This study compares anthropometry of rural Indian schoolchildren using national and international reference values, and explores association between demographic and socioeconomic variables and growth measures among rural children. A cross-sectional survey of height, weight, and BMI was conducted among schoolchildren (5-16 years) in Gujarat, where there were pre-established contacts who could facilitate access to schools and data collection for this study. Gender- and age-specific Z-scores were obtained for 519 children (234 girls, 285 boys) based on Indian reference values (Khadilkar et al., 2009) using an Excel® macro. Percentages of children stunted (height-for-age less than or equal to -2SD), underweight (weight-for-age less than or equal to -2SD), and wasted (BMI-for-age less than or equal to -2SD) were obtained (Khadilkar & Khadilkar, 2011). Children falling between adult Indian BMI levels 23 and 28 kg/m2 were considered overweight, and those above 28 kg/m2 were considered obese. Those stunted (height-for-age + 1SD), and obese (BMI > +2SD) were generated similarly using the WHO International Growth Standards (WHO, 2015). Regression analyses were conducted to model the relationship between growth measures, determined using national references, and predictor variables: age, gender, school, and caste. 21%, 23.1%, 8.9%, 2.7% and 0.2% of children were respectively stunted, underweight, wasted, overweight and obese based on Indian References and recommendations, and 27 %, 8.7%, 6.4% and 2.7 % respectively stunted, wasted, overweight and obese based on WHO Standards and recommendations. School was found to have significant interaction with all growth measures (P <.0001) and age had a significant interaction with height-for-age (P = 0.05). The current level of undernutrition, and emerging problems of overnutrition, in this study highlight a need to concentrate efforts to improve nutrition of Indian schoolchildren in rural areas. / Public Health

252f. / Submitted by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-10-09T18:31:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Final - Valéria Gomes Costa.pdf: 3771417 bytes, checksum: bb91959918d5900904973fdc9c1397e1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Portela (anapoli@ufba.br) on 2013-10-30T18:35:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Final - Valéria Gomes Costa.pdf: 3771417 bytes, checksum: bb91959918d5900904973fdc9c1397e1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-30T18:35:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Final - Valéria Gomes Costa.pdf: 3771417 bytes, checksum: bb91959918d5900904973fdc9c1397e1 (MD5) / CNPq / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar as experiências sociais de africanos libertos nas áreas urbanas do Recife no século XIX. A partir de trajetórias de vida de ex-cativos que conseguiram algum prestígio social, econômico e político no meio da comunidade negra (e fora dela), são analisadas suas estratégias de sobrevivência em meio aos estigmas que lhes foram impostos pela sociedade escravista. Embora Pernambuco, depois do Rio de Janeiro, tenha recebido o maior número de africanos escravizados do hinterland de Angola, o foco de interesse do estudo são os africanos provenientes da África Ocidental – ―minas‖ em sua maioria – que após a alforria, em meados do Oitocentos, criaram mecanismos para assegurar seus espaços sociais. Os fragmentos das experiências individuais e coletivas desses indivíduos revelaram a formação de uma afluente comunidade negra na cidade, composta de africanos e seus descendentes. A construção do objeto desta tese viabilizou a elaboração do conceito de cartografia negra, denominação atribuída à complexa rede de sociabilidades, conflitos e tensões entre africanos, crioulos, libertos, escravizados e os demais setores sociais e políticos – quiçá raciais – urbanos. Tais embates e malhas sociais fizeram parte do protagonismo cotidiano das pessoas, sobretudo africanas, cujas lutas pela liberdade e reconstrução de suas autonomias (política, social, cultural, etc.), nas Américas, foram orientadas por suas experiências familiares e de parentesco ao longo das gerações. Para estabelecer os laços de parentesco, trabalho, negócios e religião entre os sujeitos foi utilizada como metodologia de análise a ligação nominativa em fontes variadas. Ao tratar os libertos enquanto uma categoria social, esta pesquisa vem preencher uma