The new pavilion of entrance into the Zoo Dvůr Králové nad Labem is inspired by African wildlife – the dorsum of zebra. The building contains the basic functions like the entry including box office and turnstile and the exhibition of little animals makeing the pleasant feelings for the entrance into the Zoo. There is a restaurant, multifunction areas, sanitary facilities and a standalone exit object with a Zoo shop.

Promotion of cycling is important to reach the goals for climate mitigation of the Paris Agreement and Goals ofthe Agenda 2030. Sustainable transport, both rural and urban, could contribute to at least seven of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (ITDP 2015). There is relatively little research on cycling in Africa, and there is also much less research on cycling at night. Some studies show the importance of road lighting for minimising the reduction in the numbers of cyclists after-dark and suggest 'only a minimal amount of lighting can promote cycling after-dark, making it an attractive mode of transport year-round' (Uttley at el. 2020). So far, these studies have little relation to the situation in developing countries, which is why a first study in Nairobi, Kenya, is carried out here as an example. ... [From: Introduction]

Urban quality of life is measured by how clean the environment is, how safe people feel, how close they are to green spaces, and in general by the quality of outdoor space. Good quality public spaces are spaces that reduce road accidents through managing appropriately different transport modes, especially walking and cycling [1]. Cycling is healthy, economical, and environmentally sound form of mobility that is fundamental to life. More than one billion of the people in African cities walk or cycle for more than 55 minutes every day - to reach work, home, school, and other essential services [2]. One-third of the population of the African continent uses active mobility as a daily means of transport. This reveals that there is a potential of using cycling as a daily mode of travel in Africa. However, the poor quality of infrastructure for cycling sends a message that cyclists are not welcome in the urban environment. Despite the widespread use of non-motorized modes, transport planning and the provision of infrastructure in most of the cities in Africa have become carcentered, undermining the importance of cycling and walking. While the majority in the global south are active mobility users, they are not being respected by the public policies and experience 93% of the world's traffic fatalities and injuries [3]. Road traffic accidents are a major shes are not different in Africa. The World Health Organization Global Status report on Road Safety 2018 showed that the African region had 26.6 deaths per 100,000 populations, which is the highest among all regions [5]. Sub-Saharan Africa still has the highest per capita rate of road fatalities of any region in the world. Unfortunately, in most cases, the victims of traffic casualties are primarily pedestrians and cyclists [6]. Much of that is linked to the neglect of the infrastructure needs for pedestrians' and cyclists' safety. [From: Introduction]

Während der Klimawandel und die globale Erwärmung das östliche Afrika schon heutzutage beeinflussen, ist das Wissen über die klimatischen Veränderungen der Vergangenheit begrenzt. Vor allem in den letzten 15.000 Jahren hat das östliche Afrika räumlich komplexe klimatische Veränderungen erlebt. Obwohl in Ostafrika mehrere paläoklimatische Studien durchgeführt wurden, welche die Temperaturänderungen und die hydrologische Vergangenheit von Seearchiven rekonstruierten, sind die treibenden Mechanismen und Telekonnektionen noch nicht vollständig verstanden. Ein tieferes Verständnis wird verhindert durch (i) das Fehlen von zeitlich weit zurückreichenden, qualitativ hochwertigen wissenschaftlichen Daten bezüglich Umweltveränderungen, insbesondere in der Region des Horns von Afrika, (ii) das Fehlen solcher Daten aus großen Höhen und (iii) unzureichend untersuchte Regionen wie der östliche Teil Äthiopiens und Somalia. Eines der am wenigsten untersuchten Hochgebirgsgebiete der Region sind die Bale Mountains, obwohl sie das größte Gebiet des Kontinents oberhalb von 4000 m ü. NN umfassen. Diese Dissertation zielt darauf ab, den derzeitigen Mangel an paläoklimatischen Rekonstruktionen in Hochgebirgen in der untersuchten Region am Horn von Afrika weiter zu