Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:39:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rachele da Silva Ferrari.pdf: 614866 bytes, checksum: b716a6c48dad04b63fd7ceff67c0fda7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Volunteer actions have been widely defended as important for many areas in development. In fact, the involvement of people in such actions is increasing. Nevertheless, it has been shown that the volunteer s commitment to the action that he engages in is usually very low. There is a tendency to abandon the action after a period of involvement. The present work seeks to examine the points identified as being of great relevance in volunteering issues, such as unconscious motivations that lead the subject to volunteer actions, the volunteer's low level of commitment, the consequences that can arrive from deviations from a truly altruistic direction and, finally, to discuss the cultural idealization of doing good . This research stems from my experience in a Volunteering Program in a corporate environment, and is based on Freudian texts and others by contemporary authors of psychoanalysis. The text itself is intended as a tool for the elaboration of what my psychoanalytic listening has produced in four years as supervisor of more than eighty volunteers in the program called Social Mentoring, emphasizing how their work evolved, from the point of view of the psychoanalytic supervision taking place there. Thus, this dissertation supports the possibility of the contribution of psychoanalytic knowledge to Volunteering actions / As ações voluntárias têm sido largamente defendidas como importantes para as mais diversas áreas em desenvolvimento. De fato, é crescente o engajamento de pessoas nessas ações. No entanto, tem sido evidenciado que a fidelização do voluntário à ação a que ele se engaja normalmente é muito baixa. Há uma tendência ao abandono da ação, após um período de envolvimento. O presente trabalho procurou analisar os pontos identificados como de grande relevância nas questões do voluntariado, como as motivações inconscientes que levam o sujeito às ações voluntárias, a baixa fidelização do voluntário, as conseqüências que podem advir dos extravios de uma direção verdadeiramente altruísta e, finalmente, problematizar a idealização cultural do fazer o bem . A pesquisa parte de minha experiência num Programa de Voluntariado no ambiente corporativo e se referencia no texto freudiano e de outros autores contemporâneos da psicanálise para o desenvolvimento da argumentação. O texto em si se propõe a ser um dispositivo de elaboração do que minha escuta psicanalítica tem produzido, em quatro anos como supervisora de mais de oitenta voluntários no programa de voluntariado Mentoring Social, destacando como foi se delineando o trabalho daquelas pessoas, a partir da inserção de uma supervisão psicanalítica. Dessa forma, a dissertação sustenta a possibilidade da contribuição do saber da psicanálise para as ações de Voluntariado

