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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Purification and characterization of an alpha galactosidase from ruminococcus gnavus ; enzymatic conversion of type B to H antigen on erythrocyte membranes /

Hata, D. Jane, January 2002 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 2002. / "May 2002." Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 237-245).
2

Investigating the structure, function and regulation of Ruminococcus gnavus E1 [alpha]-galactosidases

Cervera -Tison, Marine 22 November 2011 (has links)
Ruminococcus gnavus E1 appartient au groupe des Firmicutes, l’un des deux groupes dominants du microbiote intestinal humain. Les a-galactosidases sont des glycosides hydrolase (GH) actives sur des substrats contenant des galactoses liés en a. Elles sont très largement distribuées dans tous les domaines du vivant, bactéries, champignons, plantes et animaux, mais sont absentes du tractus digestif humain. Ces travaux portent sur les caractéristiques enzymatiques et la régulation de l’expression de deux -galactosidase, Aga1 et Aga2, de R. gnavus E1. L’analyse bioinformatique de leur environnement génétique respectif indique une organisation simple pour Aga1 tandis qu’Aga2 est organisée en opéron. Elles ont été exprimées en système hétérologue chez E. coli, purifiées et leurs propriétés biochimiques ainsi que leurs spécificités de substrat ont été analysées. Le profil de croissance de la souche indique une préférence pour des substrats complexes (raffinose et mélbiose) faisant intervenir les a-galactosidase pour leurs utilisations ainsi que leur assimilation. / Ruminococcus gnavus E1 belongs to the Firmicutes, one of the two dominant groups in the human gut microbiota. a-galactosidases are glycoside hydrolases (GH) active on a-galactoside containing substrates. They are widely distributed through all the domains of life: bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals, but are absent from the human gastro-intestinal tract.Here we report the enzymatic characteristics and regulation of expression for two GH36 -galactosidases, Aga1 and Aga2, from R. gnavus E1. Bioinformatics analysis of their respective genetic environment showed a different organisation, Aga1 having a simple organisation while Aga2 is organised as part of an operon. They were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, purified to homogeneity and their biochemical properties and substrate preferences comparatively analysed. The growth pattern of the strain in minimum media demonstrates a preference for complex substrates (melibiose and raffinose) that require the expression of the a-galactosidases for their utilisation and assimilation
3

Purification and characterization of an alpha galactosidase from ruminococcus gnavus ; enzymatic conversion of type B to H antigen on erythrocyte membranes

Hata, D. Jane, January 2002 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 237-245).
4

Modulação da degradação enzimática de galactomanano por sua própria estrutura fina / Modulation of enzymatic degradation of galactomannan by its fine structure

