books for both girls and boys are examined. From these books 8,268 adjectives, adverbs, and participles which characterize persons or aspects of persons were excerpted. These excerpts have been categorized with regard to syntactic function into attributive adjectives, predicative adjectives, and adverbials, and with regard to meaning as to membership in semantic fields on different levels.The most frequent syntactic category in the material is "predicative" (42.8%), followed by "attributive" (33.4%). Female characters are more often described by predicative adjectives than are male characters, while the opposite is true of attributive adjectives. The choice of syntactic category seems to be determined more by what property or state the lexical item refers to, however, than by the sex of the character described.The semantic fields with the largest number of excerpts are MENTAL PROPERTIES AND STATES (32.9%), SOCIABILITY (15.0%), DRESS AND APPEARANCE (14.7%), and PACE AND MOVEMENTS (11.4%). These fields also dominate within the different categories of books and the descriptions of female and male characters respectively.Traditional sex role patterns are most obvious in characterizations of role characters with respect to their role in society and their relation to other people. Female characters are, e.g., almost exclusively described with respect to their private lives, while male characters are described in terms of their position in society. In the books for boys male characters are attributed a negative or rejecting attitude to their environment, while female characters are attributed a more positive or accepting attitude.The most traditional impression of the opposite sex is conveyed by the books for boys-to the extent that any such impression is conveyed at all by these books. The books for boys have very few female characters and very few descriptions of them. In general, male characters dominate in the books and it is clearly shown that to be a boy or man is more highly regarded than to be a girl or woman.No general differences between popular books and quality literature emerged from the analyses performed. Traditional sex role patterns are equally pronounced in the two types of books, even if there are differences between individual books. / digitalisering@umu

Submitted by THAIS HOLANDA DE ABREU-ZORZI null (thaishabreu@bol.com.br) on 2016-05-15T13:54:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão digital tese thais.pdf: 4840618 bytes, checksum: 83b58fcc566c791e3bb53c4516cb488d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-17T14:10:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 abreu-zorzi_th_dr_arafc.pdf: 4840618 bytes, checksum: 83b58fcc566c791e3bb53c4516cb488d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-17T14:10:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 abreu-zorzi_th_dr_arafc.pdf: 4840618 bytes, checksum: 83b58fcc566c791e3bb53c4516cb488d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-04 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Esta tese tem como objetivo realizar um estudo comparativo dos advérbios em –mente em duas sincronias da língua portuguesa - Português Arcaico (PA), século XIII, e Português Brasileiro (PB) atual, a fim de observar e descrever possíveis mudanças com relação ao estatuto prosódico dessas formas. Para a descrição do estatuto prosódico desses advérbios, sobretudo no PA, elegeram-se como corpus as 420 cantigas em louvor à Virgem Maria, conhecidas como Cantigas de Santa Maria (CSM), e as 1251 cantigas profanas (510 de amigo, 431 de escárnio e maldizer e 310 de amor). Por outro lado, elegeu-se como corpus de estudo do PB um recorte do banco de dados do “Corpus Online do Português”, elaborado em conjunto pelos pesquisadores Michael Ferreira, da Universidade de Georgetown, e Mark Davies, da Brigham Young University. A partir da coleta das formas adverbiais em -mente nos corpora, são investigadas algumas propriedades dos advérbios em -mente sob o viés da Fonologia Prosódica (SELKIRK, 1984; NESPOR; VOGEL, 1986) e da Fonologia Métrica (HAYES, 1995). Conclui-se que as formas adverbiais em –mente são, do ponto de vista prosódico, compostas (um acento lexical e um secundário), tanto em PA como em PB, visto que tais advérbios podem ser considerados elementos que são formados por partes independentes entre si, em