verringern. Hochgelegene perennierende Seen, insbesondere Karseen, sind wertvolle Archive für paläoklimatische und ökologische Rekonstruktionen, da sie kontinuierliche Sedimente liefern, die durch menschliche Aktivitäten nicht gestört wurden. Der einzige ganzjährige See in den Bale Mountains, der Garba Guracha, liegt in der afro-alpinen Zone auf 3950 m ü. NN. Frühere paläolimnologische Untersuchungen ergaben, dass die kontinuierlichen Sedimente des Garba Guracha paläoklimatische und ökologische Informationen seit der letzten Vergletscherung beinhalten. Um das paläoklimatische Wissen über die Bale Mountains und damit über das östliche Afrika zu erweitern, wurden neue innovative Proxies, z. B. brGDGTs, δ18Ofucose, δ18Odiatom und δ2Hn-alkane, auf neu geborgene Sedimentkerne des Garba Guracha angewendet. Die Interpretation der Ergebnisse dieser Analysen ermöglichen ein tieferes Verständnis des Sedimentkerns, vor allem in Bezug auf die Sedimentologie, die Chronologie und die Quellen abgelagerten organischen Materials. Die hochauflösende Chronologie des Garba Guracha, die unter Verwendung verschiedener Datierungsmethoden und -komponenten (210Pb-Datierung, Radiokohlenstoffdatierung an der Gesamtsedimentfraktion, an Holzkohle und komponentenklassenspezifisch an n-Alkanen) erstellt wurde, ergibt ein basales Alter von ∼ 16 cal ka BP. Die geochemische Korrelation der Tephra-Schichten in den Garba-Guracha-Sedimenten mit datierten Tephra-Schichten aus anderen Seen der Region liefert eine externe Alterskontrolle, die die Robustheit der neuen Garba-Guracha-Chronologie und die Abwesenheit von systematischen Altersverschiebungen weiter untermauert. Ähnliche Altersangaben für n-Alkane und der Gesamtsedimentfraktion deuten darauf hin, dass die Biomarker in dem sehr kleinen afro-alpinen Einzugsgebiet kein Pre-aging vorweisen, was auf eine kurze Verweildauer oder/und eine hohe aquatische Produktivität schließen lässt. Die vorherrschende autochthone Produktion von organischem Material in dem im Vergleich zur Größe des Einzugsgebiets relativ großen See wurde durch relativ niedrige TOC/N Verhältnisse, relativ positive δ13C Werte und niedrige Werte der Zucker-Biomarker-Verhältnisse nachgewiesen. Der aquatische Ursprung von Fucose wird außerdem durch einen methodischen Vergleich von δ18Ofucose mit dem rein aquatischen δ18Odiatom Rekord unterstützt. Die gute Korrelation und ähnliche Amplitude von δ18Odiatom und δ18Ofucose (7,9 ‰ bzw. 7,1 ‰) unterstreichen nicht nur das Potenzial von δ18O-Zucker-Analysen in paläoklimatischen Studien, sondern lassen auch den Schluss zu, dass δ18Ofucose im Garba Guracha δ18OSeewasser widerspiegelt. Ohne den Einfluss des 'Amount effects' und des 'Source effects' völlig auszuschließen, interpretieren wir den δ18O-Datensatz des Garba Guracha daher als das Verhältnis von Niederschlag zu Verdunstung. Die hydrologische Vergangenheit des Garba Guracha wird von regionalen und nordhemisphärischen klimatischen Veränderungen beeinflusst. Zu Beginn des Holozäns nahmen die Niederschläge zu, was zu einem überlaufenden See zwischen ∼ 10 und ∼ 7 cal ka BP führte (erkennbar an den negativsten δ18O-Werten im gesamten Kern). Diese Phase entspricht der African Humid Period, einer räumlich unterschiedlich ausgeprägten feuchten Phase im äquatorialen und nördlichen Afrika, die durch eine verstärkte Aktivität des Westafrikanischen Monsuns und, im Fall der östlich gelegenen Bale Mountains, des Ostafrikanischen Monsuns bedingt wurde. Während die hydrologischen Veränderungen der AHP in Ostafrika durch meridionale Klimaprozesse angetrieben zu werden scheinen, zeigt das hochgelegene Garba Guracha Archiv zusätzliche Ähnlichkeiten mit rekonstruierten Monsunveränderungen in Oman. Eine kontinuierliche Verschiebung hin zu positiveren δ18O-Werten beginnt um 7 cal ka BP und deutet auf einen allmählichen Übergang von feuchtem zu trockenem Klima hin. Die Temperaturen am Garba Guracha wurden mit Hilfe einer modifizierten MBT'5ME Kalibrierung durch Hinzunahme von 6-Methyl-brGDGT IIIa' rekonstruiert (MBT'5ME Bale-Mountain-Index - r2 = 0,93, p < 0,05). Eine Anpassung der Kalibration war nötig, da die 6-Methyl-brGDGTs in den modernen Seesedimenten der Bale Mountains in bislang unbekannten Mengen auftreten und die Temperatur-Kalibrierung beeinflussen. Die rekonstruierten Temperaturänderungen sind stark von überregionalen klimatischen Einflüssen, wie Insolationsveränderungen und der AHP beeinflusst. Zusätzliche lokale Einflüsse, wie noch nicht abgeschmolzene Eismassen im Einzugsgebiet oder die Veränderungen der Hydrologie sind nicht auszuschließen. Im hochgelegenen Garba Guracha herrschten kalte Temperaturen, bis es kurz nach Beginn des Holozäns zu einer deutlichen Erwärmung (3,0 °C in weniger als 600 Jahren) kam. Zwischen 9 und 6 cal ka BP herrschte ein thermisches Maximum, das mit feuchten Bedingungen zusammenfiel und gefolgt war von einem Temperaturrückgang der bis 1.4 cal ka BP andauerte. Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation zeigen regionale und globale Antriebsmechanismen für klimatische Veränderungen in den Bale Mountains auf und erweitern damit das paläoklimatische Wissen über das Horn von Afrika. Der innovative methodische Ansatz dieser Arbeit hebt das Potenzial von δ18O-Zuckeranalysen und n-Alkan-Datierungen hervor. Darüber hinaus unterstreichen die Ergebnisse die Notwendigkeit einer verstärkten Grundlagenforschung, wie z. B. lokaler brGDGT-Kalibrierungsstudien, um die bestehenden wissenschaftlichen Konzepte voranzutreiben und zu präzisieren.:1.1 Table of Content List of Abbreviations v List of Tables vi List of Figures vii List of papers ix Abstract x Zusammenfassung xii Acknowledgements xiv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 2 1.2 Objectives of the thesis 5 1.3 Background – The Bale Mountains and biomarker 6 1.3.1 Study area and archive 6 1.3.2 A short introduction to selected biomarkers applied in environmental geochemistry 8 1.4 Methods used in the thesis 10 1.4.1 Monosaccharide sugar biomarkers 11 1.4.2 Total lipid extraction for n-alkane and brGDGTs analyses 11 1.4.3 Branched Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraether analyses 12 1.4.4 Biogeochemical analyses 13 1.4.5 Radiocarbon dating 13 1.4.6 Age depth model 13 1.5 Structure of the thesis 15 1.6 References 16 2 Revisiting afro-alpine Lake Garba Guracha in the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia: rationale, chronology, geochemistry, and paleoenvironmental implications 27 Abstract 28 2.1 Introduction 29 2.1.1 Study site 29 2.2 Material and Methods 31 2.2.1 Chronology and dating 31 2.2.2 XRF scanning 34 2.2.3 Biogeochemical analyses 34 2.2.4 n-Alkane and sugar quantification 35 2.3 Results 35 2.3.1 The sedimentary sequence – Master core and lithofacies 35 2.3.2 Chronology 37 2.3.3 Geochemistry 39 2.4 Discussion 41 2.4.1 Chronology 41 2.4.2 Origin of organic matter 43 2.4.3 Environmental implications 45 2.4.4 Comparison with lake level and other records 49 2.5 Conclusions 50 2.6 Acknowledgements 50 2.7 References 51 3 The Holocene lake-evaporation history of the afro-alpine Lake Garba Guracha in the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia, based on δ18O records of sugar biomarker and diatoms 61 Abstract 62 3.1 Introduction 62 3.1.1 Regional setting 64 3.2 Material and methods 66 3.2.1 Material and sampling 66 3.2.2 Compound-specific δ18O analyses of sugar biomarkers 66 3.2.3 δ18O analyses of diatoms 67 3.3 Results 68 3.3.1 δ18Ofuc record of Garba Guracha 68 3.3.2 δ18Odiatom record of Garba Guracha 69 3.4 Discussion 69 3.4.1 The Garba Guracha δ18Osugar record - lake or leaf water? 69 3.4.2 The Garba Guracha δ18Odiatom record 70 3.4.3 Comparison of reconstructed δ18Olake water from δ18Ofuc versus δ18Odiatom 71 3.4.4 Paleoclimatic significance and proxy interpretation 72 3.4.5 Comparison with other records 75 3.5 Conclusions 77 3.6 Acknowledgements 78 3.7 References 78 4 A Holocene temperature (brGDGT) record from Garba Guracha, a high-altitude lake in Ethiopia 89 Abstract 90 4.1 Introduction 90 4.1.1 Regional setting 93 4.2 Material and Methods 94 4.2.1 Material and Sampling 94 4.2.2 Sample preparation and analysis 95 4.2.3 BrGDGTs – structure, statistical methods and proxy calculation 96 4.2.4 Quantitative data analyses 97 4.3 Result 97 4.3.1 BrGDGT patterns of surface sediments from lakes in the Bale Mountains 97 4.3.2 BrGDGT patterns of the Garba Guracha sediment core 100 4.4 Discussion 103 4.4.1 Possible MAT calibration functions inferred from the expanded eastern African surface sediment dataset 103 4.4.2 Paleotemperature reconstructions for the Garba Guracha sedimentary record - comparison of the different calibrations 104 4.4.3 Paleotemperature reconstructions for the Garba Guracha sedimentary record – regional comparison 106 4.5 Conclusions 111 4.6 Acknowledgements 111 4.7 References 112 5 Synthesis 121 5.1 Sedimentation and chronology - What is the time frame and age depth function of the Garba Guracha core? 122 5.2 Source identification What is the origin of the organic material in the Garba Guracha sediment core? 125 5.3 Hydrology δ18O as a proxy for Garba Guracha evaporation history 126 5.4 Hydrology δ2H – as a proxy for the Garba Guracha precipitation history 128 5.5 Temperature - brGDGTs - as a proxy for Garba Guracha MAT history 129 5.6 Garba Guracha environmental and climate reconstruction – Why and how has the climate changed? 