lacuna na historiografia pernambucana, que ainda não dispõe de nenhum estudo sistematizado sobre os ex-escravos, em particular africanos. The objective of this study is to investigate the social experiences of free slaves in the urban areas of Recife in the 19th century. Its survival strategies are analyzed in light of the stigmas that were imposed by members of the slave society from the life experiences of ex-slaves who attained some social, economic, and political prestige in the Black community, and outside of it. After Rio de Janeiro, Pernambuco had received the largest number of enslaved Africans from the hinterlands of Angola; the focus of this study is the Africans originating in West Africa—―minas‖ in their majority which after emancipation in the middle of the 1800s created mechanisms to maintain their social space. The fragments of individual and collective experiences of these individuals reveal the formation an affluent Black community in the city, composed of Africans and their descendants. The construction of the subject matter of this thesis permits the elaboration of the conception of black cartography, denomination that attributes to the complex network of sociability, conflict, and tension between Africans, crioulos, freed Africans, enslaved Africans and other social and political sectors, perhaps racial and urban as well. Such social resistance and networks became part of the daily character of the people, principally African women, whose fight for liberty and reconstruction of their autonomies (political, social, cultural, etc.) in the Americas, were oriented by their familiar and kin experiences throughout the generations. A nominative connection was used as a method of study from various sources to discover the kin, employment, business, and religious relationships between the subjects. In treating the freed enslaved Africans as a social category, this study seeks to fill a void in the historiographical study of Pernambuco as there is still no systematic study about formerly enslaved peoples, in particular, Africans. / Salvador

The purpose of this thesis is to contrast the academic discussion on whether the affluent countries have a responsibility or not to provide food aid for the LDCs, to the views of food aid recipients. In addition to the issue of responsibility I also discuss the responsibilities of individuals contra governments, and what type of aid (if any) that is best to ensure food security. In order to gather information on the recipients’ points of views I have conducted a minor field study in The Gambia and interviewed former food aid recipients. In the academic discussion Thomas Pogge, Peter Singer, Dale Jamieson and David Miller are represented. The results of the field study shows that most of the recipients argue that the affluent countries in the world have a moral responsibility to assist the LDCs since they have the ability to assist.In contrast to the academic discussion, it becomes clear that the interviewees base their arguments on a different moral foundation than some of the theorists, and that they have different perspective on how to eradicate poverty and ensure food security.

Financial security in retirement is an important social issue, yet many affluent women may have behaviors, attitudes or perceptions that could be detrimental to their financial security—putting them at risk for poverty in their retirement years. A survey was developed and implemented in 2009 to investigate the behaviors, attitudes, and perceptions regarding financial management among affluent ($250,000 or more of household investable assets) United States women in their prime years (aged 50–69) to determine if Social Norms Theory could be applied to this population. Three hypotheses were tested: 1.) most affluent prime-of-life women have “healthy” financial behaviors and attitudes; 2.) the majority of women in this group misperceive the reality, underestimating the percent of their peers who have “healthy” financial behaviors and attitudes; and 3.) the minority of women who have unhealthy financial behaviors/attitudes will be more likely than those who have healthy behaviors/attitudes to misperceive their peers as having unhealthy financial behaviors and attitudes. The results determined that Social Norms Theory does apply to affluent women in their prime years and that a Social Norms Marketing approach may be useful.

No description available.

