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Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-08-09T18:03:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 danielmazzonidacosta.pdf: 883881 bytes, checksum: eb0251499207fb4d42050dd3b38ce0d2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-14T17:07:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 danielmazzonidacosta.pdf: 883881 bytes, checksum: eb0251499207fb4d42050dd3b38ce0d2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-14T17:07:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 danielmazzonidacosta.pdf: 883881 bytes, checksum: eb0251499207fb4d42050dd3b38ce0d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-19 / A contratualização estabelece estratégias eficazes para garantir que os cidadãos tenham acesso à assistência de qualidade e requer do gestor a adoção de mecanismos efetivos de monitoramento e avaliação dos serviços. No contexto da descentralização, a responsabilidade pelo processo de contratualização de serviços de saúde está a cargo do gestor municipal. Este utiliza a Programação Pactuada e Integrada (PPI) que objetiva alocar os recursos da assistência à saúde nos Estados e municípios brasileiros. A PPI é o resultado da definição, negociação e formalização dos pactos entre os gestores, das prioridades, metas, critérios, métodos e instrumentos, no sentido de definir de forma transparente os fluxos assistenciais no interior das redes regionalizadas e hierarquizadas de serviços. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo comparar a produção ambulatorial dos hospitais do município e a PPI de Juiz de Fora nos anos de 2008, 2009 e início de 2010 verificando aspectos relativos à eficácia do monitoramento da produção e consequente acesso da população aos serviços ambulatoriais. Para isso utilizou-se o sítio do DATASUS e as informações de pactuação no sítio da secretaria estadual de saúde de Minas Gerais. O método baseou-se na criação de indicadores de acompanhamento e a apresentação de uma estratégia de monitoramento dos indicadores elaborados baseada em cartas de controle. Ao final, foi possível concluir que devem ser adotadas medidas no sentido de se adequar melhor os recursos de financiamento na esfera municipal dimensionando a PPI e monitorando o acesso da população aos procedimentos pactuados na contratualização. / The contract system provides effective strategies to ensure that citizens have access to quality care and requires the manager to adopt effective monitoring and evaluation of services. In the context of decentralization, municipal manager has the responsibility for the contracting process for health services. This uses the Agreed and Integrated (PPI) which aims to allocate resources in health care in the states and municipalities. The PPI is the outcome of the definition, negotiation and formalization of agreements between managers, priorities, goals, criteria, methods and tools in order to define the care flows seamlessly within the regionalized and hierarchical service. This study aimed to compare the outpatient services of hospitals and the city of Juiz de Fora PPI in the years 2008, 2009 and early 2010 relating to the efficacy checking the monitoring of production and consequent population's access to outpatient services. For this we used the site and the information DATASUS of agreement at the site of the state board of health of Minas Gerais. The method was based on the establishment of indicators for monitoring and reporting of a strategy of monitoring indicators developed based on control charts. At the end, it was concluded that measures should be taken in order to better match the funding resources in the municipal sizing the PPI and monitoring the population's access to procedures agreed on the contracting.