Encarnação, Thalita Beatriz Carrara da 26 November 2012 (has links)
Sementes de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. acumulam suas reservas de carbono no endosperma na forma de um polissacarídeo de parede celular, o galactomanano. Os galactomananos são polissacarídeos constituídos de uma cadeia principal de resíduos de D-manose ligadas β-1,4, ramificada por resíduos de D-galactose α-1,6 ligados. A mobilização deste ocorre após a germinação e envolve três enzimas hidrolíticas (α-galactosidase, endo-β-mananase e exo-β-manosidase). A α-galactosidase é a primeira enzima atuar sobre o galactomanano hidrolisando as ligações α-1,6 das galactoses ramificadas a cadeia principal de manano (ligados β-1,4), permitindo a ação da endo-β-mananase, que hidrolisará o polissacarídeo a oligossacarídeos, onde a β-manosidase atuará (ligações β-1,4), transformando oligossacarídeos a monossacarídeos a serem utilizados no desenvolvimento do embrião. Buscando a compreensão das características da α-galactosidase e modo de ação sobre o galactomanano, procedeu-se com a purificação, em três etapas,e caracterização bioquímica (pH ótimo, temperatura ótima e aspectos cinéticos) da α-galactosidase de sementes de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. Além disso, visando evidenciar a modulação da enzima endo-β-mananase pela distribuição de ramificações de galactose no galactomanano (estrutura fina do galactomanano), procedeu-se com hidrólises enzimáticas do galactomanano de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. utilizando a enzima endo-β-mananase de Aspergillus niger (Megazyme®) somente ou em conjunto com a α-galactosidase semipurificada de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. (Capítulo 1) ou com a α-galactosidase comercial de Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Megazyme®), seguido de análise dos oligossacarídeos por HPAEC-PAD (High Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection). Também procedeu-se com hidrólises enzimáticas de galactomananos de 6 espécies com razão manose:galactose variando de 1:1 a 150:1 com endo-β-mananase de Aspergillus niger (Megazyme®) e análise dos oligossacarídeos produzidos por HPAEC-PAD. A α-galactosidase semipurificada possui, aproximadamente, 42 kDa de peso molecular em condições desnaturantes e, aproximadamente 72 kDa de peso molecular na forma nativa, sugerindo que a enzima assuma estrutura quartenária. A temperatura ótima apresentada se encontra na faixa de 50°C a 55°C, pH ótimo na faixa de 4,4 a 5,4, Km= 1,8276 mM e a velocidade máxima de 0,5024 μmolGal.min-1.mgprot-1. A espectrometria de massas gerou os fragmentos: ALADYV-HSK-RMPGSLGHEE-QDAK-TT-GDIEDNWNSM-TSIADS NDKW-ASYAGPGGWN-DPDMLEVGNG-GMTTEEYR-AP-LLVGCDIR-VAVIL-WNR, estando a proteína referente a esta sequência relacionada à mobilização de reserva. Durante a purificação e sequenciamento interno da α-galactosidase e demais proteínas foram detectadas isoformas da α-galactosidase de pesos moleculares variados (42 kDa a 20 kDa). Sugere-se que estas isoformas encontradas inicialmente na purificação estejam relacionadas com outras funções da α-galactosidase, enquanto as isoformas encontradas após todas as etapas de purificação e identificação por espectrometria de massas estejam relacionadas com ativação e adaptação da α-galactosidase durante todo o processo de mobilização de reservas. Os dados gerados das comparações dos oligossacarídeos produzidos em cada hidrólise sugerem que as ramificações do galactomanano podem modular o reconhecimento de sítios de clivagem pela endo-β-mananase: (1) existe a produção de oligossacarídeos limites de digestão F1, F2 e F3 após hidrólise do galactomanano com endo-β-mananase, como demonstrado para xiloglucanos; (2) os oligossacarídeos F1 possuem proporções distintas quando da hidrólise do galactomanano com endo-β-mananase em diferentes concentrações (ExP I e EXP IV), evidenciando preferência por sítios com menor grau de galactosilação; (3) a presença da α-galactosidase diminui a produção dos oligossacarídeos F2 e F3, mostrando que estes não possuem resistência intrínseca a hidrólise e que a reação atinge o equilíbrio mesmo quando ainda existem sítios de clivagem ainda disponíveis (EXP III); (4) polissacarídeos com estruturas diferentes, razão manose:galactose variando entre 150:1 a 1:1, são digeridos em diferentes taxas de hidrólise pela mesma enzima, evidenciando que a ramificação com galactose dificulta a ação da endo-β-mananase. Dessa forma, sugere-se que a estrutura do polissacarídeo galactomanano também contenha, pelo menos, parte da informação requerida para seu próprio metabolismo, código para a sua degradação, estando esta informação contida na distribuição das ramificações com resíduos de D-galactose. Sendo assim, sugere-se que as diferentes isoformas da α-galactosidase relacionadas à degradação da reserva de galactomanano de sementes de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. seriam produto da ação proteolítica da própria enzima a fim de melhorar a afinidade da α-galactosidase ao substrato durante o processo de mobilização de reserva. O aumento da afinidade da α-galactosidase ao substrato durante todo o processo