[pt] Em função da predominância das fontes hidráulicas no sistema elétrico brasileiro, há uma grande incerteza na oferta futura de energia. Para lidar com a incerteza hidrológica, a política ótima de operação do sistema elétrico brasileiro é fruto de um sofisticado modelo de otimização estocástica no qual são considerados um amplo conjunto de séries sintéticas (cenários) de Energia Natural Afluente (ENA). Tradicionalmente, as séries sintéticas de ENA têm sido geradas por modelos periódicos autorregressivos PAR(p). Recentemente, o advento da energia eólica e o crescimento da sua participação no sistema elétrico brasileiro apontam para a necessidade de métodos capazes de gerar séries sintéticas de velocidade do vento. Assim, nesta tese propõe-se uma metodologia para geração de séries sintéticas baseada no uso combinado da modelagem PAR(p) e da análise espectral singular. A metodologia proposta é geral e pode ser usada na geração de séries sintéticas da ENA e da velocidade de vento. A análise espectral singular ou Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) é uma metodologia recente em séries temporais. Através de SSA pode-se extrair tendências ou sazonalidades bem como suavizar a série através da remoção de componentes ruidosas. SSA vem sendo aplicado com sucesso em diversas áreas do conhecimento como em Hidrologia e Economia. A Multi-channel Singular Spectrum Analysis (MSSA) é uma extensão natural do SSA quando aplicada a múltiplas séries simultaneamente. A metodologia proposta foi aplicada às séries de ENA dos quatro subsistemas elétricos (Nordeste, Norte, Sudeste/Centro-Oeste e Sul) e comparada ao modelo PAR(p) já existente. Adicionalmente, a metodologia proposta foi aplicada na geração de séries sintéticas de velocidade do vento em duas localidades situadas no Nordeste brasileiro. Os bons resultados alcançados indicam que a metodologia proposta pode ser utilizada na geração de séries sintéticas de ENA e de energia eólica consideradas nos modelos de otimização estocástica que auxiliam o planejamento da operação energética do sistema elétrico brasileiro. / [en] Due to the predominance of hydraulic sources in the Brazilian electrical system, there is a large uncertainty in future energy supply. To deal with hydrologic uncertainty, the optimal operation policy of the Brazilian electric system is the result of a sophisticated stochastic optimization where are considered a large set of synthetic series (scenarios) of Affluent Natural Energy (ENA). Traditionally, synthetic ENA series have been generated by periodic autoregressive models PAR (p). Recently, the advent of wind energy and its growth of participation in Brazilian electrical system indicate to the need for methods to generate synthetic series of wind speed. Thus, this thesis proposes a methodology for generating synthetic series based on the combined use of PAR (p) models and the Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA). The proposed methodology is general and can be used to generate synthetic series of ENA and wind speed. SSA is a recent methodology in time series. Through SSA it can extract trends or seasonality and smoothing by removing the series of noisy components. SSA has been successfully applied in various fields of knowledge as in Hydrology and Economics. Multi-channel Singular Spectrum Analysis (MSSA) is a natural extension of the SSA when applied to multiple series simultaneously. The proposed methodology was applied to the ENA series of four electric subsystems (Northeast, North, Southeast / Midwest and South) and compared to the PAR (p) existing model. Additionally, the proposed methodology was applied to the generation of synthetic series of wind speed at two sites located in the Brazilian Northeast. The good results achieved demonstrate that the proposed methodology can be used to generate synthetic series of ENA and wind energy considered in stochastic optimization models that assist planning the operation of the Brazilian electric energy system.