que a Regra de Atribuição do Acento atua em domínios distintos: nas bases já flexionadas e no “sufixo” –mente. Por terem um domínio independente, cada uma das partes formadoras desses advérbios representa uma palavra fonológica (ω) distinta. / This thesis aims to conduct a comparative study of adverbs ending in -mente in two synchronies of the Portuguese language - Archaic Portuguese (AP), from the thirteenth century, and current Brazilian Portuguese (BP) - in order to observe and describe possible changes regarding the prosodic status of these forms. For the description of the prosodic status of these adverbs, especially in AP, a corpus composed of 420 cantigas [a genre of poetry] in praise of the Virgin Mary, known as Cantigas de Santa Maria (CSM), and 1251 profane cantigas (510 cantigas de amigo, 431 cantigas de escárnio e maldizer and 310 cantigas de amor). On the other hand, a part of the database from “Corpus Online do Português" [Online Corpus of the Portuguese Language], prepared jointly by researchers Michael Ferreira, from Georgetown University, and Mark Davies, from Brigham Young University, was elected as study corpus of the BP. From the collection of the adverbial forms ending in -mente in the corpora, some properties of adverbs ending in -mente are investigated under the bias of Prosodic Phonology (SELKIRK, 1984; NESPOR;VOGEL, 1986) and Metrical Phonology (HAYES, 1995) are investigated. It has been concluded that from the prosodic perspective the adverbial forms ending in -mente are compounds (one lexical stress and one secondary stress) in both AP and BP, since such adverbs may be considered elements formed of independent parts among themselves, where the Stress Assignment Rule operates in different domains: in bases already inflected and in the "suffix" ending in -mente. For having an independent domain, each forming part of these adverbs represents a distinct phonological word (ω). / FAPESP: 2011/18933-8

Notre thèse s’intéresse aux processus de création des adverbes de modalité dubitative dans l’histoire de l’espagnol. À l’aide des corpus de la Real Academia Española, CORDE et CREA, nous étudions du point de vue diachronique les principaux adverbes et locutions adverbiales qui expriment le doute du locuteur par rapport au contenu propositionnel de l’énoncé : por (a)ventura, acaso, quizá(s), puede que, tal vez, a lo mejor, lo mismo et igual. Notre recherche comprend ainsi la quasi-totalité de l’histoire de la langue espagnole, depuis le XIIe siècle, où l’on retrouve déjà quizá, jusqu’au XXe avec le surgissement de lo mismo et igual. Ces expressions ont des origines diverses – constructions verbales, syntagmes prépositionnels, etc.–mais elles fonctionnent toutes initialement comme des éléments intégrés dans la structure syntaxique de la phrase, dans laquelle elles transmettent des notions qui relèvent du hasard, de la temporalité, de la comparaison, etc. Ce travail s’occupe donc, dans un premier temps, d’élucider les chemins que ces expressions ont empruntés pour parvenir à fonctionner comme des adverbes de modalité dubitative et, dans un deuxième temps, il rend compte des relations qu’entretiennent ces expressions adverbiales, puisque, malgré leur apparente synonymie et interchangeabilité, ces adverbes diffèrent sur certains aspects les uns des autres. À cet égard, l’étude diachronique des contextes d’apparition, des valeurs et des fonctions des éléments qui ont intégré le paradigme nous permet de comprendre les différentes nuances et possibilités d’emploi qui caractérisent ces expressions une fois qu’elles acquièrent leur rôle d’adverbes de modalité dubitative. / This thesis aims to study the creation processes of the modal probability adverbs in the history of Spanish. Thus, from the diachronic point of view, we study, with the help of the Real Academia Española corpora, CORDE and CREA, the main adverbs and adverbial locutions that express the speaker's doubt regarding the propositional content of the statement: por (a)ventura, acaso, quizá(s), puede que, tal vez, a lo mejor, lo mismo and igual. Our research covers practically the whole history of the Spanish language, from the twelfth century, in which quizá is documented, until the twentieth, when the most recent adverbs of probability, lo mismo and igual, arise. These expressions have different origins – verbal