de mobilização garantiria a liberação das ramificações com galactose de forma contínua, permitindo e aumentando a eficiência da ação da enzima endo-β-mananase aos sítios de clivagem, garantindo a degradação do polissacarídeo a oligossacarídeos de forma regulada, passível de bloqueio, pelo acúmulo de oligossacarídeos e galactose livre que inibem a ação das enzimas endo-β-mananase e α-galactosidase, respectivamente, e dificultando a ação de microorganismos, propiciando ao embrião a maior quantidade de açúcares para o seu desenvolvimento, aumentando as chances de sucesso no estabelecimento da plântula / The seeds of Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. have an endosperm which accumulates galactomannan as a storage polysaccharide in the cell walls. Galactomannans are composed of a linear backbone of β-(1,4)-linked D-mannose residues with D-galactose α-(1,6)-linkages substitutions. The galactomannans are hydrolysed after protrusion of the radicle. This process is perfomed by three enzymes (α-galactosidase, endo-β-mannanase and exo-β-manosidase). The α-galactosidase is the first enzyme to cleave the polysaccharides, removing the D-galactose residues, allowing the performance of the endo-β-mannanase, which hydrolyses the mannan backbone to mannan oligosaccharides. The last part of the process includes exo-β-manoside, that cleaves the mannan oligosaccharides to mannose residues, which could be used by the embryo during growth. Aiming at understanding the function of ?-galactosidase in the process of galatomanannan degradation, we studied its mode of action on mannans and galactomannans. The α-galactosidase of Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. was purified and characterized (pH and temperature optimum and the enzyme kinetics). We found that the semipurified α-galactosidase molecular weight was 42kDa at denaturating conditions, but in native conditions was 72kDa, suggesting that the enzyme has a quaternary structure. The enzyme optimum pH was between 4,4-5,4, optimum temperature between 50°C-55°C, Km= 1,8276 mM and Vmáx= 0,5024 μmolGal.min-1.mgprot-1. Mass spectrometry measures resulted the following fragments: ALADYV-HSK-RMPGSLGHEE-QDAK-TT-GDIEDNWNSMTSIADS-NDKW-ASYAGPGGWN-DPDMLEVGNG-GMTTEEYR-AP-LLVGCDIR-VAVIL-WNR, being the protein from this sequence related with storage mobilization. Possible α-galactosidase isoforms were detected during the purification, suggesting other functions for the enzyme. The α-galactosidase isoforms detected after all purification steps and with measured mass spectrometry (from 42kDa to 20kDa) should be related to the storage mobilization. We suggest that the α-galactosidase isoforms in Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. seeds represents products of the enzyme self-digestion, this process being correlated with the enzyme/polysaccharide affinity and at last, correlated to the galactomannan mobilization. An extract semipurified from Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. and enriched with α-galactosidase activity, was used along with endo-β-mannanase from Aspergillus niger (Megazyme®) or both endo-β-mannanase and α-galactosidase (semipurified from Sesbania virgata seeds - Chapter 1- or commercial enzyme from Cyamopsis tetragonoloba - Megazyme®) were used to study the fine structure of galactomannans. Hydrolysis of galactomannans from six species with different mannose:galactose (1:1 to 150:1) ratio were performed with endo-β-mananase from Aspergillus niger. The oligosaccharides from all hydrolysis were analyzed by HPAEC-PAD (High Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection). The hydrolysis fragments data (HPAEC-PAD) suggest that the side-chains of the polysaccharides can modulate the hydrolytic sites recognition on the galactomannan by the endo-β-mannanase. This conclusion is supported by: (1) the presence of limited digest oligosaccharides F1 and dimmers (F2) and trimers (F3) of the F1 oligosaccharides; (2) the presence of different F1 oligosaccharides proportions after hydrolysis with endo-β-mannanase at different concentrations, showing preference on less-branched hydrolytic sites; (3) the α-galactosidase digestion avoided the accumulation of oligosaccharides F2 and F3, showing that these oligosaccharides do not present intrinsic resistance to hydrolysis and that the reaction reaches an equilibrium even when sites of hydrolysis are still available; (4) polymers with different fine structure (ratio mannose:galactose 1:1 to 150:1) were hydrolysed at different rates by the endo-β-mannanase, showing that galactose branching interferes on the enzyme action. Considering that, the branching pattern of the polysaccharide seems to have direct influence on the interaction of the enzyme with substrate; we suggest that the structure of the galactomannan holds part of information required for its own degradation. The higher enzyme x substrate affinity, ensure the galactose branches digestion, improving the endo-β-mannanase action, ensuring the degradation of the polysaccharides to oligosaccharides. This highly regulated degradation process prevents microorganisms predation and increases the plantlet establishement
5