O altruísmo é um importante constructo comportamental envolvido nas relações sociais; mesmo que aparentemente não haja ganho imediato em ações altruístas, o objetivo de favorecer o progresso do grupo e da sociedade resulta no beneficiamento do próprio agente. Objetivos são mais facilmente alcançados com a ajuda de outros, ao mesmo tempo que há melhora na qualidade das relações sociais. Alguns fatores influenciam o comportamento altruísta, o estresse é um deles; a indução aguda de estresse pode ser eficiente em verificar comportamentos a curto prazo em laboratório, apesar de não haver consenso de que maneira este modifica as intenções de ajuda e o comportamento prósocial. O estresse também pode influenciar a maneira como avaliamos a distribuição de dinheiro ou bens feita por outrem: percepção de justiça. O Jogo do Ditador mostrase eficiente para analisar altruísmo e percepção de justiça, assim como o cortisol salivar se mostra capaz em auxiliar a análise do estresse agudo. Este trabalho avaliou em 94 estudantes universitários, de diversos cursos da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, se a indução de estresse agudo via tarefa de estresse social (T rier Social Stress Task ) relacionase a comportamentos altruístas e maior avaliação negativa para divisões injustas de dinheiro em dois jogos do ditador computadorizados a interação em ambos foi com desconhecidos. Os grupos foram divididos em dois sexos e em duas condições: experimental estresse e controle placebo. O dinheiro fictício usado para jogar foi ganho em uma tarefa de planejamento, executada em seguida da indução de estresse. Este foi mensurado por duas medidas fisiológicas: batimentos cardíacos e coleta de saliva para análise de cortisol; e por resposta de autoavaliação de ansiedade; as sessões duraram 60 minutos. Não foram encontradas correlações entre medidas fisiológicas e tomada de decisão egoísta, entretanto, encontrouse diferenças estatísticas significativas comportamentais entre os grupos: mulheres do grupo de controle são mais altruístas, quando dividem montantes mais altos de dinheiro; o grupo experimental avaliou como mais injustas ofertas egoístas (menor parte para ele(a)) do montante mais baixo e também como menos injustas ofertas altruístas (maior parte para ele(a)) do montante mais alto; os grupos também diferiram significativamente na oferta de divisão feita a desconhecidos; ademais, o grupo experimental levou mais tempo para iniciar a tarefa de planejamento do que o controle para ambos sexos. Concluise que medidas fisiológicas não se relacionam aos resultados pósestresse, porém diferenças comportamentais podem ser analisadas. Inferese que mulheres tem comportamentos mais altruístas por influência cultural. Percepção de justiça aumentada, comportamento egoísta e aumento do tempo de preparação na tarefa de planejamento podem ser o resultado do aumento da carga cognitiva por efeito da indução de estresse. / Altruism is an important behavioral construct in social relations; even though it appears to be no immediate gain in selfless actions. The purpose of promoting the group's and society’s progress results in the agent's own benefit. Goals are more easily achieved with the help of others, while there is improvement in the quality of social relations. Some factors have influence in altruistic behavior, stress is one of them; inducing acute stress can be effective in checking behaviors in imediate reaction in the laboratory, although there is no consensus on how this modifies intentions to help others and prosocial behavior. Stress can also influence how we evaluate the distribution of cash or goods made by others: perception of justice. The Dictator Game proves efficient to analize altruism and sense of justice, and salivary cortisol has shown able to assist in the analysis of acute stress. This study evaluated the impact of acute stress induction on 94 university students of different graduation courses of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Acute stress was induced via social stress task (Trier Social Stress Task) to identify if it relates to altruistic behavior and the negative assessment to unfair money distribution in two computerized dictator games. The subjects in both games were unknown to each other. Subjects were divided by sex and than two groups: experimental stress condition and control placebo condition. The fictitious money used to play was won in a planning task, followed by the stress induction. The impact was measured by two physiological metrics: heart rate and saliva collection for cortisol analysis; and the selfassessment test of anxiety. Each individual sessions lasted 60 minutes. Correlations between physiological measurements and the making of selfish decision were not found. However, significant statistical behaviors differences were found between: the control group of women who were more altruistic when dividing larger amounts of money; t he experimental group evaluated selfish money offers as more unfair in the lower cash amount experiment (lower share for him/her). We also found as less unfair the altruistic offers made on the experiment’s larger cash amount (highest share for him/her). The groups also differ significantly in the division of money made to unknown individuals; in addition, the experimental group took longer to start the planning task than the control group for both sexes. We conclude that physiological measures are not related to poststress results, but behavioral differences can be analyzed. It appears that women tend to be more altruistic because of cultural influence. Increased perception of justice, selfish behavior and longer time taking to plan the planning task can be the result of increased cognitive overload as a result of induction of stress.

The present study examines the effects of first-year college experiences on undergraduate students' development of altruistic and socially responsible behavior - a critical college outcome that leads to significant public or external benefits and support. Furthermore, this study examines whether the effects of first-year college experiences on altruistic and socially responsible behavior vary between first-generation and non-first-generation students. To guide the study's investigation, human, social, and cultural capital theory are used as conceptual frameworks and college impact models - including Astin's Input-Environment-Outcome model, Pascarella's General Model for Assessing Change model, and Weidman's model of undergraduate socialization - serve as a theoretical guide. Using longitudinal, pretest-posttest data from the Wabash National Study of Liberal Arts Education, ordinary least squares regressions are utilized to estimate the effects of the college experience on first-year students' altruism and social responsibility. Findings from these analyses suggest that a number of first-year college experiences and participation in vetted good practices significantly contribute to undergraduates' development of altruistic and socially responsible behavior.

