This thesis is an ethnographic study of the life of female migrants in Cape Town. The thesis is based on material gathered through informal conversations, semi-structured interviews and participant observation conducted among female migrants in Cape Town. South Africa is today the strongest economy in the Southern African region which attracts people from other poorer African countries. They migrate to South Africa for a chance to a better life or an opportunity to support themselves and their families. However, South Africa´s restrictive immigration policies make it difficult for many migrants to obtain the right documents and be able to ‘legally’ cross the South African border. Even if migrants get an asylum-seekers permit they are not allowed to legally work in the country. They are included and excluded at the same time. The constant ‘criminalization’ of migrants´ acts makes it hard for migrants to access any human rights and protection in general, which makes them more vulnerable to exploitation. More and more women are crossing the borders to South Africa to get work and physical security as a part of the global ‘feminization’ of migration. Women´s movement therefore questions the picture of the man as the sole breadwinner. Even though this is the reality women are excluded from the discourse about migration and existing immigration policies in South Africa. Female migrants are not acknowledged as important actors and are even more vulnerable in the forced and marginalized position of ‘illegality’, then male migrants. This study explores the female migrants´ own experiences of struggles like getting documented, work, secure housing and being exposed to xenophobia. The women have also developed different strategies to handle these difficulties. This thesis criticizes the ‘victimization’ of female migrants, which ascribes them with powerlessness and being without agency, and shows that they are active in seeking solutions and creating strategies to increase their scope of action.

<p>The main objective of the thesis is to study how people of African decent experience and deal with everyday discrimination and racism in a context where such racism is to a large degree concealed and/or denied. Everyday racism affecting people with an African background in Sweden is expressed in a number of different, often subtle and obscure, ways. It is experienced in a context of structural inequality between those who are racialized and those who are seen as the norm in society. The mystification that takes place in the public debate highly restricts the opportunities for resistance in an open and articulated manner. This is partly because silence leads to an insecurity about how to understand the racism experienced, for example, should it be defined as “racism” or as a “misunderstanding”? In addition, people who openly resist and protest tend to be discredited as exaggerating or being too sensitive. Consequently, resistance against structural discrimination in Sweden today is difficult. The findings demonstrate that interviewees deal with everyday racism in a variety of ways that can be categorized in to three broad strategies: mystifying the experiences of racism in one’s everyday life, longing for a place or context far away from Swedish racism and finally, keeping racism at a distance, including resisting and protesting within the existing limitations.</p>

The main objective of the thesis is to study how people of African decent experience and deal with everyday discrimination and racism in a context where such racism is to a large degree concealed and/or denied. Everyday racism affecting people with an African background in Sweden is expressed in a number of different, often subtle and obscure, ways. It is experienced in a context of structural inequality between those who are racialized and those who are seen as the norm in society. The mystification that takes place in the public debate highly restricts the opportunities for resistance in an open and articulated manner. This is partly because silence leads to an insecurity about how to understand the racism experienced, for example, should it be defined as “racism” or as a “misunderstanding”? In addition, people who openly resist and protest tend to be discredited as exaggerating or being too sensitive. Consequently, resistance against structural discrimination in Sweden today is difficult. The findings demonstrate that interviewees deal with everyday racism in a variety of ways that can be categorized in to three broad strategies: mystifying the experiences of racism in one’s everyday life, longing for a place or context far away from Swedish racism and finally, keeping racism at a distance, including resisting and protesting within the existing limitations.