Le consensus a pour finalité d’éliminer le conflit. Il aimerait pouvoir sacraliser de nouvelles normes dans une société en crise de rituel. Hélas, la réalité nous montre que l’étoffe du consensus est tissée de soumission librement consentie, de nécessités et de jeux de pouvoir très liés aux plaisirs immédiats. A force d’habitude, l’exigence de consensus change le remède en poison. Le consensus sonne le glas de l’éthique. En cherchant l’unité, le consensus diabolise le conflit et cherche expressément à l’éliminer du fait de son chaos apparent. Le dissensus, lui, en mettant la parole en tension, assure le lien fécond du vivreensemble. La dualité est la clef naturelle qui rationalise la sociabilité des contraires. Le dissensus privilégie l’association des différences pour assurer la représentation de chacune d’entre elles. Ce n’est qu’à partir d’une heuristique naturelle et holiste de l’altérité que le sujet peut se développer en tant que soimême et différent. De cette façon, un « double-je » se construit, capable à la fois de dire courageusement « me voici », face à la menace potentielle de l’autre mais surtout capable de ce même courage pour palier la vulnérabilité de cet autre quand ses forces de résistance l’abandonnent. Le dissensus signe l’émancipation et le dépli du sujet visant le dépassement de soi. La réussite de cette démarche d’ipséité se confirme quand la puissance de déploiement se met au service de la vulnérabilité d’autrui en termes de sollicitude. Ce travail essaie de proposer le dissensus comme un conflit sain et nécessaire, garant d’une éthique d’ouverture, une voie d’excellence pour ceux qui sont concernés par ce que l’homme peut offrir de meilleur : un soin / Finality of consensus is to eliminate conflict. It tries to sacrilize news Norms in a rituals crisis Society. Reality shows that consensus material is woven of submission freely agreed, of necessities and power games closely linked to instantaneous pleasures. By dint of habits, consensus demand substitute Poison for Remedy; consensus sounds Ethics kneel death. Consensus demonizes conflict by seeking unity, and explicitly seeks with elimination of it, regarding its visible chaos. A contrario, Dissensus assures ethics blow of the ‘living-together’ concept by fertile speech link. Duality is the natural solution, which rationalizes opposites’ sociability. Dissensus privileges differences coexistences, rather than weakest shakeout. Subject can build himself up by his self fulfillment, and as a different man, only from a natural and holist heuristic otherness. Thereby, a ‘double-I’ build itself, able to say courageously ‘Here I am’ to other one’s potential threaten, and especially able to face other one’s vulnerability with the same courage, when his resistance forces give-up. Dissensus signs subject emancipation and opening, aiming at going beyond of oneself. Displaying process goes thought an ipseity reasoning, which emerges from otherness, free itself from the latter, to finally return to it, in solicitude terms: live with, against and for other one. This work tries to show Dissensus as a sound and required conflict which guarantees an opening Ethics, an excellence way for the ones who are concerned by the best thing a human being can offer : a Care

A análise empreendida nesta dissertação aborda o processo de desenvolvimento de uma metodologia que busca relacionar o desempenho entre as políticas públicas de saúde e os orçamentos organizados e destinados ao seu financiamento. Para tanto, o seu objetivo central é avaliar o desempenho do gasto em saúde do município de São Bernardo do Campo, a partir de uma metodologia específica, intitulada orçamento por desempenho performance budget, que contribui para relacionar o planejamento com os resultados da política de saúde alcançados. Este trabalho revisa também os principais conceitos de gestão, planejamento e orçamento, descrevendo as características estruturais e legais do processo de orçamentação do SUS, durante os anos 1990 e 2000. Para a avaliação de desempenho do gasto em saúde do município de São Bernardo do Campo, entre 2005 a 2012, foram utilizados os instrumentos orçamentários PPAs, LDOs, LOAs e, ainda, relatórios e planilhas provenientes dos processos de pactuação em saúde, além de dados secundários acessados em diversas bases federais de informações em saúde (SIOPS, SISPACTO, etc.). Este período de análise teve como eixo central a comparação entre diferentes grupos gestores, no que concerne a execução, com