constructions, prepositional phrases, etc. – but all function initially as integrated elements in the syntactic structure of the sentence, in which they transmit notions related to chance, temporality, comparison, etc. This work, therefore, is concerned firstly with elucidating the paths followed by these expressions in order to function as probability adverbs and, secondly, it gives account of the relations that lie between these adverbial expressions. Despite their apparent synonymy and interchangeability, these adverbs differ from one another in some respects. In this sense, the diachronic study of the contexts of appearance, the meanings and the functions of the elements that have integrated the paradigm allow us to understand the different nuances and possibilities of use that characterize these expressions once they acquire their role of modal probability adverbs. / Esta tesis se ocupa del estudio de los procesos de creación de los adverbios de modalidad dubitativa en la historia del español. Con la ayuda de los corpus de la Real Academia Española, CORDE y CREA, estudiamos desde el punto de vista diacrónico los principales adverbios y locuciones adverbiales que expresan la duda del hablante con respecto al contenido proposicional del enunciado: por (a)ventura, acaso, quizá(s), puede que, tal vez, a lo mejor, lo mismo e igual. Nuestra investigación abarca así prácticamente toda la historia de la lengua española, desde el siglo XII, en el que ya se documenta quizá, hasta el XX, en el que surgen los adverbios de duda más recientes lo mismo e igual. Las expresiones estudiadas tienen orígenes diversos –construcciones verbales, sintagmas preposicionales, etc.–, pero todas funcionan inicialmente como elementos integrados en la estructura sintáctica de la frase, en la que transmiten nociones relativas al azar, a la temporalidad, a la comparación, etc. Este trabajo se ocupa, pues, en primer lugar, de elucidar los caminos que han seguido estas expresiones para llegar a funcionar como adverbios de modalidad dubitativa y, en segundo lugar, de dar cuenta de las relaciones que mantienen estas expresiones adverbiales, ya que, a pesar de su aparente sinonimia e intercambiabilidad, estos adverbios difieren unos de otros en algunos aspectos. En este sentido, el estudio diacrónico de los contextos de aparición, valores y funciones de los elementos que han integrado el paradigma nos permite comprender los diferentes matices y posibilidades de uso que caracterizan a estas expresiones una vez que adquieren su papel de adverbios de modalidad dubitativa.

La variation intralocuteur se manifeste selon les usages à partir des conditions situationnelles de production du discours : le chenal oral / écrit, le cadre et la formalité de la situation, le sujet, le ton, les objectifs et enjeux identitaires des participants, et le contexte co-construit et reconstruit tout au long de l’interaction. Une distinction est établie entre formel institutionnel ou protocolaire, pratiqué par des professionnels de la parole publique dans des situations à enjeu sérieux ou médiatiques, et le formel des locuteurs individuels, pratiqué par tous, normalement dans des cadres transactionnels. Le bilinguisme caractérisant la situation linguistique à Malte est décrit comme caractérisé par une diglossie relative, socialement plutôt qu’institutionnellement établie, à partir de la répartition fonctionnelle de l’anglais et du maltais et du prestige associé avec l’anglais considéré par la communauté et le secteur privé comme variété H, contrebalancés par le fait que le maltais est privilégié comme variété H dans les situations protocolaires influencées par l’Etat.Un questionnaire concerne les usages et les attitudes linguistiques au niveau sociétal : il en ressort des attitudes ambivalentes vis-à-vis des dialectes, la vénération dont jouit le maltais sémitique, et les confrontations d’attitudes concernant l’emploi de l’anglais. Ces résultats permettent de mieux comprendre la valeur sociolinguistique des données qui émergent d’un corpus ‘maltais’. Le corpus oral est obtenu à partir de huit locuteurs-clés (dont trois professionnels de la parole publique) enregistrés dans divers types de situations. Le corpus écrit se divise en écrit informel (emails et chat) et écrit formel (articles, prose littéraire, écrits administratifs).Le corpus montre qu’à