Modulação da degradação enzimática de galactomanano por sua própria estrutura fina / Modulation of enzymatic degradation of galactomannan by its fine structure

Thalita Beatriz Carrara da Encarnação 26 November 2012 (has links)
Sementes de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. acumulam suas reservas de carbono no endosperma na forma de um polissacarídeo de parede celular, o galactomanano. Os galactomananos são polissacarídeos constituídos de uma cadeia principal de resíduos de D-manose ligadas β-1,4, ramificada por resíduos de D-galactose α-1,6 ligados. A mobilização deste ocorre após a germinação e envolve três enzimas hidrolíticas (α-galactosidase, endo-β-mananase e exo-β-manosidase). A α-galactosidase é a primeira enzima atuar sobre o galactomanano hidrolisando as ligações α-1,6 das galactoses ramificadas a cadeia principal de manano (ligados β-1,4), permitindo a ação da endo-β-mananase, que hidrolisará o polissacarídeo a oligossacarídeos, onde a β-manosidase atuará (ligações β-1,4), transformando oligossacarídeos a monossacarídeos a serem utilizados no desenvolvimento do embrião. Buscando a compreensão das características da α-galactosidase e modo de ação sobre o galactomanano, procedeu-se com a purificação, em três etapas,e caracterização bioquímica (pH ótimo, temperatura ótima e aspectos cinéticos) da α-galactosidase de sementes de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. Além disso, visando evidenciar a modulação da enzima endo-β-mananase pela distribuição de ramificações de galactose no galactomanano (estrutura fina do galactomanano), procedeu-se com hidrólises enzimáticas do galactomanano de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. utilizando a enzima endo-β-mananase de Aspergillus niger (Megazyme®) somente ou em conjunto com a α-galactosidase semipurificada de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. (Capítulo 1) ou com a α-galactosidase comercial de Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Megazyme®), seguido de análise dos oligossacarídeos por HPAEC-PAD (High Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection). Também procedeu-se com hidrólises enzimáticas de galactomananos de 6 espécies com razão manose:galactose variando de 1:1 a 150:1 com endo-β-mananase de Aspergillus niger (Megazyme®) e análise dos oligossacarídeos produzidos por HPAEC-PAD. A α-galactosidase semipurificada possui, aproximadamente, 42 kDa de peso molecular em condições desnaturantes e, aproximadamente 72 kDa de peso molecular na forma nativa, sugerindo que a enzima assuma estrutura quartenária. A temperatura ótima apresentada se encontra na faixa de 50°C a 55°C, pH ótimo na faixa de 4,4 a 5,4, Km= 1,8276 mM e a velocidade máxima de 0,5024 μmolGal.min-1.mgprot-1. A espectrometria de massas gerou os fragmentos: ALADYV-HSK-RMPGSLGHEE-QDAK-TT-GDIEDNWNSM-TSIADS NDKW-ASYAGPGGWN-DPDMLEVGNG-GMTTEEYR-AP-LLVGCDIR-VAVIL-WNR, estando a proteína referente a esta sequência relacionada à mobilização de reserva. Durante a purificação e sequenciamento interno da α-galactosidase e demais proteínas foram detectadas isoformas da α-galactosidase de pesos moleculares variados (42 kDa a 20 kDa). Sugere-se que estas isoformas encontradas inicialmente na purificação estejam relacionadas com outras funções da α-galactosidase, enquanto as isoformas encontradas após todas as etapas de purificação e identificação por espectrometria de massas estejam relacionadas com ativação e adaptação da α-galactosidase durante todo o processo de mobilização de reservas. Os dados gerados das comparações dos oligossacarídeos produzidos em cada hidrólise sugerem que as ramificações do galactomanano podem modular o reconhecimento de sítios de clivagem pela endo-β-mananase: (1) existe a produção de oligossacarídeos limites de digestão F1, F2 e F3 após hidrólise do galactomanano com endo-β-mananase, como demonstrado para xiloglucanos; (2) os oligossacarídeos F1 possuem proporções distintas quando da hidrólise do galactomanano com endo-β-mananase em diferentes concentrações (ExP I e EXP IV), evidenciando preferência por sítios com menor grau de galactosilação; (3) a presença da α-galactosidase diminui a produção dos oligossacarídeos F2 e F3, mostrando que estes não possuem resistência intrínseca a hidrólise e que a reação atinge o equilíbrio mesmo quando ainda existem sítios de clivagem ainda disponíveis (EXP III); (4) polissacarídeos com estruturas diferentes, razão manose:galactose variando entre 150:1 a 1:1, são digeridos em diferentes taxas de hidrólise pela mesma enzima, evidenciando que a ramificação com galactose dificulta a ação da endo-β-mananase. Dessa forma, sugere-se que a estrutura do polissacarídeo galactomanano também contenha, pelo menos, parte da informação requerida para seu próprio metabolismo, código para a sua degradação, estando esta informação contida na distribuição das ramificações com resíduos de D-galactose. Sendo assim, sugere-se que as diferentes isoformas da α-galactosidase relacionadas à degradação da reserva de galactomanano de sementes de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. seriam produto da ação proteolítica da própria enzima a fim de melhorar a afinidade da α-galactosidase ao substrato durante o processo de mobilização de reserva. O