Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common, multifactorial disease that is characterized by focal degeneration of the smooth articular cartilage in any of the synovial joints. Although the underlying molecular mechanisms for OA are still not fully understood, epidemiological studies have evidenced a significant genetic component to OA susceptibility. Genome-wide linkage scans and large-scale association studies have had success in unraveling the genetic architecture underlying OA with the identification of a number of susceptibility genes. In this work, functional analyses are reported of OA associated polymorphisms within two susceptibility genes: BMP5 and GDF5, both members of the TGF-β superfamily of secreted proteins. The extent of differential allelic expression (DAE) of BMP5 in human mesenchymal tissues was first examined with significant differences in BMP5 allelic output observed (allelic ratios exceeding 4:1 in the tissues of some donors). Significant variability in allelic expression within the different tissues of donors was also observed, suggesting that polymorphism in cis-regulation of BMP5 expression is common and that there is a considerable effect of tissue specific elements on BMP5 expression. DAE was then used as a phenotype to map tissue-specific cis-regulatory polymorphisms with the identification of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located downstream of BMP5 that was significantly associated with DAE as well as OA, suggesting that variability in cis-regulation of BMP5 is important in OA susceptibility. Moreover, the functional effect of a previously identified OA associated microsatellite within intron 1 of BMP5 was investigated using luciferase reporter assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) with significant differences observed both in the ability of various microsatellite alleles to modulate BMP5 promoter activity and to bind GATA-3 nuclear proteins, further suggesting a role for variability in BMP5 expression in OA susceptibility that may in part be due to altered GATA-3 binding. Finally, functional characterization of a previously reported OA associated SNP in the 5′ UTR of GDF5 is presented in which EMSAs show differential binding of nuclear factors between the two SNP alleles, strengthening the possible functional contribution of this SNP to OA susceptibility. Overall, this work demonstrates that polymorphism in cis-regulation is likely to play a role in OA susceptibility.

Nous avons voulu évaluer si les gènes CHE2, ATM et TP53, associés à un risque intermédiaire de cancer du sein, étaient soumis à une différence d'expression allélique (DEA). Nous avons étudié des lignées cellulaires lymphoblastiques (LCLs) dérivées de patientes à haut risque, négatives pour des mutations dans CRCA1 et BRCA2. Nous avons développé une méthode basée sur la "fusion haute-résolution" (High-resolution melting curve analysis, HRM) et l'utilisation d'une sonde d'hybridation fluorescente pour détecter de la DEA chez des individus hétérozygotes pour un SNP marqueur exonique. Cette méthode permet de corréler le signal fluorescent à la quantité relative des transcrits alléliques. Nous avons développé un outil d'analyse adapté aux besoins spécifiques de l'étude de la DEA par HRM. Dans nos échantillons, une DEA statistiquement significative a été identifiée pour le gène CHEK2, chez les porteurs de la mutation tronquante 1100delC. En revanche, en combinant les données du criblage mutationnel des gènes candidats et de l'étude de DEA, nous n'avons pas identifié de variant régulateur localisé en cis qui induirait de la DEA significative dans les gènes étudiés, dans le contexte de régulation transcriptionnelle propre aux LCLs proliférant librement. Nos résultats montrent que le HRM est une méthode sensible et précise pour mesurer de la DAE et qui peut être appliquée à d'autres tissus, mammaires ou sanguins. Ces derniers présentent un grand intérêt pour les études de criblage mutationnel à haut-débit cherchant à identifier des variants dysfonctionnels dans les régions régulatrices de gènes candidats. / We aimed to assess whether the breast-cancer intermediate-risk genes CHEK2, ATM ant TP53 were subject to differential allelic expression (DAE) in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from high-risk breast cancer patients for whom no mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 had been identified.We implemented an assay based on high-resolution melting curve analysis (HRM) of single labeled fluorescent probes to detect allelic expression imbalance. The method relies on the distinction of the two alleles of an exonic marker SNP in heterozygous individuals with a fluorescent signal correlated to the relative abundance of each transcript. We developed an analysis tool for HRM data processing, specifically dedicated to DAE assessment. In our series, we found evidence for DAE for CHEK2, in carriers of the truncating mutation 1100delC. When combining mutation-screening data and assessment of DAE, we did not identify functional regulatory variant located in cis of the studied genes that would lead to DAE, in the transcriptional regulatory milieu of freely proliferating LCLs. Our results support that HRM is a method with high sensitivity and accuracy that can be used for DAE assessment. This approach can be applied to study breast and blood tissue samples. The latter would be of great interest for high-throughput mutation screening projects aiming to identify dysfunctional regulatory variants in candidate genes.