maior ou menor sucesso de produção de um sistema de saúde municipal. As características gerais da saúde pública, no período de análise, demonstraram grande crescimento a partir de 2009, com a implantação dos mais variados serviços e equipes de saúde. Ao analisar os instrumentos orçamentários com foco na Saúde, observou-se, também a partir de 2009, uma melhora na organização, padronização e, mínimo, processo de relação dos indicadores citados no PPA e presentes nas pactuações da Saúde Pública nos anos que se seguiram. Porém, há que constar, que os processos de avaliação de metas físicas indicadas nas LDOs municipais em todos os anos de estudo não foram cumpridos por nenhum grupo gestor. A elaboração e proposição de uma metodologia, na lógica do Orçamento por desempenho se apoia na construção de uma matriz de indicadores pactuados no âmbito do SUS e organizados por subfunções orçamentárias da área da saúde e categorias desse orçamento por desempenho, como recursos, outputs, eficiência e outcomes. / The analysis undertaken in this dissertation addresses the process of developing a methodology to relate performance between public health policies and budgets and arranged for its financing. For that, your main objective is to evaluate the performance of health spending in São Bernardo do Campo, from a specific methodology entitled \"performance budgeting\" - budget performance, which contributes to planning relate to the results of health policy achieved. This paper also reviews key concepts of management, planning and budgeting, describing the structural and legal characteristics of the budgeting process of SUS during the years 1990 and 2000. To assess the performance of health spending in São Bernardo do Campo between 2005-2012, the budgetary instruments PPAs, LDOs, LOAs, and also reports and spreadsheets from the negotiation of agreements on health were used in addition to secondary data accessed in various federal databases of health information (SIOPS, SISPACTO, etc.). This period of instigating factor analysis was the need to compare how different management groups, managed with more or less success, producing a municipal health system with favorable results to the population. The general characteristics of public health in the period of analysis, showed strong growth from 2009, with the implementation of various services and health teams. By analyzing the budgetary instruments with focus on Health, it was observed, once again starting in 2009, an improvement in the organization, standardization and minimum ratio of process indicators cited in the PPA and gifts pacts in Public Health in the years followed. However, it must appear that the process of evaluation of physical targets indicated in municipal LDOs in all years of study have not been met by any group manager. The establishment and development of a methodology, the logic of \"Budget performance\" is based on building an array of indicators agreed under the NHS and organized by budget sub-functions of healthcare categories and that \"performance budgeting\" as resources , Outputs, Outcomes and efficiency.

A análise empreendida nesta dissertação aborda o processo de desenvolvimento de uma metodologia que busca relacionar o desempenho entre as políticas públicas de saúde e os orçamentos organizados e destinados ao seu financiamento. Para tanto, o seu objetivo central é avaliar o desempenho do gasto em saúde do município de São Bernardo do Campo, a partir de uma metodologia específica, intitulada orçamento por desempenho performance budget, que contribui para relacionar o planejamento com os resultados da política de saúde alcançados. Este trabalho revisa também os principais conceitos de gestão, planejamento e orçamento, descrevendo as características estruturais e legais do processo de orçamentação do SUS, durante os anos 1990 e 2000. Para a avaliação de desempenho do gasto em saúde do município de São Bernardo do Campo, entre 2005 a 2012, foram utilizados os instrumentos orçamentários PPAs, LDOs, LOAs e, ainda, relatórios e planilhas provenientes dos processos de pactuação em saúde, além de dados secundários acessados em diversas bases federais de informações em saúde (SIOPS, SISPACTO, etc.). Este período de análise teve como eixo central a comparação entre diferentes grupos gestores, no que concerne a execução, com maior ou menor sucesso de produção de um sistema de saúde municipal. As características gerais da saúde pública, no período de análise, demonstraram grande