Notre recherche porte sur les relations entre langues africaines, identités et pratiques linguistiques en situation migratoire et s’inspire des travaux se situant dans les domaines de l’anthropologie linguistique et de la sociologie de l’immigration. À partir de terrains menés dans trois foyers de travailleurs migrants de Montreuil, une ville de la banlieue Est de la région parisienne, nous explorons les méthodes mobilisées par les résidents de ces foyers pour communiquer avec les autres par rapport au contexte et aux interlocuteurs. La vitalité ethnolinguistique d’une langue comme le soninké, le contact des langues africaines entre elles d’une part et entre celles-ci et le français (langue de l’ex-colonisateur et du pays d’accueil) d’autre part dans les foyers de travailleurs migrants, le tout avec les modes de réappropriation et de reconfiguration de ces espaces d’accueil sont au centre de nos réflexions. / Our research focuses on relations between African languages, identities and linguistic practices in migration situation and draws on the work lying in the fields of linguistic anthropology and sociology of immigration. From land conducted in three outbreaks of migrant workers in Montreuil, a suburb east of Paris region, we explore the methods employed by the residents of these homes to communicate with others in relation to the context and interlocutors. Ethnolinguistic vitality of a language as the Soninke, the contact of African languages among themselves and between them and the French (the language of the former colonizer and the host country) in the other workers hostels migrants, with all modes of appropriation and reconfiguration of the reception areas are central to our thinking.

L’objet de notre recherche vise à identifier les chemins de l’émancipation individuelle desdescendantes sportives de migrants maghrébins habitantes de quartier populaire.Parler d’émancipation féminine dans un contexte d’héritage migratoire arabo-musulman suscite unrisque de lecture du processus au travers de catégories sociales ethnocentrées. Le premier travail a doncconsisté en une déconstruction des catégories sociales dominantes puis en une reconstruction de catégoriesd’intelligibilité du social afin de dépasser l’illusion de la relégation collective cumulée - sexuée, culturelle etsociale - des descendantes de migrants maghrébins et l’impasse pratique de l’injonction paradoxale de« fidélité versus rupture » vis-à-vis du système anthropologique arabo-musulman. Dès lors, notre lecturecompréhensive de l’engagement, minoritaire et innovant, des descendantes dans un loisir sportif, en tantqu’espace de tradition masculine impliquant particulièrement le corps, a permis d’appréhender les moteurs etmodalités d’une individualisation qui ne traduit pas une simple contestation pratique d’une tradition héritée.Cheminer vers la recherche des conditions de possibilité de leur expérience de loisir sportif et desimplications pratiques de cet engagement sur leur repositionnement dans divers rapports sociaux a exigé demobiliser une démarche de terrain enracinée. A l’issue d’une enquête quantitative basée sur un repéragepatronymique de la représentation des descendantes dans l’offre de loisir territorialisée d’un quartier bisontin,54 éclairages qualitatifs ont permis de recueillir la matière de cette recherche au fur et à mesure de 6 moisd’observation participante des loisirs sportifs sur le quartier.Nous avons constaté que les processus familiaux de transmissions mémorielles et culturelles –références sexuées et religieuses – sont les vecteurs d’une dynamique des générations source de changementsnégociés entre la génération des migrants et celle des descendants. Fonction des vécus pré et post-migratoires,ils conditionnent la définition de statuts féminins et masculins qui stimulent différentiellement tant la doubleinscription familiale et sociale que l’engagement dans des espaces et des pratiques renouvelés, dont le sport.Le statut du transmetteur, le genre de l’héritier, sa place dans la fratrie, la structuration de celle-ci définissentles conditions individualisées de transmission, mais aussi de réception, de ce fond commun familial. Dans unsystème d’échanges généralisés, les matrices de l’expérience, territoriale et scolaire, représentent alors uncontexte global de validation ou d’invalidation des stratégies éducatives parentales et définissent les conditionsde leur inflexion ou réorientation progressive. L’ensemble de ces transmissions et variables conduisent à desunivers des possibles sportifs fragmentés chez les descendantes de l’immigration maghrébine.Les implications de cet engagement en termes d’émancipation « en tant que descendantes del’immigration maghrébine dans un quartier populaire » ont alors été appréhendées du point de vue de leursexpériences, donc de ce qu’elles font et de ce qu’elles sont quand elles disent qu’elles sont émancipées. Lesbricolages situés ambivalents mis en place traduisent leur identification optionnelle fonction de la désignationincluse dans l’interaction, le moment et l’espace. Ils leur permettent de concilier leurs aspirations et référencescontradictoires, ainsi que les contraintes qui en découlent, et de re-prendre place simultanément dans lafiliation et la société au travers de processus pluriels d’autonomisation, d’individualisation, de distinction oud’autodétermination destinés à refuser les assignations. / The aim of our study was to identify the forms that individual emancipation takes for the women froma disadvantaged neighborhood in a French city who are involved in sports and are the descendants of NorthAfrican immigrants.We are well aware that a study of female emancipation within the context of Arab-Muslimimmigration could run the risk