Aunque el Perú se ha constituido históricamente como un país centralista y criollo, la historia literaria peruana no puede ser entendida como un sistema literario único y homogéneo. Hacerlo trae como consecuencia que las manifestaciones literarias de las provincias del país y de las regiones periféricas (como la Amazonía) se encuentren postergadas o relegadas de la literatura peruana oficial, cuyo centro de difusión cultural es la ciudad de Lima. En este trabajo voy a analizar las manifestaciones de un tipo particular de poesía social que se escribe desde el sistema literario de Iquitos en la región amazónica. Los representantes más significativos de esta poesía mítico-social son los integrantes del grupo Urcututu (fundado en 1979), quienes, además de establecer programáticamente la escritura de este tipo de poesía, identifican una tradición poética dentro de la región amazónica cuyos hitos más importantes son los poetas mestizos del tardío romanticismo de fines del siglo XIX y la poesía comprometida de Germán Lequerica (Iquitos, 1932-2002), en particular su poemario La búsqueda del alba (1959). Mi hipótesis es que este tipo de poesía social practicado por el grupo Urcututu tiene las siguientes características: la construcción de una tradición mítica y de una sensibilidad mágica (el universo indígena amazónico como matriz cultural) y el compromiso político con la realidad socio-económica (las consecuencias de los ciclos de economía extractiva en la sociedad loretana). A partir de este sustrato mítico y este compromiso político, la poesía social de Iquitos practicada por el grupo Ucututu se diferencia de una serie de valores considerados alienantes: la precaria urbanización y modernización de Iquitos, basada en un capitalismo extractivo. En esta historia de la poesía social en Iquitos, he identificado tres hitos o momentos de innovación significativa en el proceso de la lírica loretana. El primer hito son los poetas mestizos del tardío romanticismo, con quienes surge una consciencia de la singularidad de la región amazónica a partir del elogio del paisaje. El segundo hito es la poesía moderna y el compromiso social de Germán Lequerica, quien con La búsqueda del alba (1957) asimila la influencia de César Vallejo para articular una poesía de denuncia social y de reivindicación regional. El tercero hito es el grupo Urcututu y la búsqueda de una voz auténticamente amazónica desde lo mítico-social; el grupo Urcututu posee una consciencia histórica que le permite formular de manera programática su propia versión de la tradición literaria amazónica en la que se insertan. En los poemarios de algunos de sus integrantes, como Carlos Reyes Ramírez (Requena, Loreto, 1962) y Ana Varela Tafur (Iquitos, 1963), se observa la consolidación de un tipo de poesía social de caracteres originales: la recuperación de una tradición mítica amazónica y el propósito de intervención política y de denuncia social. A partir de su poesía, estos autores buscan enfrentar al lector con la realidad social de la Amazonía a partir de una voz en la que, para denunciar la violencia y la opresión en Iquitos, es necesario apelar a una sensibilidad mítico-mágica. / Tesis

<p dir="ltr">For several decades, the ecological dominance of white oak (<i>Quercus alba</i>) has been declining throughout the species’ native range in eastern North America with failure to recruit new individuals into the overstory. White oak’s decline is concerning as the species is of great cultural, ecological, and economic value. Planting artificial regeneration is one approach to bolstering flagging natural white oak regeneration insufficient in vigor or quantity to supplant mature canopy white oak. Shelterwood harvests and artificial regeneration alone or in combination are frequently suggested to be an effective means of securing sufficient white oak regeneration in central hardwood understories. Because there is a much more comprehensive body of work examining northern red oak (<i>Quercus rubra</i>) than white oak artificial regeneration, managerial prescriptions for artificial regeneration of white oak are commonly generalized from northern red oak prescriptions. If the two species are silvically different, however, they should be managed differently to achieve maximum effectiveness of regenerative prescriptions.</p><p><br></p><p dir="ltr">I conducted both a silvicultural field trial and a more controlled shade and competition study to examine artificial white oak regeneration responses to light and competition gradients. In the silvicultural field trial, I tested the impacts of varied lengths of competition control, geographical seed source, and canopy cover on growth and survival of artificial white oak regeneration within an expanding shelterwood system. After three growing seasons, my results indicated that seedlings grow and survive at the greatest rates in areas of up to approximately 50% canopy closure, or conditions found in harvest gaps.