Malte la variation se réalise par les différences de registre et par l’alternance codique et comprend ainsi les schémas de variation associées avec les situations monolingues comme avec les situations bilingues. Une étude de la distribution des adverbes et conjonctions maltais confirme leur sensibilité à la formalité, au chenal et au genre. La jonction propositionnelle et la dislocation varient également en fonction du style. L’alternance codique paraît motivée par la volonté d’apprendre l’anglais aux enfants, et, pour les adultes, par le prestige et les connotations d’éducation liés à cette langue. La situation linguistique française est connue pour l’écart important entre formes standard et non standard. Les causes en sont énumérées. En contexte maltais, la variation inhérente au maltais et la possibilité de recourir à l’alternance codique fournissent aussi une marge importante de possibilités variationnelles. Les processus de standardisation dans les deux situations diffèrent sur divers plans ; les attitudes linguistiques se ressemblent par une idée de purisme. Une analyse est faite des domaines linguistiques touchés par la variation dans les deux langues, avec des propositions concernant quels types de variation sont davantage tolérés. La variation stylistique domine le contexte non diglossique français ; l’hypothèse est avancée que la variation sociale prédomine en contexte maltais. / Intraspeaker variation takes place according to relevant situational conditions of language use, such as the spoken/written order, the framework and degree of formality of the situation, topic, tone, participants’ aims and identity issues, and context, which is co-constructed and reconstructed throughout the interaction. A distinction is made between institutional or protocol formality, practised by public speech professionals in serious, public, sometimes mediatic situations, and individual speakers’ formality, practised by all, normally within transactional frameworks. The type of bilingualism which characterises the Maltese language situation is described as relatively diglossic, from a social rather than an institutional point of view. This characterisation is based on the functional distribution of Maltese and English, and on the prestige associated with English, considered by the community and the private sector as the H variety, whilst Maltese is the H variety chosen by government institutions for protocol situations.A questionnaire delves into language use and attitudes on a societal level. Ambivalent attitudes emerge regarding regional dialects, as well as veneration of Semitic Maltese, and conflicting attitudes regarding the use of English. These results allow a better understanding of the sociolinguistic value of data obtained from a Maltese corpus. The spoken corpus is obtained thanks to eight key speakers (among which three public speech professionals), recorded in a variety of situations ranging from the formal to the informal. The written corpus is divided into informal (emails, chat) and formal (articles, literary prose, administration texts) sections.The corpus shows that variation takes place in Malta through register shifts and code-switching, thus covering variation patterns associated with both monolingual and bilingual situations. A study of adverb and conjunction distribution in Maltese confirms their susceptibility to formality, channel and genre. Clause junction and dislocation also vary according to style. Code-switching appears motivated by a will to teach children English and, for adults, by the prestige and the connotations of education associated with this language. The language situation in France is known for the significant difference between standard and non-standard forms; its causes are mentioned. In the Maltese context, variation inherent to Maltese and the possibility to resort to code-switching also provide a wide margin of variation possibilities. The standardisation process in the two situations diverges on several levels; language attitudes converge through an idea of language purity. Language areas susceptible to variation are analyzed, and it is proposed that variation is mostly tolerated in Maltese at the syntactic level. Stylistic variation dominates the non-diglossic French context; a hypothesis is proposed that social variation dominates the Maltese context.