of being ethnocentrically biased. To avoid this, our first task involved adeconstruction of the dominant social categories, followed by a reconstruction of scientifically-based socialcategories in order to break out of both the current collective gender, cultural and social exclusion of thefemale descendants of North African immigrants and of the impasse presented by the dictate of "loyalty orrupture" which exists in the Arab-Muslim anthropological system. Our comprehensive study of thecommitments, which are few in number and innovative, of the female descendants who participate in arecreational sport that involves the body and which is usually reserved for males, provides the drivers andconditions of an individualization that is not simply rebellion against an inherited tradition.In order to research the conditions under which the women experienced recreational sports and thepractical implications that this commitment had on their repositioning in social relationships, we usedgrounded theory methodology. We used patronymic tracking in a quantitative survey to obtain the percentageof female descendants participating in recreational sport offered in a neighborhood of Besançon, France, andthen we carried out 54 qualitative interviews. The research material was collected over a 6-month period ofon-site observation of recreational sports activities.We found that family processes of memory and cultural transmissions (gender and religiousreferences) are drivers of a generational dynamic: sources of changes negotiated between the generation ofimmigrants and that of the descendants. Based on pre-and post-immigration experiences, these processesdetermine the definition of female and male status, which stimulates in different ways family and socialpositions, as well as a new type of involvement with space and the new practices that accompany participationin sport. The status of the transmitter, the gender of the inheritor, her place among siblings, and thestructuration of her place define not only the individualized conditions of transmission, but also the conditionsof their reception into the common family background. In a generalized system of exchange, the matrices ofexperience (neighborhood and school environs) are representative of the over-all context of validation orinvalidation of parental educational strategies and define the conditions either for their acceptance or for theirgradual reorientation. All these types of transmissions and variables produce sport experiences that are variedand different for female descendants of North African immigrants. .The implications of this commitment to emancipation by the female descendants of North Africanimmigrants in a disadvantaged neighborhood are demonstrated in our study in terms of their experiences, i.e.,in what they do and what they are when they say they are emancipated. The resulting assemblage of varyingopposing and similar elements reflects their optional identification based on interactions, a particular time, andspace. It enables these women to reconcile their conflicting aspirations and references, and the resultingconstraints, and at the same time to take a new place in filiation and society via the multi-leveled process ofself-determination, individualization, distinguishing themselves from other women, and self-empowerment.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:18:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Denise Dutra 1-100.pdf: 967404 bytes, checksum: 1a7f5a313d54b06ffe990fb5b1b15472 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This research is an analysis of the Congoangolano Mission Field of the Assembly of God, located in the district of Brás de Pina - northern region of the city of Rio de Janeiro. It intends to identify the role that this religious community plays for Angolan and Congolese immigrants who belong to it. This way, seeks to reflect on the formation of a religious territorial space consolidated by elements of African religiosity and the Assembly of God Pentecostalism and its imbricated association with the formation of support and social cohesion networks around the maintenance and sustaining of an identity space. This space is marked by elements that express symbols and signs from the countries of origin of its members - Congo and Angola when using the African liturgy in their worship services. The research takes into account the demands that guide the migration process, the laws governing these immigrants and how much this process contributes to associative practices that involve factors inherent to the socio-cultural and economic insertion and integration within the missionary field. / Esta pesquisa faz uma análise do Campo Missionário Congoangolano da Assembleia de Deus, localizado no bairro de Brás de Pina - Zona norte da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Procura identificar a função desta comunidade religiosa para os imigrantes congoleses e angolanos que a ela pertencem. Desse modo, visa refletir sobre a formação de um espaço territorial religioso consolidado por elementos da religiosidade africana e do pentecostalismo assembleiano e sua imbricada associação com a formação de redes de apoio e de coesão social em torno da manutenção e sustentação de um espaço identitário. Esse espaço é marcado por elementos que expressam símbolos e signos dos países de origem de seus integrantes - Congo e Angola - ao utilizarem a liturgia africana em seus cultos. A pesquisa leva em consideração as demandas que norteiam o processo migratório, as leis que regem esses imigrantes e o quanto tal processo contribui para práticas associativas que envolvem fatores inerentes a inserção e integração sociocultural e econômica no interior do campo missionário.