crescimento a partir de 2009, com a implantação dos mais variados serviços e equipes de saúde. Ao analisar os instrumentos orçamentários com foco na Saúde, observou-se, também a partir de 2009, uma melhora na organização, padronização e, mínimo, processo de relação dos indicadores citados no PPA e presentes nas pactuações da Saúde Pública nos anos que se seguiram. Porém, há que constar, que os processos de avaliação de metas físicas indicadas nas LDOs municipais em todos os anos de estudo não foram cumpridos por nenhum grupo gestor. A elaboração e proposição de uma metodologia, na lógica do Orçamento por desempenho se apoia na construção de uma matriz de indicadores pactuados no âmbito do SUS e organizados por subfunções orçamentárias da área da saúde e categorias desse orçamento por desempenho, como recursos, outputs, eficiência e outcomes. / The analysis undertaken in this dissertation addresses the process of developing a methodology to relate performance between public health policies and budgets and arranged for its financing. For that, your main objective is to evaluate the performance of health spending in São Bernardo do Campo, from a specific methodology entitled \"performance budgeting\" - budget performance, which contributes to planning relate to the results of health policy achieved. This paper also reviews key concepts of management, planning and budgeting, describing the structural and legal characteristics of the budgeting process of SUS during the years 1990 and 2000. To assess the performance of health spending in São Bernardo do Campo between 2005-2012, the budgetary instruments PPAs, LDOs, LOAs, and also reports and spreadsheets from the negotiation of agreements on health were used in addition to secondary data accessed in various federal databases of health information (SIOPS, SISPACTO, etc.). This period of instigating factor analysis was the need to compare how different management groups, managed with more or less success, producing a municipal health system with favorable results to the population. The general characteristics of public health in the period of analysis, showed strong growth from 2009, with the implementation of various services and health teams. By analyzing the budgetary instruments with focus on Health, it was observed, once again starting in 2009, an improvement in the organization, standardization and minimum ratio of process indicators cited in the PPA and gifts pacts in Public Health in the years followed. However, it must appear that the process of evaluation of physical targets indicated in municipal LDOs in all years of study have not been met by any group manager. The establishment and development of a methodology, the logic of \"Budget performance\" is based on building an array of indicators agreed under the NHS and organized by budget sub-functions of healthcare categories and that \"performance budgeting\" as resources , Outputs, Outcomes and efficiency.

<p>There is a growing interplay of competing realities facing the international community in the general areas of innovation, technological advancement and overall economic development. The highly industrialised wealthy nations, largely located on the Northern hemisphere are on the one hand undoubtedly at the forefront in global research, technology and infrastructure development. The developing and least developed countries on the other hand are mostly situated on the Southern hemisphere. They are not as wealthy or technologically advanced as their&nbsp / Northern counterparts, but are naturally endowed with unique variations of plant, animal and micro-organism species occurring in natural ecosystems, as well as the traditional knowledge on&nbsp / how to use these unique species. This knowledge has been adjudged to be responsible for the sustainable maintenance of the earth&rsquo / s biodiversity. Increasing exploitation of biodiversity,&nbsp / spurred on by the competing realities identified above, has left the earth in a present state of alarm with respect to the uncontrolled loss of biodiversity. The traditional knowledge of local&nbsp / peoples has significantly offered leads to research institutes from the North in developing major advancements in drugs, cosmetics and agriculture. Little or no compensation has however been seen to go back to the indigenous&nbsp / communities and countries that provide resources, and indicate various possibilities through their traditional knowledge to the use of such resources. Efforts by