131 5.6.1 Deglaciation 132 5.6.2 North hemisphere forcings in the Garba Guracha catchment during the Younger Dryas period 132 5.6.3 Changing climatic conditions beginning of the Holocene 133 5.6.4 The warm African Humid Period 133 5.6.5 The termination of the African Humid Period 134 5.6.6 The Late Holocene 135 5.7 Garba Guracha – Climatic implications and driving mechanisms 136 5.7.1 Comparison of high and low altitudes in eastern Africa 136 5.7.2 Atmospheric circulation 138 5.8 References 144 6 Conclusions and Outlook 157 A Supplements to Chapter 2 162 B Supplements to Chapter 3 168 C Supplements to Chapter 4 173 D Supplements to Chapter 5 182 / While climate change and global warming are affecting eastern Africa today, the understanding of past climatic changes is limited. Especially during the last 15.000 years, eastern Africa has experienced spatially complex climatic changes. Although several paleoclimatic studies have been conducted in eastern Africa, reconstructing temperature changes and the hydrological history of lake archives, the driving mechanisms and teleconnections are yet not fully understood. A deeper understanding is precluded by (i) the lack of long, high-quality records of environmental change, especially in the Horn of Africa region, (ii) the lack of high altitude records, and (iii) insufficiently studied regions like eastern Ethiopia and Somalia. One of the region's most understudied high-altitude areas are the Bale Mountains, even though they encompass the continent's largest area above 4000 m a. s. l. This dissertation aims to further reduce the current lack of paleoclimatic reconstructions in high altitudes in the understudied Horn of Africa region. High-altitude perennial lakes, especially cirque lakes, are valuable archives for paleoclimate and environmental reconstructions, yielding continuous sedimentation undisturbed by human activity. The only perennial lake in the Bale Mountains, the Garba Guracha, lies in the afro-alpine zone at 3950 m a. s. l. Previous paleolimnological research revealed that Garba Guracha comprises a continuous paleoclimatic and environmental sedimentary record since the last deglaciation. In order to enhance the paleoclimatic knowledge of the Bale Mountains and hence of eastern Africa, new innovative proxies, e.g. brGDGTs, δ18Ofucose, δ18Odiatom, and δ2Hn alkane were applied to newly retrieved sediment cores of Garba Guracha. The application of these analyses and the interpretation of the results imply a deeper understanding of the retrieved sediment cores, concerning mainly sedimentology, chronology and organic matter source identification. The high resolution chronology of Garba Guracha, established using different dating methods and compounds (210Pb dating, radiocarbon dating of bulk sedimentary OM, compound class specific n alkanes, and charcoal), yields a basal age of ∼ 16 cal ka BP. The geochemical correlation of tephra layers in the Garba Guracha sediments to dated tephra layers of the region provides an external age control, further supporting the robustness of the new Garba Guracha chronology and the non existence of systematic age offsets. Similar ages obtained for n alkanes and bulk sediments suggest no pre aging of the biomarker in the very small afro-alpine catchment indicating short residence times or/and high aquatic productivity. Predominant autochthonous production of organic matter in the relative large lake compared to the catchment size has been proven by relatively low TOC/N ratios and relatively positive δ13C values. The aquatic origin of the sugar biomarker fucose is further supported by a methodological comparison of δ18Ofucose to a pure aquatic δ18Odiatom record. The good correlation and similar ranges of δ18Odiatom and δ18Ofucose (7.9 ‰ and 7.1 ‰, respectively) not only highlight the potential of δ18Osugar analyses in paleoclimatic studies but also lead to the conclusion that the Garba Guracha δ18Ofucose record