Le présent travail rentre dans le cadre du projet Hubert-Curien Tassili (PHC) entre l’université de Mostaganem et l’université de Perpignan, c’est une thèse de doctorat en cotutelle qui a comme objectif la contribution à l’étude de la contamination des eaux et des sédiments de l’Oued Chéliff et de ses deux affluents Oued Rhiou et Oued Mina. Cette étude a été abordée par un prélèvement saisonnier réalisé pendant deux périodes distinctes période humide et période sèche au niveau de 15 stations le long des cours d’eau. La qualité des eaux et des sédiments des cours d’eau a été déterminée par l’analyse des paramètres physico-chimiques, des métaux et des traceurs fluorescents.Les résultats obtenus ont montré une forte contamination en conductivité, DCO, DBO5 pendant la période humide et en Cl- et MES pendant la période sèche. Les résultats des métaux ont montré des concentrations importantes en Al, Fe et Ni particulièrement au niveau de l’Oued Chéliff et son affluent Oued Rhiou en période sèche. Cependant, Oued Mina présente des valeurs élevées de Li et de Sr. Les concentrations de types tryptophane, tyrosine et indole montrent des valeurs élevées au niveau des stations de rejets. L’évaluation de la qualité des sédiments de l’Oued Chéliff a montré que l’Oued Chéliff et son affluent Oued Rhiou sont caractérisés par la présence de fortes concentrations de Al, Mn, Fe, Cr, Ni, Pb pendant les deux périodes.Cette étude nous a permis de déduire que la qualité de l’eau et des sédiments de l’Oued Chéliff et de ses deux affluents a été altérée par les activités anthropiques et les phénomènes naturels. / The present thesis was carried out in co-tutelle between University of Mostaganem (Algeria) and University of Perpignan Via Domitia (France), it was partially funded through a PHC TASSILI project (15MDU937). It aims to study the quality of waters and sediments of Cheliff river and its two important tributaries Oued Rhiou and Mina rivers. During this work, seasonal samplings were performed for both water and sediment in 15 different stations along the watercourses during wet and dry.In order to evaluate the water and sediment quality of watercourses, several parameters were analyzed: the physicochemical parameters, fluorescence amino acids and trace metals. The study reveals a significant organic contamination along the watercourses with high concentrations of conductivity, COD, BOD5 during the wet period and Cl-, TSM during the dry period. The results of trace metals showed high concentrations of Al, Fe and Ni, particularly along the Cheliff and Oued Rhiou rivers during the dry period. On the other hand, Mina river presented high concentrations of Sr and Li. The presence of tryptophan like, tyrosine like and indole like in water samples revealed the impact of untreated urban discharges rejected into watercourses. Another part of the work is devoted to assess the quality of sediments of Cheliff river and its tributaries. The results show that the Cheliff river and its tributary Oued Rhiou are characterized through the presence of high concentrations of Al, Mn, Fe, Cr, Ni, Pb, during wet and dry periods. The present study has shown that the Cheliff river and its tributaries were strongly impacted by anthropogenic pollution and natural phenomenon.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:01:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Karina Eliane Quege.pdf: 2299254 bytes, checksum: 60b811294da50c6518123c2b3f534a25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-31 / This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of three species of bamboo (Guadua angustifolia, Phyllostachys aurea and Phyllostachys bambusoides) in the sanitary sewage treatment, with a vertically downward sub-surface flow root zone system, in Goiânia, GO, Brazil. Sewage from a university was applied to asbestos cement water tanks with 1,000 liters volume capacity, filled with oxisol above a 0,26 m drainage layer of gravel # 3. Bamboo seedlings were planted in nine beds and three beds remained without plants (controls). The wastewater was captured at the initial part of a facultative pond and applied to the surface of the treatment beds, three times a day, using a timer controlled pump. It was used a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2.3 days for 150 days and a HRT of 5.2 days for 360 days. Within the treatment beds, the wastewater was maintained two inches below the substrate surface. For a period of twelve months sewage samples were collected before and after passing through each treatment bed. The samples were submitted to laboratory testing for determination of chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, turbidity, ammonia nitrogen, phosphates, fecal coliforms and hydrogenic potential. The evapotranspiration rate of each treatment was measured, their efficiencies in removing the sewage pollutant load were calculated and the behavior of plants in treatment beds were observed. The results were submitted to F and Tukey (5% of probability) tests. Bamboo plants of G. angustifolia and P. bambusoides species developed normally, while