</p><p dir="ltr">In a shade and competition study, I compared artificial northern red oak and white oak growth, morphology, and physiology responses to three light levels (10% or low, 30% or medium, and full sun or high) under the presence or absence of an invasive competitor (Amur honeysuckle (<i>Lonicera maackii</i>)). After two years, my results indicated that medium light levels resulted in the greatest height and diameter growth as well as the greatest nonstructural carbohydrate amounts in both root and shoot organs of both species. Interestingly, my physiology results indicated that northern red oak seedlings displayed lower light compensation points and greater quantum yields than white oak seedlings. These traits potentially indicate greater shade tolerance of northern red oak than white oak. Further, white oak foliar nitrogen in shaded treatments, quantum yield, and light compensation points were impacted more severely by competition than equivalent northern red oak measures, indicating that white oak seedlings may not be as well equipped to handle invasive competition pressures. These results indicate that these two upland oak species are fundamentally different, and these differences should be considered when writing management prescriptions.</p>

Le phénomène naturel d’érosion des berges peut menacer des infrastructures humaines. Des protections végétales peuvent être installées afin de mimer les dynamiques de végétation et armer la berge grâce aux racines. Cependant, les changements climatiques globaux sont susceptibles d’entraîner et d’aggraver les sécheresses, ce qui va stresser les végétaux présents et compromettre la bonne réussite des ouvrages de génie végétal. La principale question est donc « Quelles sont les caractéristiques biotechniques et les facultés d’acclimatation à la sécheresse de boutures de Salicaceae et Tamaricaceae, espèces utilisées ou potentiellement utilisables en génie végétal ? ». L’étude de différentes populations d’espèces classiquement utilisées que sont les saules démontre une résistance à la sécheresse plus efficace des populations méridionales tandis que les productions de biomasses restent plus élevées chez les populations septentrionales. L’étude des traits biotechniques et du comportement racinaire d’espèces potentielles appartenant aux Tamaricaceae (Tamarix gallica et Myricaria germanica) montre un taux élevé de reprise au bouturage, une forte production de biomasses et une stratégie de prospection racinaire différente des saules, ce qui leur confère une résistance à la sécheresse accrue. Ceci confirme une utilisation possible de ces espèces dans des ouvrages de génie végétal soumis à sécheresse. / The natural phenomenon of riverbank erosion can threaten human stakes. Vegetative bioengineering protections can be installed to imitate the vegetation dynamics and anchor the soil bank thanks to roots. However, global climate change could induce and increase droughts, what is going to stress plants and to compromise the bioengineering works success. The main question is thus " what are the biotechnical capabilities and the drought acclimatization faculties of cuttings of Salicaceae and Tamaricaceae, species used or potentially useful in bioengineering? ". The study of different populations of species such as willows demonstrates a more effective drought resistance of the Southern populations whereas the biomass productions remain higher with the Northern populations. The study of the biotechnical traits and the root behavior potentially useful species such as Tamaricaceae (Tamarix gallica and Myricaria germanica) show a high resprouting rate, a high biomass production and a prospecting root strategy different from willows. This results confer them a better drought resistance. This confirms a possible use of these species in vegetative bioengineering works subjected to drought.