Orientadores: Ricardo Luiz Coltro Antunes, Selma Borghi Venco / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T07:26:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vaz_PauloGomes_M.pdf: 2415751 bytes, checksum: 6f61d7970b18a45a58f3126b56796790 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar as características do trabalho realizado por imigrantes africanos no município de São Paulo. A pesquisa, de caráter qualitativo, visou abordar as conexões entre a dimensão local e global sobre o trabalho desenvolvido por esse segmento de imigrantes no cenário produtivo inscrito na globalização. Considera-se na presente pesquisa o papel da classe que vive do trabalho no bojo desse processo de globalização, indagando a articulação entre o arcaico e o moderno inscrita em um nicho da economia informal, no qual são contratados trabalhadores que partem dos países africanos para o Brasil em busca de oportunidades de inserção social, formação acadêmica e/ou de trabalho para manter a subsistência dos familiares que permanecem em seus países de origem. A fim de analisar esse movimento, abarcou-se a divisão internacional do trabalho e a reestruturação produtiva como fomento das desigualdades sociais mundiais, aspectos aqui compreendidos como fundamentais para debater a emergência da igualdade substantiva como fator primordial no equilíbrio da humanidade / Abstract: This study attempts to analyze the characteristics of the African immigrant labor in the city of Sao Paulo. Through a qualitative methodological approach, the research aims to shed light on the connections between the local and global dimensions of the African immigrant labor in the context of globalization. It investigates the role of the working class in globalization and poses question concerning the articulation between archaic and modern aspects of informal economic niches, in which African immigrants are employed where they come to Brazil in search of opportunities for social inclusion, academic education or a job so that they can sustain their families back home. In order to analyze the characteristics of this migration, this study focused on investigating mechanisms through which the international division of labor and the restructuring of production generate social inequalities worldwide. It concluded that understanding these mechanisms is essential to demonstrate that the emergence of the substantial equality is a primordial factor for the equilibrium of humanity / Mestrado / Sociologia / Mestre em Sociologia

Depuis le milieu des années 1990, les foyers de travailleurs migrants sont progressivement réhabilités dans le cadre d'un Plan de traitement national et transformés en résidences sociales, dispositif de logement d'insertion destiné aux personnes défavorisées. Au cœur de ces transformations qui tendent vers une banalisation des foyers, un objet cristallise les tensions : le « foyer africain » et ses modes de fonctionnement communautaires. Que recouvrent concrètement ces transformations ? Que nous disent-elles de la gestion politique des migrants isolés et du traitement du fait communautaire dans le contexte français ? Pour répondre à ces questions, la recherche est centrée sur un organisme gestionnaire historiquement spécialisé dans l'hébergement des migrants africains : l'Aftam. L'analyse repose sur trois types d'investigation : le premier porte sur les cadres nationaux de l'action publique à travers l'analyse des textes officiels et des discours des acteurs ; le deuxième s'inscrit dans une perspective socio-historique et cherche à retracer la genèse et la trajectoire de l'Aftam ainsi que de ses « foyers africains » ; le troisième repose sur l'observation ethnographique de quatre projets de restructuration de foyers Aftam et en particulier des scènes d'interaction entre résidents et acteurs institutionnels. Cette thèse montre que les modes de vie communautaires propres aux foyers hébergeant des migrants africains, décriés par les pouvoirs publics dans la période contemporaine, ont été construits dans le temps long et dans l'interaction entre les résidents et le gestionnaire, qui les a encouragés à l'origine puis tolérés jusqu'à la période récente. Aussi, la mise en œuvre du Plan de traitement au sein de l'Aftam donne à voir les contradictions de l'action publique et les hésitations du gestionnaire face aux modes de vie communautaires et aux pratiques culturelles spécifiques, en particulier religieuses, des migrants résidant en foyer. Entre traitement spécifique et droit commun, entre approche différentialiste et modèle universaliste, des conceptions idéologiques s'opposent dans les discours. Pour autant, la mise en œuvre de la transformation des foyers, vue à travers le prisme de l'Aftam, met en évidence des positions plus hybrides et plus pragmatiques, qui tendent vers un rapprochement du droit commun, sans