Recent Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have identified a series of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)s that are associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). One of the SNPs, rs3851179 (G/A), is near the gene phosphatidylinositol-binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM). To evaluate whether this SNP is associated with PICALM expression, we quantified PICALM mRNA in 56 brain cDNA samples. Using linear regression analysis, we analyzed PICALM expression relative to rs3851179, AD status, and cell type specific markers. An association was detected between rs3851179 and PICALM, microvessel mRNA, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) mRNA, and synaptophysin (SYN) mRNA. To gain clarity into other possible SNP mechanisms, we searched brain cDNA for PICALM splice variants. We identified several PICALM splice variants involving exons 13-19. To identify and gain an estimation of relative abundance of splice variants, we PCR-amplified across exons 13-20 in cDNA from six individuals, three rs3851179 GG individuals and three rs3851179 AA individuals. Sequencing the cloned isoforms we found that PICALM lacking exon 13 (delta 13) is the most abundant isoform. Other isoforms detected included deletion of exon 18-19. We targeted the latter part of the gene, exon 17-20, to investigate unequal allelic expression using next generation sequencing. Individuals heterozygous for rs76719109 (n= 35), located in exon 17, were used to study the abundance of G/T allele in cDNA and genomic DNA. When we analyzed the T:G allelic ratio, the variant lacking exons 18 and 19 showed unequal allelic expression (p-value < 0.001) in a subset of individuals. One individual was an outlier, showing overall unequal allelic expression, which maybe be harboring a rare mutation capable of modifying PICALM expression. The PICALM intronic SNP rs588076 was associated with delta 18-19 isoform splicing (p-value < 0.001). In conclusion, this study gained a greater insight into the role of AD genetics in PICALM expression and splicing.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:21:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4293.pdf: 642637 bytes, checksum: 6b7a62fa5cf6f1f58e418c8414593c06 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-29 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Tenderness is the main trait appreciated by consumers of bovine meat, however Nellore animals that comprise the largest part of Brazilian cattle, have lower tenderness when compared with European animals. In this way, it is essential understand the variability of genes associated to tenderness as well as their mechanisms of allelic expression, considering that deviations of expression depending on the parental origin of the allele have been described for some genes, and these phenomena must be understood to be incorporated in animal breeding programs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the variability of SNPs in candidate genes for tenderness and investigate the expression pattern of their alleles. For this purpose, genotypes of SNPs in CAST, CAPN1, DGAT1, leptin, KCNJ11 and IGFBP3 genes were determined in 30 sires, in which the genes DGAT1, leptin and IGFBP3 were not polymorphic. After this, polymorphic SNPs in population of sires were genotyped in their offspring by TaqMan® assay in real time PCR, followed by allelic expression analysis. In the expression analysis, to discriminate each allele of the gene it was utilized one SNP, or two in the case of KCNJ11. All genes presented biallelic expression in adult muscular tissue. However, with exception of CAPN1 for which the allelic expression difference was not significant, the allelic expression ratio was significantly different of 1 for SNP of CAST (1.3±0.03) and the two SNPs of KCNJ11 SNP 2126T>C (1.2±0.04) and SNP 2942C>T (1.46±0.04). Differential allelic expression (DAE) found in SNP 2126T>C of KCNJ11 and in CAST were not influenced by parental origin of allele, but the differences in allelic expression for SNP 2942C>T of gene KCNJ11 showed parental origin effect and influence by genotype of the other SNP of KCNJ11. It was conclude that the CAST, CAPN1 and KCNJ11 are polymorphic in this population, they are not imprinted, but CAST and KCNJ11 showed differential allelic expression. / A maciez é o principal atributo apreciado pelos consumidores da carne bovina, no entanto, animais da raça Nelore, que compõem a maior parte do rebanho brasileiro, apresentam carne menos macia, quando comparados a animais de origem europeia. Assim, é fundamental compreender a variabilidade de genes associados à maciez além de seus mecanismos de expressão alélica, já que desvios da expressão em função da origem parental do alelo têm sido descritos para alguns genes e tais fenômenos precisam ser compreendidos para serem incorporados nos programas de melhoramento animal. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variabilidade de SNPs contidos em genes candidatos a influenciar a maciez da carne e compreender o padrão de expressão de seus alelos. Para isso, os genótipos para SNPs contidos nos genes CAST, CAPN1, DGAT1, leptina, KCNJ11 e IGFBP3 foram determinados em uma população de 30 touros, nos quais os genes DGAT1, leptina e IGFBP3 não se mostraram polimórficos. Os SNPs polimórficos na população de touros foram então genotipados na progênie, por ensaio TaqMan® em PCR em tempo real, seguida da avaliação da expressão alélica dos mesmos. Na análise de expressão utilizou-se um SNP para discriminar cada alelo do gene, ou dois SNPs, no caso do KCNJ11. O padrão de expressão de todos os genes foi bialélico no tecido muscular adulto. Entretanto, com exceção do CAPN1, para o qual a diferença de expressão alélica não foi significativa, as razões de expressão alélica foram significativamente diferentes de 1 para os genes CAST (1,3±0,03) e os dois SNPs analisados do KCNJ11 SNP 2126T>C (1,2±0,04) e SNP 2942C>T (1,46±0,04). A expressão alélica diferencial (EAD) encontrada no SNP 2126T>C do KCNJ11 e no CAST não foram influenciadas pela origem parental do alelo, mas a diferença de expressão alélica no SNP 2942C>T do gene KCNJ11 apresentou efeito de origem parental, além da influencia do genótipo do outro SNP do KCNJ11. Concluiu-se então que os genes CAST, CAPN1 e KCNJ11 são polimórficos na população, não são imprinted, mas os genes CAST e KCNJ11 apresentam expressão alélica diferencial.

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