some biodiversity rich countries to&nbsp / ddress this trend through legislation developed in accordance with the principles of the Convention on Biological Diversity have been frustrated due to the inability to enforce their domestic laws outside their borders. Theft of genetic resources and its associated traditional knowledge&nbsp / from such countries has therefore remained a major challenge. Against this backdrop, and on the&nbsp / insistence of biodiversity-rich developing countries, an international regime on access and benefit sharing was negotiated and its final text adopted in 2010. This international regime is as&nbsp / contained in the Nagoya Protocol. This research sets out to examine whether the Nagoya Protocol offers a final solution to the protection of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity in&nbsp / biodiverse countries. It further examines the importance of domestic legislation in achieving the objectives of the Protocol. The research has been tailored to African biodiverse countries, and&nbsp / seeks these answers within the context of Africa.<br /> &nbsp / </p>

<p>There is a growing interplay of competing realities facing the international community in the general areas of innovation, technological advancement and overall economic development. The highly industrialised wealthy nations, largely located on the Northern hemisphere are on the one hand undoubtedly at the forefront in global research, technology and infrastructure development. The developing and least developed countries on the other hand are mostly situated on the Southern hemisphere. They are not as wealthy or technologically advanced as their&nbsp / Northern counterparts, but are naturally endowed with unique variations of plant, animal and micro-organism species occurring in natural ecosystems, as well as the traditional knowledge on&nbsp / how to use these unique species. This knowledge has been adjudged to be responsible for the sustainable maintenance of the earth&rsquo / s biodiversity. Increasing exploitation of biodiversity,&nbsp / spurred on by the competing realities identified above, has left the earth in a present state of alarm with respect to the uncontrolled loss of biodiversity. The traditional knowledge of local&nbsp / peoples has significantly offered leads to research institutes from the North in developing major advancements in drugs, cosmetics and agriculture. Little or no compensation has however been seen to go back to the indigenous&nbsp / communities and countries that provide resources, and indicate various possibilities through their traditional knowledge to the use of such resources. Efforts by some biodiversity rich countries to&nbsp / ddress this trend through legislation developed in accordance with the principles of the Convention on Biological Diversity have been frustrated due to the inability to enforce their domestic laws outside their borders. Theft of genetic resources and its associated traditional knowledge&nbsp / from such countries has therefore remained a major challenge. Against this backdrop, and on the&nbsp / insistence of biodiversity-rich developing countries, an international regime on access and benefit sharing was negotiated and its final text adopted in 2010. This international regime is as&nbsp / contained in the Nagoya Protocol. This research sets out to examine whether the Nagoya Protocol offers a final solution to the protection of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity in&nbsp / biodiverse countries. It further examines the importance of domestic legislation in achieving the objectives of the Protocol. The research has been tailored to African biodiverse countries, and&nbsp / seeks these answers within the context of Africa.<br /> &nbsp / </p>

Magister Legum - LLM / There is a growing interplay of competing realities facing the international community in the general areas of innovation, technological advancement and overall economic development. The highly industrialised wealthy nations, largely located on the Northern hemisphere are on the one hand undoubtedly at the forefront in global research, technology and infrastructure development. The developing and least developed countries on the other hand are mostly situated on the Southern hemisphere. They are not as wealthy or technologically advanced as their Northern counterparts, but are naturally endowed with unique variations of plant, animal and micro-organism species occurring in natural ecosystems, as