aumento da afinidade da α-galactosidase ao substrato durante todo o processo de mobilização garantiria a liberação das ramificações com galactose de forma contínua, permitindo e aumentando a eficiência da ação da enzima endo-β-mananase aos sítios de clivagem, garantindo a degradação do polissacarídeo a oligossacarídeos de forma regulada, passível de bloqueio, pelo acúmulo de oligossacarídeos e galactose livre que inibem a ação das enzimas endo-β-mananase e α-galactosidase, respectivamente, e dificultando a ação de microorganismos, propiciando ao embrião a maior quantidade de açúcares para o seu desenvolvimento, aumentando as chances de sucesso no estabelecimento da plântula / The seeds of Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. have an endosperm which accumulates galactomannan as a storage polysaccharide in the cell walls. Galactomannans are composed of a linear backbone of β-(1,4)-linked D-mannose residues with D-galactose α-(1,6)-linkages substitutions. The galactomannans are hydrolysed after protrusion of the radicle. This process is perfomed by three enzymes (α-galactosidase, endo-β-mannanase and exo-β-manosidase). The α-galactosidase is the first enzyme to cleave the polysaccharides, removing the D-galactose residues, allowing the performance of the endo-β-mannanase, which hydrolyses the mannan backbone to mannan oligosaccharides. The last part of the process includes exo-β-manoside, that cleaves the mannan oligosaccharides to mannose residues, which could be used by the embryo during growth. Aiming at understanding the function of ?-galactosidase in the process of galatomanannan degradation, we studied its mode of action on mannans and galactomannans. The α-galactosidase of Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. was purified and characterized (pH and temperature optimum and the enzyme kinetics). We found that the semipurified α-galactosidase molecular weight was 42kDa at denaturating conditions, but in native conditions was 72kDa, suggesting that the enzyme has a quaternary structure. The enzyme optimum pH was between 4,4-5,4, optimum temperature between 50°C-55°C, Km= 1,8276 mM and Vmáx= 0,5024 μmolGal.min-1.mgprot-1. Mass spectrometry measures resulted the following fragments: ALADYV-HSK-RMPGSLGHEE-QDAK-TT-GDIEDNWNSMTSIADS-NDKW-ASYAGPGGWN-DPDMLEVGNG-GMTTEEYR-AP-LLVGCDIR-VAVIL-WNR, being the protein from this sequence related with storage mobilization. Possible α-galactosidase isoforms were detected during the purification, suggesting other functions for the enzyme. The α-galactosidase isoforms detected after all purification steps and with measured mass spectrometry (from 42kDa to 20kDa) should be related to the storage mobilization. We suggest that the α-galactosidase isoforms in Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. seeds represents products of the enzyme self-digestion, this process being correlated with the enzyme/polysaccharide affinity and at last, correlated to the galactomannan mobilization. An extract semipurified from Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. and enriched with α-galactosidase activity, was used along with endo-β-mannanase from Aspergillus niger (Megazyme®) or both endo-β-mannanase and α-galactosidase (semipurified from Sesbania virgata seeds - Chapter 1- or commercial enzyme from Cyamopsis tetragonoloba - Megazyme®) were used to study the fine structure of galactomannans. Hydrolysis of galactomannans from six species with different mannose:galactose (1:1 to 150:1) ratio were performed with endo-β-mananase from Aspergillus niger. The oligosaccharides from all hydrolysis were analyzed by HPAEC-PAD (High Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection). The hydrolysis fragments data (HPAEC-PAD) suggest that the side-chains of the polysaccharides can modulate the hydrolytic sites recognition on the galactomannan by the endo-β-mannanase. This conclusion is supported by: (1) the presence of limited digest oligosaccharides F1 and dimmers (F2) and trimers (F3) of the F1 oligosaccharides; (2) the presence of different F1 oligosaccharides proportions after hydrolysis with endo-β-mannanase at different concentrations, showing preference on less-branched hydrolytic sites; (3) the α-galactosidase digestion avoided the accumulation of oligosaccharides F2 and F3, showing that these oligosaccharides do not present intrinsic resistance to hydrolysis and that the reaction reaches an equilibrium even when sites of hydrolysis are still available; (4) polymers with different fine structure (ratio mannose:galactose 1:1 to 150:1) were hydrolysed at different rates by the endo-β-mannanase, showing that galactose branching interferes on the enzyme action. Considering that, the branching pattern of the polysaccharide seems to have direct influence on the interaction of the enzyme with substrate; we suggest that the structure of the galactomannan holds part of information required for its own degradation. The higher enzyme x substrate affinity, ensure the galactose branches digestion, improving the endo-β-mannanase action, ensuring the degradation of the polysaccharides to oligosaccharides. This highly regulated degradation process prevents microorganisms predation and increases the plantlet establishement
6