L’adverbe est l’une des catégories invariables du discours. Le définir clairement n’est pas toujours chose aisée, tant cette catégorie grammaticale regorge de mots d’une grande hétérogénéité, non seulement du point de vue de leur nature, mais également du point de vue de leur rôle. L’adverbe peut ainsi signifier la comparaison, le lieu, la manière ou la qualité, l’ordre et le rang, la quantité, le temps, etc. Il peut encore servir de connecteur logique, de négation, etc. Lorsque l’adverbe permet de répondre à la question « où ? » posé autour du verbe, on parle d’adverbe locatif, traditionnellement appelé adverbe de lieu. C’est à cette catégorie d’adverbes que nous avons consacré notre étude. Les adverbes locatifs ont rarement fait l’objet d’une étude exhaustive, ce qui nous a amené à nous intéresser à leur classification dans le cadre théorique du lexique-grammaire. Pour parvenir à nos fins, nous nous sommes proposé pour objectif principal de mettre en évidence les différentes propriétés syntactico-sémantiques de ces adverbes locatifs. Mais avant d’en arriver-là, il était nécessaire de clarifier la notion très ambivalente de lieu, ce vocable permettant en effet de regrouper des réalités diverses telles que les lieux ayant un sens purement locatif (ex. ici, là-haut) et les lieux impliquant l’idée d’activités qui leur sont associées (ex. au cinéma, à l’école), pour ne citer que ces deux exemples. Il s’agissait donc de mettre en évidence cette classification interne au sein même de cette dernière notion de lieu. Ainsi, nous parlons d’adverbes locatifs non prédicatifs pour désigner les adverbes ayant un sens de lieu impliquant également un sens d’activité associée à ce lieu. De même, les adverbes locatifs prédicatifs pour parler des adverbes désignant explicitement une activité liée à un lieu tout en possédant une référence de lieu rendant possible une telle activité. Compte tenu de la rareté des études qui examinent de manière systématique le lien entre la notion de lieu et les adverbes de lieu, tout l’intérêt de notre démarche aura été d’élaborer une approche analytique qui rende compte des phénomènes sémantico-syntaxiques propres aux adverbes locatifs. Cette étude est d’autant plus nécessaire que l’absence d’une méthode d’analyse a souvent fait obstacle à l’établissement d’une classification des adverbes locatifs. / The adverb is an invariable part of discourse. Defining it with clarity is not a simple assignment, as this category in grammar is filled with words of great heterogeneity, not only from the point of view of their nature, but also from the point of view of their role. The adverb can thus mean comparison, place, manner, quality, order, rank, quantity, and time, etc. It can also be used as a logical connector, negation, etc. When the adverb allows the question "where?" to be raised around the verb, one speaks of locative adverb, traditionally known as adverb of place. It is to this category of adverbs that we have devoted our study. Locative adverbs have rarely been studied exhaustively, which has led us to consider their classification in the theoretical framework of the lexicon-grammar. In order to achieve our goals, we propose to highlight the different syntactico-semantic properties of these adverbs. But before we came to that point, it was necessary to clarify the very ambivalent notion of place, since this term allows us to gather diverse realities such as places with a purely locative sense (e.g. here, up there) and places involving the idea of activities associated within them (e.g. at the cinema, at the school), to only mention these two examples. It was therefore necessary to bring to light this internal classification within the very notion of place. Thus, we speak of non-predicative locative adverbs to denote adverbs with a sense of place that also implies a sense of activity associated with those places. Similarly, predicative locative adverbs to speak of adverbs explicitly designating an activity linked to a place while referring to a location allowing such activity to be performed Given the scarcity of studies that systematically examine the link between the notion of place and adverbs of place, all the interest of our approach will have been to develop an analytical approach that accounts for the semantico-syntactic phenomena specific to locative adverbs. This study is all the more necessary due to the absence of a method of analysis often hindered the establishment of a classification of adverbs of place.