jamais vraiment l'atteindre, et vers la tolérance, si ce n'est la reconnaissance, des pratiques communautaires et culturelles spécifiques. Mais cette tolérance s'acquiert généralement au prix de la construction d'un rapport de force entre résidents et institutions / Since the mid-1990s, a national program has been in place in order to renovate migrant workers' hostels (known as foyers), which were built in France mainly in the 1970s. Having been renovated, these hostels are used as “social residences”, a kind of supported and temporary accommodation for “vulnerable groups”. This transformation from hostels for migrant workers to social residences has distracted from the original purpose of providing accommodation to post-colonial immigrants by opening up these residences to non-immigrants as well. What constitutes these transformations and what do they signify? What do they tell us about policies towards migrant workers and ethnic communities in France? In order to address these questions, we have focused our research on a social landlord historically specialized in managing “Black Africans' hostels”: Aftam. The analysis draws from three types of qualitative approach : first, we have analysed the framework of national public policy using official documents and semi-structured interviews with key actors; second, we have investigated Aftam's archives in order to throw new light as the origin and history of this organization and its “Black Africans' hostels”; third, we have conducted ethnographic observation of the renovation project in four different hostels managed by Aftam, focusing on observing the interaction between migrants, representatives from Aftam and representatives from local authorities. This thesis demonstrates that community life, cultural practices and informal economic activities existing in Black Africans' hostels, which are condemned by many national institutions today, have developed through a long-term process, as a consequence both of the migrants living in the hostels and the landlord (Aftam) encouraging them to do so. Moreover, the implementation of renovation projects in Aftam's hostels emphasizes the contradictions of national public policy and also the hesitations of Aftam to address the demands of the communities in question, particularly concerning their cultural and religious practices. The actors involved in the transformation of migrant workers' hostels are from between the contrasting ideologies of multiculturalism and universalism. Nevertheless, the implementation of this policy by Aftam appears more pragmatic than ideological and the collective action of the migrant residents creates a power struggle with the institutions. Ultimately, this has led to a form of tolerance, rather than a total ignorance or absolute recognition of cultural, religious and ethnic minority practices

African immigrants in contemporary South Africa can be perceived as a problem – the threatening other. Based on a case study of the Johannesburg inner city, this thesis aims to deconstruct this notion. It does so by investigating the nature and types and contribution of African immigrant traders` businesses to the Johannesburg inner city. In deconstructing the perception that African immigrants are the threatening other, and being infinitely aware that perception issues and the experiential realities hospitable to its centred on the human subject, this case study adopted a humanist geographic and critical realist approach by deploying a qualitative in-depth interview technique of both African immigrant and South African traders. This thesis suggests three important outcomes. The first is that: to view all African immigrants as the threatening other is too simplistic an assessment of an otherwise complex and dynamic set of relationships and interrelationships amongst and between African immigrant and South African traders. Second, some African immigrant traders do make a meaningful contribution to the Johannesburg inner city, whereas others do not. Third, the activities of African immigrant traders that may be considered as a threat by a section of the population are treated as a benefit by another. These nuanced insights and findings in this study not only render any analysis that projects all African immigrants negatively as an incomplete appraisal, but also suggest that it can never be correct to view them as such without capturing the dynamics that this work suggests. Such a finding not only challenges distorted and partial reporting by the media and also questions policies, which may be built on the wrong assumption that all African immigrants are a problem, but also extends the study of migration related issues in a South African context. / Geography / D. Litt. et. Phil. (Geography)