reflects δ18Olake water. Therefore, without completely excluding the influence of the ‘amount effect’ and the ‘source-effect’, we interpret the record to reflect primarily the precipitation to evaporation ratio (P/E). The hydrological history of Garba Guracha is influenced by regional and northern hemisphere climatic changes. Precipitation increased at the onset of the Holocene, resulting in an overflowing lake between ∼ 10 and ∼ 7 cal ka BP (noted by the most negative δ18O values in the record). This humid phase corresponds to the African Humid Period (AHP), a spatially complex humid phase across equatorial and northern Africa, driven by enhanced West African Monsoon (WAM) and, in the case of the easterly-situated Bale Mountains, East African Monsoon (EAM) activity. While hydrological changes during the AHP in eastern Africa seem to be driven by meridional climatic processes, the high-altitude Garba Guracha archive shows additional similarities to reconstructed monsoonal changes in Oman. A continuous transition towards more positive δ18O values begins at 7 cal ka BP and indicates a gradual shift from humid to drier climate. The reconstructed temperature history is strongly linked to supraregional climatic changes associated with insolation forcing and the AHP, as well as with local anomalies associated with catchment deglaciation and hydrology. Cold temperatures prevailed in the high-altitude Garba Guracha until significant warming (3.0 °C in less than 600 years) occurred shortly after the Holocene onset. A thermal maximum prevailed between 9 and 6 cal ka BP, coinciding with humid conditions, followed by a temperature decrease until 1.4 cal ka BP. The temperatures at the Garba Guracha were reconstructed using a modified MBT'5ME calibration by adding 6 methyl brGDGT IIIa' (resulting in the MBT'5ME Bale Mountain index, r2 = 0.93, p < 0.05) due to an uncommon variation in 6 methyl brGDGTs in the modern lake surface sediment samples. The results of this dissertation reveal regional and global driving mechanisms of climatic changes in the Bale Mountains, further expanding paleoclimatic knowledge about the Horn of Africa. The innovative methodological approach of this thesis highlights the potential of δ18Osugar analyses and n alkane dating. Moreover, the results underline the need for intensified basic research like local brGDGT calibration studies to advance and specify existing scientific concepts.:1.1 Table of Content List of Abbreviations v List of Tables vi List of Figures vii List of papers ix Abstract x Zusammenfassung xii Acknowledgements xiv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 2 1.2 Objectives of the thesis 5 1.3 Background – The Bale Mountains and biomarker 6 1.3.1 Study area and archive 6 1.3.2 A short introduction to selected biomarkers applied in environmental geochemistry 8 1.4 Methods used in the thesis 10 1.4.1 Monosaccharide sugar biomarkers 11 1.4.2 Total lipid extraction for n-alkane and brGDGTs analyses 11 1.4.3 Branched Glycerol Dialkyl Glycerol Tetraether analyses 12 1.4.4 Biogeochemical analyses 13 1.4.5 Radiocarbon dating 13 1.4.6 Age depth model 13 1.5 Structure of the thesis 15 1.6 References 16 2 Revisiting afro-alpine Lake Garba Guracha in the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia: rationale, chronology, geochemistry, and paleoenvironmental implications 27 Abstract 28 2.1 Introduction 29 2.1.1 Study site 29 2.2 Material and Methods 31 2.2.1 Chronology and dating 31 2.2.2 XRF scanning 34 2.2.3 Biogeochemical analyses 34 2.2.4 n-Alkane and sugar quantification 35 2.3 Results 35 2.3.1 The sedimentary sequence – Master core and lithofacies 35 2.3.2 Chronology 37 2.3.3 Geochemistry 39 2.4 Discussion 41 2.4.1 Chronology 41 2.4.2 Origin of organic matter 43 2.4.3 Environmental implications 45 2.4.4 Comparison with lake level and other records 49 2.5 Conclusions 50 2.6 Acknowledgements 50 2.7 References 51 3 The Holocene lake-evaporation history of the afro-alpine Lake Garba Guracha in the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia, based on δ18O records of sugar biomarker and diatoms 61 Abstract 62 3.1 Introduction 62 3.1.1 Regional setting 64 3.2 Material and methods 66 3.2.1 Material and sampling 66 3.2.2 Compound-specific δ18O analyses of sugar biomarkers 66 3.2.3 δ18O analyses of diatoms 67 3.3 Results 68 3.3.1 δ18Ofuc record of Garba Guracha 68 3.3.2 δ18Odiatom record of Garba Guracha 69 3.4 Discussion 69 3.4.1 The Garba Guracha δ18Osugar record - lake or leaf water? 