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:20:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3280.pdf: 5102569 bytes, checksum: f511b08e43998ea79e0f9b0ac5ed969b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-06 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Population genetic parameters and genetic relatedness estimates were carried out for Roseate Spoonbill (Platalea ajaja), Wood Stork (Mycteria americana) and Great Egret (Ardea alba egretta) reproductive colonies in Amapa, Pantanal and Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. Microsatellite genotypes were used to investigate kinship patterns between nestlings sampled inside the same nests, using a variety of analytical approaches. Unrelated nestling-pairs were observed in Roseate Spoonbill nests (6.12% of analyzed nests) and in Wood Stork nests (11.34%); half-siblings were present in Roseate Spoonbill nests as well (1.36%). Only full-siblings were detected inside Great Egret nests. Conspecific brood parasitism (CBP) and extra-pair paternity were proposed to account for the presence of unrelated nestmates and half-siblings, respectively, in Roseate Spoonbill and Wood Stork nests. Those results suggest the occurrence of a mating system different than genetic monogamy in natural populations of those waterbirds. Genetic relatedness was also investigated for adults and offspring, as well as for supposed siblings in Roseate Spoonbill families kept in three zoological facilities in the U.S. Paternity and maternity allocation analyses through maximum-likelihood revealed that errors were present in zoo&#8223;s studbooks in relation to the familial records. We also identified mating between related individuals that were not detected previously by zookeepers. Population genetic parameters were also estimated and demographic processes were assessed for Great Egret reproductive colonies in the Pantanal and Rio Grande do Su, Brazil. Bayesian clustering analyses, assignment tests, analysis of molecular variance, F-statistics estimates, allelic frequency distribution and the G-W index revealed that: i) Pantanal reproductive colonies are genetically differentiated from Rio Grande do Sul colonies; ii) an IBD-like pattern alone cannot explain that differentiation; and iii) genetic signal of a reduction of population size was present for two colonies in the Pantanal and one in Rio Grande do Sul. Results were discussed considering a metapopulation dynamic and also considering that populations from both Brazilian regions represent distinct units and deserve to be treated separately when planning and carrying out conservation and management programs that aim to preserve the species&#8223; genetic diversity. / Estudos de genética de populações e de parentesco genético foram desenvolvidos em colhereiro (Platalea ajaja), cabeça-seca (Mycteria americana) e garça-branca-grande (Ardea alba egretta), de colônias reprodutivas do Amapá, Pantanal e Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brasil. Genótipos em locos de microssatélites foram utilizados para se investigar os padrões de relacionamento entre ninhegos amostrados dentro dos mesmos ninhos com diferentes metodologias de análise. Pares de ninhegos não-relacionados foram encontrados nos ninhos de colhereiro (6,12% dos pares analisados) e de cabeça-seca (11,34%); meio-irmãos foram observados nos ninhos de colhereiro (1,36%). Em garça branca grande foi detectada apenas a presença de irmãos-completos dentro dos ninhos. Parasitismo de ninho intraespecífico e paternidade extra-par podem explicar a presença de ninhegos não-relacionados e meio-irmãos nos ninhos de colhereiro e cabeça-seca, o que indica a presença de um sistema de acasalamento diferente da monogamia genética nas populações naturais dessas espécies. Relações de parentesco entre adultos e filhotes e entre supostos irmãos foram determinadas em famílias de colhereiro de três zoológicos dos EUA. Análises de atribuição de maternidade e paternidade por máxima verossimilhança revelaram erros nos registros dos zoológicos quanto às relações progenitor-progênie e identificaram acasalamentos entre indivíduos aparentados que não tinham sido registrados. Parâmetros genético-populacionais e processos demográficos foram investigados em populações de garça-branca-grande do Pantanal e do Rio Grande do Sul. Análises Bayesianas, testes de alocação de indivíduos, análises de variância molecular, estimativa de estatísticas F, exame da distribuição das freqüências alélicas e cálculo do índice de G-W permitiram identificar que: i) há diferenciação genética significativa entre colônias reprodutivas do Pantanal e do Rio Grande do Sul; ii) o padrão de isolamento pela distância não explica essa diferenciação; e iii) duas populações no Pantanal e uma população no RS apresentaram sinais genéticos de redução demográfica. Os resultados foram discutidos considerando que as populações de garça-branca-grande localizadas no Pantanal e no Rio Grande do Sul são unidades populacionais independentes e devem se tratar separadamente no planejamento e desenvolvimento de programas de manejo para a conservação da diversidade genética total da espécie.