Formação e deposição da parede celular em sementes de cafe durante o desenvolvimento da semente / Cell wall formation and deposition in coffee seeds development

Silva, Clovis Oliveira 31 August 2006 (has links)
Orientador: Marcos Silveira Buckeridge / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T20:11:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_ClovisOliveira_D.pdf: 20554186 bytes, checksum: aa882a38d30a8d939c085c5dfd50f5db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: No presente trabalho são efetuadas comparações entre a composição dos polissacarídeos de parede celular de grãos verdes de café colhidos de variedades diferentes de Coffea arabica e C. canephoraem que os frutos foram colhidosem umestágio específico de maturação (somente frutos avermelhados) com grãos verdes de cafés denominados conilon e arábica que são diretamente utilizados como matéria prima para a produção de café solúvel. Observou-se que no caso dos grãos colhidos em um estágio específico, as diferenças entre os conteúdos de pectinas e hemicelulosessão mínimas, enquanto para os grãos utilizados na indústria há maior rendimento de polissacarídeos (hemiceluloses) como um todo e há também uma diferença entre conilon e arábica. Umavez que se sabe que esta composição varia ao longo do processo de desenvolvimento do fruto, especula-se que o modo de colheita, que para no café colhido no campo inclui certa parcela de grãos verdes juntamente com frutos maduros, possa influenciar na composição final dos polissacarídeos nas sementes de café / Abstract: In the present work, comparisons. among the composition of cell wall polysaccharides of green coffee seeds were made with material collected from varieties of Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora in which fruits were harvested at the same developmental stage (red fruits) with green coffee beans from two varieties (arabica and conilon) used as raw material for production of soluble coffee. We observed that for seeds collected from red fruits, the differences found between pectins and hemicelluloses were minimal, whereas for the seeds used as raw material for industry conilon and arabica differed. As it is knownthat cell wall composition varies in the seeds during fruit development, it is speculated hat the harvesting mode, which in the field includes green beans along with the red mature fruits, might influence the final composition of the polysaccharides in coffee seeds / Doutorado / Biologia Celular / Doutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
7

Évaluation de l'excrétion urinaire d'un biomarqueur pour la maladie de Fabry, le globotriaosylcéramide (Gb[indice inférieur 3]), chez des enfants normaux de la naissance à 6 mois