69 3.4.2 The Garba Guracha δ18Odiatom record 70 3.4.3 Comparison of reconstructed δ18Olake water from δ18Ofuc versus δ18Odiatom 71 3.4.4 Paleoclimatic significance and proxy interpretation 72 3.4.5 Comparison with other records 75 3.5 Conclusions 77 3.6 Acknowledgements 78 3.7 References 78 4 A Holocene temperature (brGDGT) record from Garba Guracha, a high-altitude lake in Ethiopia 89 Abstract 90 4.1 Introduction 90 4.1.1 Regional setting 93 4.2 Material and Methods 94 4.2.1 Material and Sampling 94 4.2.2 Sample preparation and analysis 95 4.2.3 BrGDGTs – structure, statistical methods and proxy calculation 96 4.2.4 Quantitative data analyses 97 4.3 Result 97 4.3.1 BrGDGT patterns of surface sediments from lakes in the Bale Mountains 97 4.3.2 BrGDGT patterns of the Garba Guracha sediment core 100 4.4 Discussion 103 4.4.1 Possible MAT calibration functions inferred from the expanded eastern African surface sediment dataset 103 4.4.2 Paleotemperature reconstructions for the Garba Guracha sedimentary record - comparison of the different calibrations 104 4.4.3 Paleotemperature reconstructions for the Garba Guracha sedimentary record – regional comparison 106 4.5 Conclusions 111 4.6 Acknowledgements 111 4.7 References 112 5 Synthesis 121 5.1 Sedimentation and chronology - What is the time frame and age depth function of the Garba Guracha core? 122 5.2 Source identification What is the origin of the organic material in the Garba Guracha sediment core? 125 5.3 Hydrology δ18O as a proxy for Garba Guracha evaporation history 126 5.4 Hydrology δ2H – as a proxy for the Garba Guracha precipitation history 128 5.5 Temperature - brGDGTs - as a proxy for Garba Guracha MAT history 129 5.6 Garba Guracha environmental and climate reconstruction – Why and how has the climate changed? 131 5.6.1 Deglaciation 132 5.6.2 North hemisphere forcings in the Garba Guracha catchment during the Younger Dryas period 132 5.6.3 Changing climatic conditions beginning of the Holocene 133 5.6.4 The warm African Humid Period 133 5.6.5 The termination of the African Humid Period 134 5.6.6 The Late Holocene 135 5.7 Garba Guracha – Climatic implications and driving mechanisms 136 5.7.1 Comparison of high and low altitudes in eastern Africa 136 5.7.2 Atmospheric circulation 138 5.8 References 144 6 Conclusions and Outlook 157 A Supplements to Chapter 2 162 B Supplements to Chapter 3 168 C Supplements to Chapter 4 173 D Supplements to Chapter 5 182

Den afrikanska kontinenten beräknas att drabbas mer än någon annan region av klimat-förändringarnas direkta effekter. Samtidigt är anpassningsmöjligheterna här begränsade och ekonomin särskilt beroende av klimatrelaterade sektorer. Samband mellan ekonomisk svaghet och sårbarhet är relativt kartlagda i det internationella klimatarbetet. Dessa kopplingar belyser inte minst kvinnors utsatta position i utvecklingsregioner, eftersom kvinnor utgör majoriteten av världens fattiga befolkningar. Sårbarhet inför ett förändrat klimat grundas dock inte enbart på ekonomiska och finansiella tillgångar. Traditionella, könsdifferentierade levnadssätt ålägger kvinnor ett särskilt ansvar över hem och familj, medan fördomar om kvinnors olämplighet begränsar deras politiska inflytande. Denna uppsats understryker de implikationer som kön och könsroller ger upphov till, i fråga om anpassningsmöjligheter till försämrade klimatförhållanden och minskad vatten- och mattillgång. / The African continent is reckoned to be the region most affected by direct impacts of climate change. At the same time, here, adaptation possibilities are scarce and the economy particularly dependent on climate-related sectors. International climate research has identified connections between economic weakness and vulnerability. These relations shed light – not the least – on the exposed position of women in developing regions, since women constitute the majority of the world’s poorest populations. Nevertheless, vulnerability due to climate change is not only founded on economic and financial assets. Traditional, gender differentiated ways of living impose certain responsibilities on women for household duties and family life, while prejudices about women’s unsuitability limit their political authority. This essay underlines the implications of gender and gender roles, regarding adaptation possibilities to deteriorated climatic conditions and reduced access to water and food.