well as the traditional knowledge on how to use these unique species. This knowledge has been adjudged to be responsible for the sustainable maintenance of the earth biodiversity. Increasing exploitation of biodiversity spurred on by the competing realities identified above, has left the earth in a present state of alarm with respect to the uncontrolled loss of biodiversity. The traditional knowledge of local peoples has significantly offered leads to research institutes from the North in developing major advancements in drugs, cosmetics and agriculture. Little or no compensation has however been seen to go back to the indigenous communities and countries that provide resources, and indicate various possibilities through their traditional knowledge to the use of such resources. Efforts by some biodiversity rich countries to ddress this trend through legislation developed in accordance with the principles of the Convention on Biological Diversity have been frustrated due to the inability to enforce their domestic laws outside their borders. Theft of genetic resources and its associated traditional knowledge from such countries has therefore remained a major challenge. Against this backdrop, and on the insistence of biodiversity-rich developing countries, an international regime on access and benefit sharing was negotiated and its final text adopted in 2010. This international regime is as contained in the Nagoya Protocol. This research sets out to examine whether the Nagoya Protocol offers a final solution to the protection of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity in biodiverse countries. It further examines the importance of domestic legislation in achieving the objectives of the Protocol. The research has been tailored to African biodiverse countries, and seeks these answers within the context of Africa. / South Africa

不論是反全球化或是支持全球化，我們都無法否認，全球化已經是一個現在進行式。另外一個與全球化一樣逐步成長的乃是市場經濟體制，市場經濟體制植基於開放競爭有助於資源合理分配的觀念，而全球化則擴大了資源分配的範圍。然而，全球化和市場經濟體制的發達，貿易壁壘的消除，也帶動跨國界限制競爭活動的發展，反托拉斯不再是單純的國內問題，而是國際問題。 國際反托拉斯所帶來的問題大致可分為下述兩種，一是阻礙國際貿易的發展，二是因為各國不同的反托拉斯標準造成國際緊張以及企業成本。第一類問題可以細分為下述幾種情況：1. 國際卡特爾破壞市場競爭機制以及消費者福祉； 2. 跨國公司在全球濫用獨占力，影響國際競爭秩序和消費者福祉；3. 競爭法的缺乏以及競爭法的不力執行構成市場進入障礙。第二類問題亦可以細分為下屬幾種情況：1. 國際合併的多國標準造成企業的額外成本，不利國際合併之進行，並造成國際緊張；2. 國與國間產業政策以及競爭政策的衝突。 面對上述這些跨國性的反托拉斯問題，各界紛紛提出競爭法調和的呼籲，此議題近來在各國際組織也漸獲重視。事實上為了處理國外限制競爭行為對國內所產生的影響，以保護本國利益，國內法方面已有所謂的「域外適用（extraterritorial application）」對策產生。但是競爭法的域外適用並無法全然解決現時國際限制競爭行為所帶來的問題，反而還帶來了新的問題，並造成國際緊張。為了在國際案件有效執行反托拉斯法，不論是在卡特爾案件或是獨占力濫用案件，各國競爭法主管機關互相合作與協調都是不可或缺的。至於將競爭法提升至國際法層次，避免國家以非關稅措施破壞自由貿易制度，似乎也有需要。 本文目的在於藉著對競爭法調和現況的瞭解和其成就之分析來尋求目前全球化時代，貿易自由化時代下跨國限制競爭問題的解決之道。 全文一共分為六章，第一章為緒論，為本論文做出開端，闡明全球化時代國際競爭秩序的問題，並提出研究範圍與目的。 第二章研究關於國際競爭秩序的雙邊條約，著眼於美國和歐盟，澳洲和紐西蘭，以及我國和世界各國所訂立的條約。討論範圍為該些雙邊關係所建立之合作內容，其具體成效，成功失敗之因素，以及可供世界各國借鏡之處。台灣部分則著眼於我國目前現狀之檢討，和未來走向之研究。 第三章為從事競爭法調和的區域性國際組織，研究範圍包括歐盟、APEC以及NAFTA。其中APEC所從事的活動較近於政策性的調和，屬於競爭政策的宣導；NAFTA則進一步具有競爭法的實體規範；歐盟不但具有實體規範，並具有一套全球獨步的競爭法執行架構。 第四章為國際組織，將討論UN, WTO和OECD在國際競爭法的發展。UN基本上雖為政治組織，但是對於競爭議題也相當重視；WTO部分則將討論目前競爭議題在WTO體系的進展，並進一步討論WTO進行國際競爭法調和工作的可行性和不可行性；OECD對於競爭議題也一直相當重視，本文將探討OECD在競爭議題方面的研究成果。 第五章為全球性的競爭法規範，討論的範圍有UNCTAD所提出的「管制限制性商業行為的一套多邊協議的公平原則和規則（Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices）」以及DIAC。這兩套全球性的競爭法不但都具有實體規範也都提出一套制度性規範，雖然兩者都未能成為具有拘束力的國際競爭法，但是其所提出的實體規範內容和架構設計仍值得我們做進一步的研究。「管制限制性商業行為的一套多邊協議的公平原則和規則」本身是以聯大決議的形式呈現，因此在某一角度而言，「管制限制性商業行為的一套多邊協議的公平原則和規則」並未失敗，然而DIAC原本乃是預定成為WTO的附件之一，唯最後這樣的理想並未實現，因此我們有必要去問，DIAC的失敗因素為何？是基於其實體內容的設計問題，或是制度面的設計問題？或者是因為其他的外在因素？ 最後，在第六章的結論，本文將試圖分析各種競爭法調和方式的利弊得失，並且提出建議。 / Some people oppose globalization, while others support globalization. However, it is undeniable that globalization is an on-going trend. Another on-going trend is market-oriented economy structure. The structure of market-oriented economy bases on the theory that competition contributes to reasonable allocation of resource. On the other hand, globalization expands the scope of the allocation of resources. However, the proliferation of globalization and the structure of market-oriented economy and the elimination of trade barriers also promote the development of transnational anticompetitive activities. Antitrust is no more a pure domestic issue, it is also an international issue nowadays. International antitrust problems could be divided into two parts. First, the international antitrust activities hinder the development of international trade. Second, different antitrust standards of each country cause international tense situation and increase enterprises’ cost. First situation contains following aspects: 1. International cartels ruin market competition system and welfare of consumers. 