[pt] Este trabalho teve por objetivo descrever, analisar e discutir comparativamente tipologias semânticas de advérbios propostas em duas vertentes dos estudos da linguagem: a Gramática Tradicional, de um lado, e a Lingüística de orientação funcionalista, de outro. Para tal, mapeamos tipologias encontradas em um conjunto representativo de gramáticas tradicionais do português e em uma amostra não menos representativa de trabalhos de lingüistas brasileiros que se debruçaram sobre o tema adotando uma abordagem funcionalista. Propusemos dois quadros tipológicos resumitivos das duas vertentes de classificação, nos quais buscamos identificar as principais classes semânticas estabelecidas em cada uma das duas vertentes. Aplicamos, então esses dois instrumentos de classificação a um mesmo corpus de frases autênticas do português (extraído do centro de recursos distribuídos Linguateca/Frases PB), e analisamos os resultados comparando as duas classificações quanto aos seguintes critérios: (a) abrangência; (b) explicitude; e (c) adequação aos propósitos norteadores (normativo-didáticos ou teórico-descritivos). Tendo em vista tais critérios, apontamos vantagens e desvantagens relativas dos dois tipos de classificação e destacamos alguns problemas enfrentados igualmente na tradição gramatical e na lingüística funcionalista no que tange a caracterização do comportamento semântico dos advérbios. / [en] This work aims to describe, analyze and discuss comparatively semantic typologies of adverbs proposed in two srands of linguistic studies: Traditional Grammar on the one hand and Functional Linguistics on the other. For that, we analyzed and mapped typologies found in a representative set of Portuguese traditional grammars as well as in an equally significant sample of funtictionally-oriented Brazilian linguistic studies. Two typological schemes were proposed to represent the two approaches, identifying the main semantic categories established in each one of them. These two classification instruments were then applied to the analysis of a corpus of Portuguese authentic sentences (an excerpt from the corpus made availble by Linguateca/Frases PB). The classifications were analyzed and compared according to the following criteria: a) range; b) explicitude; c) suitability to purposes (didactic-normative and/or descriptive-theoretical). Using these criteria, it was possible to point out relative advantages and disadvantages in both types of approach and to expose some problems faced equally by traditional grammar and functional linguistics concerning the semantic behaviour of adverbs.

O presente trabalho tem como primeiro objetivo investigar como os estudantes de português como língua segunda na Universidade de Dalarna usam o pretérito perfeito e imperfeito em textos escritos livremente e em quais contextos gramaticais ocorrem os eventuais erros. Além disso, é observado o grau de uso ou não-uso dos estudantes de advérbios temporais e/ou expressões temporais quando constroem sentenças/frases com o pretérito perfeito e imperfeito. De forma sumária é apresentado como os estudos em Português Língua Segunda estão organizados na Universidade de Dalarna e, seguidamente, é discutido o conceito "aspecto". A parte sobre a metodologia mostra como o estudo, tanto quantitativo como qualitativo, é realizado. Depois de um comentário sobre alguns termos conceptuais apresento um breve resumo das principais características de alguns estudos anteriores sobre "estudar uma segunda língua", tal como uma apresentação sumária de quatro dissertações de mestrado sobre o uso de pretérito perfeito e imperfeito em Português Língua Segunda, tal como o uso ou não uso de advérbios temporais. Na terceira parte os resultados do estudo são apresentados; resultados que mostram que os estudantes da Universidade de Dalarna têm um bom tratamento do pretérito perfeito e imperfeito, mas ocorrem erros. A maioria dos erros é cometida nos seguintes contextos : a) pretérito perfeito simples: uma ação já concluída antes do momento de fala e b) pretérito imperfeito: acontecimento habitual que ocorreu repetidamente no passado, podendo ser periódico ou contínuo. Nos outros dois contextos, pretérito imperfeito: um acontecimento no passado que não se prolonga até o presente e pretérito imperfeito: acontecimentos simultâneos ocorridos no passado, se constata um elevado grau de usos corretos. 3 Quanto ao uso de advérbios temporais e/ou expressões temporais, pode-se notar uma tendência, nomeadamente que os alunos que constroem sentenças corretas com o pretérito perfeito e imperfeito, utilizam advérbios temporais num grau mais elevado do que os estudantes que produzem construções incorretas. Os erros são discutidos na parte qualitativa e por fim, na quarta e última parte, condenso algumas considerações finais. / The present study aims at studying the way students of Portuguese as a second language at the University of Dalarna in Sweden handle two of the past forms, that is, the preterite and the imperfect, in texts written freely and in what grammatical contexts the errors, if any, are committed. The study also takes into consideration to what extent the students use, or do not use, of adverbs of time and/or temporal expressions when constructing sentences/phrases with the preterite or the imperfect. In a summary way I present how the studies in Portuguese as a second language at the University of Dalarna are organized and I also, briefly, discuss the concept of "aspect". In the part about methodology is shown how the present study, which is partly quantitative, partly qualitative, is constructed. After a short discussion regarding some conceptual definitions, a short overview of the most important traits in some earlier studies about studying a second language is given and I also present some authors’ theses about the use of the preterite and the imperfect in Portuguese as a second language, as well as the use or non-use of adverbs of time. In part three of the study the results are presented; results which show that the students at the University of Dalarna handle the two forms in a skilful way but errors do occur. The majority of the errors are committed in the following contexts: a) the preterite: completed action in the past and b) the imperfect: frequency or habit. In the other two contexts studied, namely imperfect: past action of a certain duration and imperfect: two simultaneous actions, the amount of errors is very low. Regarding the use of adverbs of time, a tendency, however a bit vague, can be observed. The students who produce correct sentences with the preterite and the imperfect, show a more frequent use of temporal adverbs and expressions than those students who commit mistakes when using the above mentioned verb forms. The errors committed are discussed in the qualitative part of the essay, and in the fourth and last part of the essay I present some final comments.