Syfte och frågeställning Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka eventuella skillnader av hur ungdomar medrörelsehinder upplevs, hur de anser att de blir behandlade och hur de blir påverkade av sitt rörelsehinder beroende på om de är födda i Sverige eller Kenya. - Hur blir ungdomar med rörelsehinder påverkade av sitt handikapp? - Hur upplever ungdomar med rörelsehinder att de blir behandlade? - Hur ser omgivningen på ungdomar med rörelsehinder? Metod Studien har använt sig av intervjuer för att dyka på djupet och undersöka upplevelser av attleva med ett rörelsehinder. Totalt har 5 ungdomar intervjuats och tre vuxna som jobbar medungdomar som har rörelsehinder i olika utsträckningar. Intervjuerna har utförts i landet somungdomarna och de vuxna befunnit sig i, de har skett enskilt och i Kenya var en tolknärvarande för att underlätta intervjun. Det har skapats en intervjuguide (bilaga 1 och 2) utifrån frågeställningarna som följts genom intervjuerna, följdfrågor har förekommit i de måndet varit intressant och lämpligt för att ge utrymme till utvecklade svar. Resultat Studien har visat på skillnader i upplevelser och stigmatisering i de olika länderna.Ungdomarna i de båda länder har liknande upplevelser men de vuxnas upplevelser skiljer sig åt. I Kenya finns en tydlig stigmatisering och landet har inte kommit lika långt i sitt arbete förfunktionsnedsatta. Sverige är ett mer välutrustat land men har problem inom välfärd och det finns även en stigmatisering om att rörelsehindrade är mindre intellektuella än personer utanr örelsehinder. Slutsats I helhet visar studien på skillnader mellan länderna men även likheter. Båda länder harsvårigheter när det kommer till funktion av rörelsehjälpmedel i form av väder och infrastruktur. Båda grupper visar på stigmatisering i respektive länder trots att denna stigmatisering skiljer sig åt. Den största skillnaden ses i ungdomarnas syn på sin omgivning och sitt eget rörelsehinder. Ungdomarna i Kenya berättade att de inte ansåg att deras rörelsehinder påverkade ungdomarna mycket, de berättade även att omgivningen både på barnhemmet och i respektive byar inte såg ungdomarna som annorlunda. Detta skiljer sig från de vuxnas intervjuer om hur personer med rörelsehinder blir behandlade och kan bero på deras omgivning och förutsättningar de får från barnhemmet.

Text in Afrikaans / Afrikanisering en universiteitsonderwys: 'n histories-opvoedkundige deurskouing en evaluering In hierdie studie is 'n beskrywing van en verklaring vir die ontstaan, ontwikkeling en betekenis van die begrip afrikanisering gegee. Daar is bevind dat die begrip afrikanisering 'n emosiebelaaide en polities sensitiewe begrip is wat saam met verbandhoudende begrippe soos Afrika-persoonlikheid, Negritude, Afrosentrisme, Ethiopianisme, lokalisering en swartbewussyn 'n ge"integreerde deel vorm van die strewe om nie net politieke onafhanklikheid vir Afrika-kolonies en Afrikane te verkry en te handhaaf nie, maar om hierdie onafhanklikheid ook op sosio-ekonomiese en kulturele gebiede te verseker. Die standpunte van verskeie pleitbesorgers van afrikanisering is ontleed en na aanleiding daarvan is 'n vergelyking tussen vroeere afrikaniseringspogings in Brits Wes-Afrika en die in Suid-Afrika getref. Nadat 'n aantal implikasies van afrikanisering vir Suid-Afrikaanse universiteite aangedui is, is enkele toekomsperspektiewe rakende die afrikanisering van universiteite in Suid-Afrika geformuleer. / Africanisation and university education: an historical-educational explication and evaluation In this study a description of and explanation for the origin, development and meaning of the concept africanisation is given. It can be concluded that the concept africanisation is emotive and politically sensitive and together with related concepts such as African personality, Negritude, Afrocentrism, Ethiopianism, localisation and Black consciousness it forms an integrated part of the aspiration not only to gain and maintain political independence for African colonies and Africans, but also to secure this identity in the socio-economic and cultural fields. The views of various advocates/proponents of africanisation were analysed and based on this analysis a comparison between the earlier africanisation attempts in British West Africa and those in South Africa was drawn. After some implications of africanisation for South African universities were indicated, a number of future perspectives with regard to the africanisation of universities in South Africa were formulated. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Historiese Opvoedkunde)

Text in Afrikaans / Die Kerk van God bestaan uit mense wat tot geloof gekom het in Jesus Christus. Volwassenes maak nie alleen deel uit van die kerk nie, maar ook kinders. Die plaaslike gemeente se roeping is om in sy bedieningstrategie te fokus op die behoeftes van die kind (6 - 12 jaar). Die leefwereld van die kind binne die geografiese grense van Nelspoort, Murraysburg, Merweville en Beaufort-Wes word sterk beinvloed deur gebrekkige sosio-ekonomiese en politieke toestande. Die V.G.K., wat daarvoor verantwoordelik is om die kinders (6-12 jaar) in genoemde dorpe te bedien, slaag nie daarin om 'n effektiewe bediening te loods nie. Gebrek aan opgeleide personeel, basiese lesmateriaal en gebrekkige kennis van die ontwikkelingsfases van die kind in genoemde ouderdomsgroep vererger die situasie. Die studie bied riglyne vir die V.G.K. op die platteland om 'n meer effektiewe