Barr, Caroline January 2009 (has links)
La maladie de Fabry est une maladie héréditaire de surcharge, dont la transmission est liée au chromosome X qui résulte d'un déficit de l'[alpha]-galactosidase A. Le déficit enzymatique mène à une augmentation de glycosphingolipides, notamment le globotriaosylcéramide (Gb[indice inférieur 3]), dans les tissus et fluides biologiques. Le Gb[indice inférieur 3] est donc un biomarqueur ou indicateur de la présence de cette maladie chez les patients Fabry. Nous voulions évaluer la faisabilité de procéder à un projet pilote de recherche en vue d'un dépistage néonatal urinaire de la maladie de Fabry.La variation de l'excrétion du Gb[indice inférieur 3]/créatinine urinaire chez des enfants normaux dans la période néonatale jusqu'à l'âge de 6 mois est inconnue. Cette constatation nous a conduits au questionnement suivant : existe-t-il une variation dans la quantité du Gb[indice inférieur 3]/créatinine urinaire excrétée chez des enfants normaux de 0 à 6 mois de vie? Afin de répondre à cette question, nous avons procédé à une étude permettant de doser le Gb[indice inférieur 3]/créatinine chez des enfants normaux par spectrométrie de masse en tandem et ce, en comptant sur la collaboration des parents à effectuer un total de treize prélèvements d'urine pendant une période de 6 mois. Nous avons d'ailleurs évalué ladite collaboration des parents à nous faire parvenir les échantillons d'urine de leur bébé durant cette période. Nous avons utilisé une méthode par spectrométrie de masse en tandem avec des échantillons d'urine séchée sur papier filtre pour analyser simultanément le Gb[indice inférieur 3] total urinaire et la créatinine à différents temps soit 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 14, 21, 28 jours, de même qu'à 2, 3, 4, 5 et 6 mois chez 37 filles et 39 garçons normaux. Le traitement quantitatif des données de la créatinine et du Gb[indice inférieur 3] urinaire a été fait par le logiciel QuanLynx (Waters). Nous avons divisé la variable du temps en quatre périodes pour les fins d'analyses statistiques : (1) < 6 jours; (2) 6-29 jours; (3) 30-90 jours; (4) > 90 jours. Nous avons procédé à des analyses statistiques comparatives du rapport Gb[indice inférieur 3]/créatinine de 728 échantillons pour les deux cohortes en fonction du temps. Une analyse de variance a été faite pour évaluer l'effet de l'âge et du sexe sur le rapport du logarithme du Gb[indice inférieur 3]/créatinine urinaire et l'effet de l'âge et du sexe sur la quantité d'excrétion de la créatinine urinaire seulement. Nous avons observé un effet significatif de l'âge sur la créatinine (p < 0.0001). En ce qui concerne les résultats du rapport du Gb[indice inférieur 3]/créatinine, il y a une augmentation non significative de la médiane dans les périodes 1 et 2 pour les garçons (Période 1: Médiane 53.9; Min-Max 0 - 369.3 [micro]g/mmol créatinine; Période 2: Médiane 92.5; Min-Max 0 - 611.1 [micro]g/mmol créatinine ; p = 1.0000). Chez les filles, l'excrétion du Gb[indice inférieur 3]/créatinine est plus élevé à la naissance et présente une tendance à l'accroissement entre les périodes 1 et 2 (Période 1: Médiane 59.5; Min-Max 0 - 669.9 [micro]g/mmol créatinine; Période 2: Médiane 96.1; Min-Max 0 - 456.1 [micro]g/mmol créatinine ; p = 1.0000). Par ailleurs, l'excrétion du Gb[indice inférieur 3]/créatinine chez les garçons diminue de façon significative entre les périodes 2 et 4 (Période 2: Médiane 92.5; Min-Max 0 - 611.1 [micro]g/mmol créatinine; Période 4: Médiane 14.6; Min-Max 0 - 158.5 [micro]g/mmol créatinine ; p < 0.0001); au niveau des filles, il y a une diminution non significative de la médiane de la période 2 à la période 3 (Période 2 : Médiane 96.1; Min-Max 0 - 456.1 [micro]g/mmol créatinine ; Période 3 : Médiane 35.6; Min-Max 0 - 254.4 [micro]g/mmol créatinine p = 0.2290) et une légère augmentation à la période 4 (Période 4 : Médiane 42.7; Min-Max 0 - 617.2 [micro]g/mmol créatinine). Ainsi, nous pouvons constater qu'il existe une grande variabilité de l'excrétion du Gb[indice inférieur 3]
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The quest for a general co-crystallization strategy for macromolecules: lessons on the use of chaperones for membrane protein crystallization

Johnson, Jennifer Leigh 21 September 2015 (has links)
Crystallization is often a major bottleneck to macromolecular structure determination. This is particularly true for membrane proteins, which have hydrophobic surfaces that cannot readily form crystal contacts. Of the roughly 109,000 protein structures in the PDB, only about 539 represent unique membrane proteins, despite immense interest in membrane proteins from both a biological and therapeutic standpoint. Membrane protein crystallization has been facilitated by the development of new detergents, lipidic cubic phase methods, soluble protein chimeras, and non-covalent protein complexes. The design process of protein fusion constructs and non-covalent antibody fragments specific for each target membrane protein, however, is costly and time-consuming. An improved, more general method of membrane protein co-crystallization is needed. This dissertation details the development of two approaches for cost-effective non-covalent crystallization chaperones: (1) Engineered hypercrystallizable Fab antibody fragment with high affinity for EYMPME (EE epitope), which form complexes with EE-tagged soluble and membrane proteins. (2) Engineered monomeric streptavidin (mSA2) for complexation with biotinylated membrane proteins. Both methods are generalizable through insertion of a short epitope into a surface-exposed loop of a membrane protein by site directed mutagenesis. Crystallization trials of representative chaperone-membrane protein complexes and possible difficulties with the approach are discussed.
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Lysosomal alpha-galactosidase A controls the generation of self lipid antigens for NKT cells