(anglicky): In my thesis I analyze how Swedish verbal particles change semantics of the verb. Mainly I compare different types of verbal particles: bound and free particles, prepositional and adverbial particles. I observe how meaning of the verb + particle changes from local to metaphorical and further to lexicalized and grammaticalized meaning. Theoretical observations are based on general linguistics, particularly on premises of functional approaches. In the practical part of the thesis I analyze behavior of particles ut and av on a corpus sample. In the final part I compare conclusions made based on the literature with analysis of the language sample. The results show that most often verb + particle are lexicalized phrases. That applies even in cases, when the particle decides whether the action expressed by the verb has reached its end or not, which I considered partially grammaticalized in the theoretical part. Many of the lexicalized particle verbs have transparent meaning, which is possible to duplicate based on analogy. Such particle verbs with metaphorical, transparent meaning are source for great variability in the system of Swedish particle verbs. In the final part of the thesis I show parallels between Swedish verb particles and Czech verbal prefixes. These differ mainly in that the...

Le point de départ de cette recherche est le constat des difficultés persistantes rencontrées par les francophones de niveau intermédiaire à avancé lors de la production de textes en anglais, dans des contextes personnels ou professionnels. Les premiers outils utilisés pour remédier à ces erreurs, les correcteurs grammaticaux automatiques, ne prennent pas en compte de nombreuses erreurs produites par les francophones utilisant l'anglais, notamment car ces correcteurs sont rarement adaptés à un public ayant l'anglais comme L2. Nous proposons d'identifier précisément les difficultés rencontrées par ce public cible à partir du relevé des erreurs dans un corpus adapté, et d'élaborer une modélisation linguistique des erreurs et des corrections à apporter. Cette modélisation est fondée sur une analyse linguistique approfondie des phénomènes concernés, à partir d'indications grammaticales, d'études de corpus, et de l'analyse des segments erronés. La validité de l'utilisation de méthodes linguistiques est établie par l'implémentation informatique des règles de détection et de correction, suivie de l'évaluation des résultats de l'application de ces règles sur des corpus d'anglais L1 et L2. / The starting point of this research is the observation that French speakers writing in English in personal or professional contexts still encounter grammatical difficulties, even at intermediate to advanced levels. The first tools they can reach for to correct those errors, automatic grammar checkers, do not offer corrections for a large number of the errors produced by French-speaking users of English, especially because those tools are rarely designed for L2 users. We propose to identify the difficulties encountered by these speakers through the detection of errors in a representative corpus, and to create a linguistic model of errors and corrections. The model is the result of the thorough linguistic analysis of the phenomena at stake, based on grammatical information available in reference grammars, corpus studies, and the analysis of erroneous segments. The validity of the use of linguistic methods is established through the implementation of detection and correction rules in a functional platform, followed by the evaluation of the results of the application of those rules on L1 and L2 English corpora.