2. Transnational companies abuse their dominant power all globally and affect international competition order and consumers’ welfare. 3. Absence of competition law and unenforcement of it constitute market entrance obstacles. Second situation also contains following aspects: 1.Different standards of international mergers bring many results, such as increasing enterprises’ extra cost, hindering the proceedings of international mergers, and causing international tensions. 2. The conflict between industry policy and competition policy of countries. Facing those transnational antitrust problems, the issue of the harmonization of competition law has been raised. This issue is drawing more and more attention in several international organizations day by day. In fact, to deal with the domestic effect of abroad anticompetitive activities to protect national interest, the theory “extraterritorial application” of domestic law has been raised. However, the extraterritorial application of domestic law is unable to solve all the problems that the international anticompetitive activities have brought. Furthermore, it has also made new problems and caused international tensions. To enforce antitrust law effectively in international cases, cooperation and coordination between national competition agencies are unavoidable. In addition, bringing antitrust law up to international law level and avoiding nations ruin free trade system by non-tariff strategy seem also be needed. The main purpose of this essay is to understand and analysis the current situation of the harmonization of competition law and to find out the solution of transnational competition problems in the era of globalization and the era of free-trade. This essay has been divided into 6 chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, which illustrates the international competition problems in the era of globalization and brings out the studying scope and purpose of this essay. The second chapter talks about international competition bilateral treaties between U.S. and E.U., Australia and New Zealand, Taiwan and other countries. The discussing scope contains the cooperation content which was set up by the bilateral treaty, its concrete result, and the reasons of its failure or success. As for Taiwan, this essay focuses on the review of its current situation and where its future is. The third chapter talks about regional international organizations which involve in the harmonization of competition law, such as E.U., APEC and NAFTA. APEC’s activities are more closer to the harmonization of policies, which promote competition activities. NAFTA has substantial competition regulations. E.U. not only has substantial regulations but also has the first set of enforcement system of international competition law in the world. The forth chapter is international organization, which talks about the development of international competition law in U.N., WTO and OECD. Although basically U.N. is a political organization, it also highly emphasizes competition issues. In addition, this chapter talks about the development of competition issues in the WTO system and the possibilities of promoting the harmonization of international competition law in WTO. Additionally, OECD also emphasizes competition issues very much. This chapter also talks about the study result of OECD in the competition issues. The fifth chapter is the global competition regulations, which contains “Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices” of UNCTAD and “ Draft International Antitrust Code”. Both of the global competition laws contain substantial regulations and the design of enforcement systems. Although both of them ended up in unrestrictive regulations, they also deserve further research. “Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices” was brought out with the form of UN General Assembly Resolution, but it is successful in some aspect. DIAC was meant to be an Annex of WTO originally. However this idea was not realized at the end. Why DIAC failed? Was it because of the design of its substantial content or the design of the enforcement structure or other outside factors? At last, this essay will analysis the shortages and advantages of all kinds of the harmonization of competition law and bring out recommendations in the conclusion of chapter 6.

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