Darmoise, Alexandre F 04 March 2011 (has links)
CD1 Moleküle spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der Lipidpräsentation und T-Zell-Aktivierung. CD1d fungiert als Restriktionselement für NKT-Zellen, eine T-Zell-Untergruppe, die nach Erkennung von Glykosphingolipide (GSL), IFN-gamma und IL-4 produziert. NKT Zellen steuern folglich anschliessende Immunantworten. Den meisten infektiösen Mikroorganismen mangelt es jedoch an GSL-Antigenen zur Stimulation von NKT-Zellen. Der Wirtsorganismus hat daher einen Mechanismus entwickelt, der die Aktivierung der NKT-Zellen dennoch gewährleistet. NKT-Zellen erkennen auch endogene GSL, die in dendritischen Zellen (DZ) infolge von Toll-like-Rezeptor (TLR)-Stimulation durch Pathogene produziert werden. Bislang war unklar, wie genau TLR-Aktivierung zur Produktion von Selbst-GSL-Antigenen führt. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es die Verknüpfung der beiden Prozesse aufzudecken. Diese Dissertation zeigt, dass alpha-Galaktosidase A (a-Gal A) als lysosomales Schlüsselenzym für den konstitutiven Abbau von Selbst-GSL-Antigenen in DZ fungiert. NKT-Zellen antworteten auf CD1d-restringierte Antigene, die von DZ, denen a-Gal A-Aktivität fehlte, präsentiert wurden. Ferner expandierten NKT-Zellen nach adoptiven Transfer in a-Gal A-defiziente Mäuse in Abhängigkeit von CD1d-Expression im Wirtsorganismus. Diese Arbeit zeigte auch, wie GSL-Antigene dem Abbau durch a-Gal A entkommen und für die NKT-Zell-Aktivierung bei Infektionen verfügbar werden. Unter normalen Bedingungen wurden die GSL durch a-Gal A abgebaut. TLR-vermittelte Signale führten jedoch zu Inhibierung der a-Gal A-Aktivität in DZ und resultierten somit in einer GSL-Akkumulation in den Lysosomen. Wir identifizierten einen neuen Regulationsmechanismus der NKT-Zell-Aktivierung bei Infektionen, der auf der Induktion von lysosomalen GSL-Antigenen durch TLR-vermittelte Hemmung der a-Gal A-Aktivität beruht. Diese Dissertation beantwortet fundamentale Fragen der NKT-Zell-Biologie und ebnet den Weg dieses System für therapeutische Ansätze zu nutzen. / CD1 molecules are pivotal for lipid presentation to T lymphocytes. Notably, CD1d functions as a restriction element for NKT cells, a T-cell lineage that produces IFN-gamma and IL-4 following recognition of glycosphingolipids (GSL). Consequently, NKT cells exert decisive regulatory functions on downstream immune responses. Most microbes potentially causing infection of the host lack GSL antigens to stimulate NKT cells. However, facing this challenge, the host developed a mechanism to ensure NKT-cell activation. This pathway exploits the property of NKT cells to react with self GSLs produced in dendritic cells (DCs) stimulated by pathogens through Toll-like receptors (TLR). How TLR engagement leads to production of self GSL antigens remains elusive. The aim of this study was to provide a mechanistic link between these two processes. Here, we identified alpha-galactosidase A (a-Gal A) as a key lysosomal enzyme required for constitutive degradation of self GSL antigens in DCs. Accordingly, NKT cells exposed to DCs lacking a-Gal A activity were activated in the context of CD1d-presented antigens. In addition, NKT cells underwent robust expansion upon transfer to a-Gal A-deficient mice that required CD1d expression by the host. This study further addressed the critical question as to how GSL antigens escape degradation by a-Gal A, and thus become available for presentation to NKT cells in infection. Accordingly, we found that TLR signaling targeted a-Gal A activity for negative regulation in DCs. Consequently, GSLs degraded by a-Gal A in steady-state conditions were induced in lysosomes. Based on these findings, we propose a new pathway that warrants the activation of NKT cells in infection by self GSL antigens induced through TLR-mediated inhibition of a-Gal A activity. Overall, this dissertation answers fundamental questions in the NKT field, and paves the way toward exploring this antigen presentation axis for therapeutic use.

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