the plants of the specie P. aurea had developmental delay because of the sewage application. In general, the specie G. angustifolia showed greater efficiency in removing the pollution load of all attributes. Effluent attended the Brazilian legislate for disposal in to receiving bodies. There was a higher removal of BOD and phosphate to the HRT of 5.2 days. The HRT of 2.3 days was better on removing ammonia nitrogen, while the removal of COD and fecal coliforms were not affected by different HRTs. / Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência de três espécies de bambu (Guadua angustifolia, Phyllostachys aurea e Phyllostachys bambusoides) no tratamento do esgoto sanitário, num sistema de tratamento do tipo zona de raízes, de fluxo subsuperficial vertical descendente, em Goiânia, GO. Esgoto sanitário, proveniente de uma universidade, foi aplicado em caixas de fibroamianto de 1.000 L, preenchidas com latossolo vermelho distroférrico de textura argilosa, sobre uma camada de drenagem com 0,26 m de brita #3. Plantaram-se as mudas de bambu em nove leitos e três permaneceram sem plantas (testemunhas). O esgoto afluente foi captado na parte inicial de uma lagoa facultativa e aplicado na superfície dos leitos de tratamento, três vezes ao dia, mediante bombeamento automatizado. Utilizou-se tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 2,3 dias, durante 150 dias e TDH de 5,2 dias por 360 dias. Dentro dos leitos de tratamento o esgoto foi mantido a cinco centímetros abaixo da superfície. Coletaram-se amostras do esgoto antes e após passar por cada leito de tratamento por um período de doze meses. As amostras foram submetidas a análises laboratoriais para determinação da demanda química de oxigênio, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, turbidez, nitrogênio amoniacal, fosfato, potencial hidrogeniônico e coliformes termotolerantes. Mediu-se a taxa de evapotranspiração de cada um dos tratamentos, calcularam-se suas eficiências na remoção da carga poluidora e acompanharam-se o comportamento das plantas nos leitos. Os resultados foram submetidos aos testes F e de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade. As plantas de bambu das espécies G. angustifolia e P. bambusoides desenvolveram-se normalmente, enquanto as plantas da espécie P. aurea tiveram seu desenvolvimento comprometido pela aplicação do esgoto. De maneira geral, a espécie G. angustifolia apresentou maior eficiência na remoção da carga poluidora de todos os atributos. Os efluentes atenderam à legislação brasileira para disposição em corpos receptores. Houve maior remoção de DBO e de fosfato para o TDH de 5,2 dias. O TDH de 2,3 dias foi melhor para a remoção de nitrogênio amoniacal, enquanto a remoção de coliformes termotolerantes e da DQO não foi influenciada pelos diferentes TDHs.

This thesis describes a pilot study for a new cultural anthropology initiative at Team One, a US-based premium and luxury brand advertising agency. In this study, I explore the role and meaning of technology among a population of affluent individuals in Southern California through diaries and ethnographic interviews conducted in their homes. Using schema theory and design anthropology to inform my theoretical approach, I discuss socioeconomic and cultural factors that shape these participants' notions of affluence and influence their presentation of self through an examination of their technology and proudest possessions. I put forward a theory of conspicuous achievement as a way to describe how the affluent use technology to espouse a merit-based model of affluence. Through this model of affluence, participants strive to align themselves to the virtuous middle-class while ascribing moral value to their consumption practices. Lastly, I provide a typology of meaningful technology artifacts in the affluent home that describes the roles of their most used tech devices and how each type supports conspicuous achievement.

This study explores the one-child policy as viewed by the present generation of single daughters who grew up in urban China, and the extent to which this policy has affected their family values. Through snowball sampling methods, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 12 unmarried only-child daughters from urban China now studying in Victoria and Vancouver. For purposes of comparison, 11 unmarried only-child daughters of the same generation were also interviewed in Hong Kong during the same time period. The findings revealed that some only-child daughters from urban China experienced low dissemination and enforcement of the one-child policy and expressed noncompliance and dissatisfaction towards the policy. A comparison between the China and Hong Kong samples indicates that the one-child policy has limited effect on the family values of the only-child daughters in urban China. By exploring the concept of governmentality, the demographic transition theory, and the concept of resistance, this thesis aims to address the dynamics between action of state power and the reaction of only-child daughters from urban China born under the one-child policy.