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-01-26T11:05:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Édina dos Santos Rosa.pdf: 1550328 bytes, checksum: 0ef2d4ec9bcdaddf36337032c43686dd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-26T11:05:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Édina dos Santos Rosa.pdf: 1550328 bytes, checksum: 0ef2d4ec9bcdaddf36337032c43686dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-14 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo - SEE / This work analyses the insertion of black immigrant students in a secondary school of the state educational system of São Paulo, in São Paulo city, SP, Brazil, among the years of 2014 and 2016. That choice is based on the professional position occupied by the researcher, who works for the same state education system specifically with its racial relations issues. The research aims to describe and evaluate the insertion of those students in the school routine, through identifying the relations among the black African immigrant students, the other students, the teachers, the school administrators and the school staff in general, as well as the relations among cultures in the school environment. To reach those aims, the researcher observed the classes, free times, entrance and leaving of students, how they arrange themselves in the workrooms, the activities realized during the class times and the teacher’s and administrator’s meetings and activities. The purpose was to note in all those situations the presence or absence of actions of discrimination and/or prejudice and of conflicts and barriers directed to the black immigrant students in the scholar environment and routine. It was also analyzed the following documental fonts: documentation from the Centre of Register of the Education Secretary of the State of São Paulo, the document of the pedagogical plan of the school and the laws from union, state and municipal spheres relevant to the insertion of immigrant students and to the racial relations in school. The main authors adopted as theoretical support for this work are the following: Dominique Julia and António V. Frago, for the analysis of the scholar culture; Jacques A. Sayad, Stuart Hall e Pierre Bourdieu, for immigration; Valter Silvério, Nilma L. Gomes e Kabengele Munanga, for racism and racial prejudice. The analysis has shown that the insertion of the black African immigrant students in the secondary school of the state educational system of São Paulo is limited to the right of being registered, that there is no pedagogical politics to assure the proper appreciation of the cultures of immigrants and that the school environment is permeated by discrimination, prejudice and racism, which favors conflictive relations among black immigrant students, non-immigrant students, teachers and school staf / O presente trabalho analisa a inserção de alunos imigrantes africanos negros no Ensino Médio, em uma escola da rede estadual de ensino de São Paulo, na cidade de São Paulo, no período de 2014 a 2016. Tal escolha se justifica pelo envolvimento profissional da pesquisadora com as questões étnico-raciais na Secretaria da Educação do estado. A pesquisa objetiva descrever e avaliar como se estrutura a inserção desses alunos no cotidiano escolar, identificando as relações que se estabelecem entre os alunos imigrantes africanos negros, os outros alunos, os professores, os gestores e os demais funcionários da escola, bem como as relações entre as culturas no ambiente escolar. Para alcançar tais objetivos, foram observadas as aulas, os intervalos, a entrada e saída de alunos, a disposição de alunos em sala de aula e as atividades e reuniões de professores. Em todas estas situações, foram observadas a presença ou não de atitudes discriminatórias e/ou preconceituosas e de conflitos no cotidiano escolar relacionados à presença dos alunos imigrantes africanos negros. Foram ainda analisadas as seguintes fontes documentais: dados do Centro de Matrícula da Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo, a proposta pedagógica da escola selecionada e a legislação federal, estadual e municipal relacionada ao imigrante e às relações raciais na escola. Os autores que embasam teoricamente este trabalho são: Dominique Julia e Antonio V. Frago, para análise da cultura escolar; Pierre Bourdieu, Jacques A. Sayad e Stuart Hall, para a imigração; Valter Silvério, Nilma L. Gomes e Kabengele Munanga, para o racismo e o preconceito. A análise mostrou que a inserção dos alunos imigrantes africanos negros na rede estadual de ensino no Ensino Médio se realiza apenas no direito à matricula, não existindo uma política pedagógica que garanta a valorização da cultura dos mesmos; a discriminação, o preconceito e o racismo estão presentes no ambiente escolar, gerando conflitos nas relações entre alunos imigrantes, alunos não imigrantes, professores e demais funcionários da escola