La lutte contre les rongeurs est souvent un enjeu majeur dans les agroécosystèmes. Nous avons conduit une étude comparative dans des plantations de palmiers à huile dans les provinces de Riau et de Bangka en Indonésie. Dans les deux zones, des chouettes ont été introduites pour la lutte contre les rats ; toutefois, à Riau les rats sont maintenus à des niveaux de population acceptables sans recours au raticide, tandis qu’à Bangka les dégâts des rats sont très importants et l’usage de raticide intensif. Nous avons comparé ce deux systèmes en terme d’abondance et/ou de régime alimentaire de deux prédateurs, chouettes et petits carnivores. D’après nos résultats, les petits carnivores sont beaucoup plus abondants dans les plantations à Riau qu’à Bangka, et le chat léopard (Prionailurus bengalensis) est absent à Bangka tandis que cette espèce domine à Riau. Nos résultats suggèrent également que la prédation sur les rats par les chouettes et les petits carnivores serait moindre à Bangka qu’à Riau. D’une manière générale, cette étude confirme l’hypothèse selon laquelle les petits carnivores, notamment les chats léopard, joueraient un rôle important dans la lutte contre les rats en palmeraies. Par ailleurs, nous avons analysé la distribution spatiale des petits carnivores en plantation. Nos résultats suggèrent que, bien que l’habitat palmeraie soit largement utilisé la nuit par certains petits carnivores comme le chat leopard, qui y trouve une abondante ressource alimentaire, la plupart des espèces sont dépendantes de la forêt. Les gestionnaires des palmeraies devraient adapter leurs pratiques, afin de favoriser les petits carnivores dans une perspective de lutte contre les rats. / Rodent pest control is often a major issue in agroecosystems. We conducted a 3-year comparative study (2010-2012) in oil palm plantations in Riau and Bangka provinces, in Indonesia: in both areas barn owls have been introduced for rat control, and were at least as abundant in Bangka plantations than in Riau, but in Riau rat populations have been maintained at an acceptable level without the use of rodenticide, whereas in Bangka intensive rodenticide applications did not prevent high levels of rat damage. We compared these two contrasting systems in terms of predator community (barn owls and small carnivores) abundance and/or diet. We found that small carnivores were much more abundant in Riau plantations than in Bangka, and that the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) was the dominant species in Riau while absent from Bangka. Our results on diet suggested that rat prey intake from barn owls and from the small carnivore community would be less in Bangka plantations than in Riau. Broadly, our results suggest that small carnivores, notably the leopard cat, play an important role in rodent control. In addition, we investigated spatial distribution of small carnivores within the oil palm habitat. Our results support the hypothesis that, although the oil palm may be habitable for some small carnivore species such as the leopard cat, where they supposedly forage at night, most species still need forest for their survival in oil palm landscapes. Oil palm plantations managers should adapt agricultural practices and land-use to enhance small carnivores, with the view to improve rodent control.

Seedlings of tropical forest species show an extraordinary morphological diversity. Tabebuia and Handrohantiis, belong the Bignoniaceae, are classify in Tecomeae tribe. This study aimed to verify the morphological differences between these two genera from the analysis of fruits, seeds and seedlings of Handroanthus ochraceus (Cham.) Mattos ssp. ochraceus, Handroanthus serratifolius (Vahl) S. Grose, Tabebuia insignis (Miq.) Sandwith ssp. insignis e Tabebuia roseo-alba (Ridl.) Sandwith to subsidize taxonomic decisions inherent in these taxa, and indicate relevant characteristics to recognize these species in the field when, still in the seedling stage, during the evaluations of natural regeneration, allowing the practical application in ecological studies, in the management and flora conservation. Handroanthus ochraceus (Cham.) Mattos ssp. ochraceus presented persistent cup fruit, many trichomes surface, velvety looks, seeds with dark brown line, going from the base to the center, cotyledons creams, reticulated nervation and valve prefoliation eophyll; while Handroanthus serratifolius (Vahl) S. Grose don't presented without persistent cup fruit, glabrous surface, almost black dividing line seeds, from the base to the apex, green cotyledons, craspedodromous nervation and conduplicate prefoliation eophyll. Tabebuia insignis (Miq.) Sandwith ssp. insignis presented fruit with the outer surfaces of the pericarp with trichomes, dehiscence with not twisted valves, ovate seeds with hilum, creams cotyledons, seedlings with petioles of eophylls with trichomes; while Tabebuia roseo-alba (Ridl.) Sandwith presented fruit with the outer surfaces of the pericarp glabrous, dehiscence with twisting revolut valve, seeds with hilum in "v" form and browns cotyledons, seedlings petioles of eophylls glabrous. This study has differentiated Handroanthus of Tabebuia through some morphological characters, but there is need to study other species to confirm whether the characters described in this study are still in genera described. / As plântulas de espécies florestais tropicais demonstram uma extraordinária diversidade morfológica. Os gêneros Tabebuia e Handroanthus, pertencentes à Bignoniaceae, estão classificados na tribo Tecomeae. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar as diferenças morfológicas existentes entre esses dois gêneros a partir da análise dos frutos, sementes e plântulas de Handroanthus ochraceus (Cham.) Mattos ssp. ochraceus, Handroanthus serratifolius (Vahl) S. Grose, Tabebuia insignis (Miq.) Sandwith ssp. insignis e Tabebuia roseo-alba (Ridl.) Sandwith a fim de subsidiar decisões taxonômicas inerentes a esses táxons, além de indicar características relevantes para reconhecer estas espécies no campo quando, ainda em estágio de plântula, durante as avaliações de regeneração natural, permitindo a aplicação prática em estudos ecológicos, no manejo e conservação da flora. Handroanthus ochraceus (Cham.) Mattos ssp. ochraceus apresentou fruto com cálice persistente, superfície com muitos tricomas, com aparência aveludada, sementes com linha divisória castanho escura, indo da base ao centro, cotilédones cremes, eofilos com nervação reticulada e prefolheação valvar; enquanto que Handroanthus serratifolius (Vahl) S. Grose apresentou fruto sem cálice persistente, superfície glabra, sementes com linha divisória quase negra, indo da base ao ápice, cotilédones verdes, eofilos com nervação craspedódroma e prefolheação conduplicada. Tabebuia insignis (Miq.) Sandwith ssp. insignis apresentou fruto com superfície externa do pericarpo com tricomas, deiscência com valvas não torcidas, sementes com hilo oval, cotilédones cremes, plântulas com pecíolos dos eofilos com tricomas; enquanto que Tabebuia roseo-alba (Ridl.) Sandwith apresentou fruto com superfície externa do pericarpo glabra, deiscência com torção revoluta das valvas, sementes com hilo em forma de "v" , cotilédones castanhos, plântulas com pecíolos dos eofilos glabros. Este estudo possibilitou diferenciar Handroanthus de Tabebuia através de alguns caracteres morfológicos, porém, há a necessidade de se estudar outras espécies a fim de confirmar se os caracteres descritos neste trabalho se mantêm nos gêneros descritos.

In this thesis, the main male characters in three of the plays written by Federico Garc&#237;a Lorca are analysed with the aim of seeingthe role they play in the frustration of desire. After two chapters dedicated to a review of published critical studies on Lorca and tocertain theoretical considerations, Chapter Three examines desire drawing on Ubersfeld&apos;s actancial model and observes that thesemale characters can be divided into two groups: those who are desired and those who are undesired.In Chapter Four this classification is linked to an analysis of absence, prohibition and lack. Absence is here defined not asrelated to their non-appearance on stage but rather to their non-presence in the lives of the desiring female protagonists. It isobserved that a number of male characters are absent in the plays mainly due to death or a journey. As far as prohibition isconcerned, in two of the works, there is a moral code associated with concepts such as &quot;honour&quot; and &quot;decency&quot;, which blocks thefemale characters&apos; access to the males they desire. Chapter Four also shows how several characters can be considered as lacking inthe sense that they do not possess the ideal male qualities contained in the plays. This chapter reaches the conclusion that desiredmale characters are either absent or forbidden in the world of the desiring female, whereas undesired male characters are lacking inthe sense that they fail to live up to the ideal highlighted in the plays.Chapter Five analyses the female characters&apos; perception of the male figures, making use of Ren&#233; Girard&apos;s notion of&quot;transfiguration&quot;, which alludes to a process of idealisation of the object of desire. Our analysis reveals a connection betweendesire, denied access to the object of desire and transfiguration in the main subjects of desire. The phenomenon of &quot;transfiguration&quot;has several functions in the play: firstly, the creation of hyperbolical male characters; secondly, that of transmitting the intensity ofthe desire experienced and, finally, the highlighting of the lack of certain qualities in several male characters.We thus observe that, in these three plays written by Garc&#237;a Lorca, Girard&apos;s pessimistic view of desire is confirmed, since desireneeds a series of obstacles, such as absence or prohibition, to survive. However, this is not the only explanation for the frustrationof desire: other factors, like the actions of certain male characters or destiny, also play a decisive role.

Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The methodology developed in the present work, through chromatographic fingerprint by LC-DAD and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), was adequate for the chemical differentiation of Lippia alba (Mill) NE Brown accessions, considering the extraction method (infusion and maceration hydroalcoholic) and the collection season (summer and winter), allowing to evaluate the influence of these variables on the chemical composition of extracts obtained. In addition, all extracts were submitted to cytotoxic tests against two tumor cell lines, HL-60 (human leukemia) and HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma), and to inhibition tests against the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in order to evaluate the form of extraction and which access is the most promising from a pharmacological point of view. Among the extracts analyzed against tumor cells, eight of them, two from the infusion: 01IW and 02IW and six from the hydroalcoholic extraction: 02HW, 24HW, 39HW, 54HW, 01HS and 24HS, presented better cell inhibition performances against HL-60, with percentage of inhibition between 40.0 and 52.0%, suggesting that these extracts are potentially promising against this lineage. With respect to the anticholinesterase tests, all extracts studied had low AChE inhibitory effect when compared to galantamine (87.4%), highlighting only the samples 01HW (28.4%), 02HW (27.2%), 54HW (29.3%), 01HS (32.7%), 02HS (27.4%) and 24HS (30.3%). Through the analyzes performed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) it was possible to identify the structures of some compounds isolated from this species: flavone tricin and phenylpropanoid verbascoside/isoverbascoside. In addition, the classes of three other metabolites were proposed: two phenylpropanoid derivatives and one flavonoid diglucoside. / A metodologia desenvolvida no presente trabalho, utilizando fingerprint cromatográfico por CL-DAD e Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA), se mostrou adequado para a diferenciação química de acessos de Lippia alba (Mill) N. E. Brown, considerando o método de extração (infusão e maceração hidroalcoólica) e a época de coleta (verão e inverno), permitindo, ainda, avaliar a influência destas variáveis na composição química dos extratos obtidos. Adicionalmente, todos os extratos foram submetidos a testes citotóxicos frente a duas linhagens de células tumorais, HL-60 (leucemia humana) e HepG2 (carcinoma hepatocelular humano), e de inibição enzimática frente a acetilcolinesterase (AChE) com o intuito de avaliar qual a forma de extração e qual acesso é o mais promissor do ponto de vista farmacológico. Entre todos os extratos analisados frente as células tumorais, dois provenientes da infusão: 01II e 02II e seis da extração hidroalcoólica: 02HI, 24HI, 39HI, 54HI, 01HV e 24HV, apresentaram melhores desempenhos de inibição frente a HL-60, com percentual de inibição entre 40,0 e 52,0%, sugerindo que estes extratos são potencialmente promissores contra esta linhagem. Com relação aos testes anticolinesterásicos, todos os extratos estudados apresentaram baixo efeito inibidor da AChE quando comparados a galantamina (87,4%), com destaque para os extratos 01HI (28,4%), 02HI (27,2%), 54HI (29,3%), 01HV (32,7%), 02HV (27,4%) e 24HV (30,3%). Através das análises realizadas por Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) foi possível identificar as estruturas de alguns dos compostos isolados a partir desta espécie: a flavona tricina e o fenilpropanóide verbascosídeo/isoverbascosídeo. Além disso, foram propostas as classes de outros três metabólitos: dois derivados de fenilpropanóides e um flavonóide diglicosilado. / São Cristóvão, SE

Diplomová práce se zabývá integračními procesy v Latinské Americe s důrazem na období od začátku 90. let 20. století, kdy dochází k oživení integračních snah. Zkoumá souvislosti mezi ekonomickou, politickou a kulturní dimenzí integrace. Poukazuje na určitý posun v charakteru integrace od 90. let minulého století a také na některé nové trendy. V první části stanovuje východiska k problematice. V druhé části zkoumá integraci ze subregionálního hlediska. V třetí části se zabývá celoregionálními iniciativami. Práce rovněž naznačuje vliv USA na latinskoamerickou integraci.

To determine the ecotoxicity of analgetics, first the individual ecotoxicity values of individual analgetics are determined and then a mixture of two analgetics is tested. To determine the toxicity, both standard and alternative toxicity tests are used (daphnia magna, sinapsis alba, scenedesmus subspicatum, vibrio fischeri, thamnotoxkit FTM a daphnotoxkit FTM magna). The analgetics being whish tested are the commonly used medicines ibuprofen, ASA, diclofenac and paracetamol, which are the most frequently used medicines in the Czech Republic and whole Europe. To determine the ecotoxicity of the polymers, I‘m using an indirect method of examination, in which I determine the antagonistic or synergistic effects of the mixture of monomers from which the polymer is prepared and into which it slowly decomposes in nature. For the determination both standard and alternative toxicity tests are used. The polymers the toxicity of which is being determined are the habitually used polymer PET and the formaldehyde resine known as bakelite in Eastern Europe.