kinderbedieningstrategie (plattelandse kind) daar te stel, wat die unieke behoeftes en spesifieke omstandighede waarin kinders lewe, asook die ontwikkelingsfases waarin hulle verkeer, uit te lig. / The Church of God consists of people (Adults and Children) who believe in God. The local congregation focus on the needs of the child (6-12 years). The enviroment of the child who lives within the geographic boundaries of Nelspoort, Murraysburg, Merweville and Beaufort West is influenced by retarted sosio-economic and political circumstances. The U.R.C. which serve the child (6-12 years) in the afore mentioned towns, fails to initiate and implement an effective service. Lack of trained staff, basic learning material and insufficient knowledge of the development phases of the child within the mentioned age groups exacerbates the situation. The study offers guidelines for the U.R.C. (rural) to have a more effective child service strategy (rural children) in place which attends to the unique needs and specific circumstances under which the children live as well as the developmental phases they are in. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / M. Diac. (Jeugwerk)

Text in Afrikaans / Afrikanisering en universiteitsonderwys: 'n histories-opvoedkundige deurskouing en evaluering In hierdie studie is 'n beskrywing van en verklaring vir die ontstaan, ontwikkeling en betekenis van die begrip afrikanisering gegee. Daar is bevind dat die begrip afrikanisering 'n emosiebelaaide en polities sensitiewe begrip is wat saam met verbandhoudende begrippe soos Afrika-persoonlikheid, Negritude, Afrosentrisme, Ethiopianisme, lokalisering en swartbewussyn 'n ge"integreerde deel vorm van die strewe om nie net politieke onafhanklikheid vir Afrika-kolonies en Afrikane te verkry en te handhaaf nie, maar om hierdie onafhanklikheid ook op sosio-ekonomiese en kulturele gebiede te verseker. Die standpunte van verskeie pleitbesorgers van afrikanisering is ontleed en na aanleiding daarvan is 'n vergelyking tussen vroeere afrikaniseringspogings in Brits Wes-Afrika en die in Suid-Afrika getref. Nadat 'n aantal implikasies van afrikanisering vir Suid-Afrikaanse universiteite aangedui is, is enkele toekomsperspektiewe rakende die afrikanisering van universiteite in Suid-Afrika geformuleer. / Africanisation and university education: an historical-educational explication and evaluation In this study a description of and explanation for the origin, development and meaning of the concept africanisation is given. It can be concluded that the concept africanisation is emotive and politically sensitive and together with related concepts such as African personality, Negritude, Afrocentrism, Ethiopianism, localisation and Black consciousness it forms an integrated part of the aspiration not only to gain and maintain political independence for African colonies and Africans, but also to secure this identity in the socio-economic and cultural fields. The views of various advocates/proponents of africanisation were analysed and based on this analysis a comparison between the earlier africanisation attempts in British West Africa and those in South Africa was drawn. After some implications of africanisation for South African universities were indicated, a number of future perspectives with regard to the africanisation of universities in South Africa were formulated. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Historiese Opvoedkunde)

Text in Afrikaans / Die Kerk van God bestaan uit mense wat tot geloof gekom het in Jesus Christus. Volwassenes maak nie alleen deel uit van die kerk nie, maar ook kinders. Die plaaslike gemeente se roeping is om in sy bedieningstrategie te fokus op die behoeftes van die kind (6 - 12 jaar). Die leefwereld van die kind binne die geografiese grense van Nelspoort, Murraysburg, Merweville en Beaufort-Wes word sterk beinvloed deur gebrekkige sosio-ekonomiese en politieke toestande. Die V.G.K., wat daarvoor verantwoordelik is om die kinders (6-12 jaar) in genoemde dorpe te bedien, slaag nie daarin om 'n effektiewe bediening te loods nie. Gebrek aan opgeleide personeel, basiese lesmateriaal en gebrekkige kennis van die ontwikkelingsfases van die kind in genoemde ouderdomsgroep vererger die situasie. Die studie bied riglyne vir die V.G.K. op die platteland om 'n meer effektiewe kinderbedieningstrategie (plattelandse kind) daar te stel, wat die unieke behoeftes en spesifieke omstandighede waarin kinders lewe, asook die ontwikkelingsfases waarin hulle verkeer, uit te lig. / The Church of God consists of people (Adults and Children) who believe in God. The local congregation focus on the needs of the child (6-12 years). The enviroment of the child who lives within the geographic boundaries of Nelspoort, Murraysburg, Merweville and Beaufort West is influenced by retarted sosio-economic and political circumstances. The U.R.C. which serve the child (6-12 years) in the afore mentioned towns, fails to initiate and implement an effective service. Lack of trained staff, basic learning material and insufficient knowledge of the development phases of the child within the mentioned age groups exacerbates the situation. The study offers guidelines for the U.R.C. (rural) to have a more effective child service strategy (rural children) in place which attends to the unique needs and specific circumstances under which the children live as well as the developmental phases they are in. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Diac. (Jeugwerk)