In the U.S., the number of persons who cannot afford health care continues to rise. Providing a "safety net" for such persons is becoming increasingly important. Medical professional volunteerism provides access to health care for people who have little or no access to health care otherwise. At a not-for-profit free health clinic in Tampa, Florida, hundreds of physicians have volunteered their time in an attempt to reduce the health care gap in their community. The clinic sees thousands of persons who have very limited options in regards to their health care. This study investigates the reasons physicians volunteer and the barriers physicians face when providing free medical service. Through a survey, shadowing sessions, and focused in-depth videotaped interviews with volunteer physicians concerning the risks, rewards, experiences, and barriers of professional volunteering, a greater understanding of this important topic was obtained. This applied visual anthropological project was developed in collaboration with the free clinic in order to provide a product which would be of use to the organization at the end of the research process. This research led to an enhanced understanding of this population as well as recommendations in volunteer physician recruitment strategies.

As an Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) that has been available for over twenty years, the transfer of healthy eggs from a presumably fertile woman into the womb of a woman diagnosed as infertile has become a common part of the landscape of human reproduction in the United States. Yet the general societal acceptance of this practice commonly known as "egg donation" oversimplifies the complex medical, ethical, and societal issues ignited by its use. In light of the limited critical discussions presently occurring about egg transfer, I will interrogate some of the silences and more ambiguous issues invoked by its practice. By giving particular attention to the often ignored experiences of egg "donors," I will analyze the popularly used discourses around this ART. In doing so, I will investigate the ways in which egg donation complicates notions of altruism, autonomy, and exploitation as well as what consequences this has for women's reproductive freedoms as envisioned by many U.S. feminists.

Prosocial behavior during adolescence is consistently associated with a myriad of positive outcomes including fewer risk-taking behaviors and greater positive affect. Although limited, there is some literature that suggests prosocial behavior is an important protective factor in attenuating the effects of stressful life events such as exposure to community violence. Unfortunately work examining prosocial behaviors in African American adolescents is very sparse. The present study examined the moderating role of altruism, a specific form of prosocial behavior, on relationships between exposure to violence and negative mental health outcomes in a sample of 207 African American adolescents (136 females, 71 males). Participant’s age ranged from 13 to 18 (M = 15.78, SD = 1.19). Results indicated that boys and girls engaged in similar levels of altruistic behaviors, but these behaviors were especially important in moderating the impact of community violence on antisocial behaviors for boys. The findings suggest that encouraging altruistic behaviors in boys may be critical in improving outcomes for adolescent males developing in violent ecologies. / acase@tulane.edu

中華血液基金會二十年來運用各種宣傳策略，成功的推廣台灣的自願無償捐血運動。同時，美國的捐血事業在過去三十年來也有很大的轉變，行銷觀念應用在非營利事業已逐漸受到重視，自願無償捐血運動以行銷觀念召募血源已成為必要的趨勢。 　　說服傳播是傳播效果研究中的重要課題之一。中華血液基金會近年來，陸續以各種傳播媒介進行宣傳活動，希望激發社會大眾捐血的意願。依據「社會行銷」及「說服傳播理論」效果模式指出，大眾傳播與人際傳播活動，會影響個人的知曉(Awareness)、態度(Attitude)和行為(Behavior)。本研究基於此模式中的各個變項，提出所欲探討的問題與變項關係為：捐血人對捐血宣傳訊息之大眾媒介注意程度與人際交往活動，對其捐血行為的影響；以及捐血態度、動機對捐血行為的影響。 　　本研究採實證方式進行，以適當的結構性問卷，蒐集上述變項的資料，以中華血液基金會台北捐血中心業務區（包括台北市、台北縣）為母體，採「集群抽樣法」進行抽樣。同時，為顧及樣本代表性問題，特將抽樣集群分為「定點」捐血車、「巡迴」捐血車及捐血站、捐血室等，並針對一般捐血人進行抽樣調查。資料的分析方式，採用SPSS套裝軟體，分析描述受訪者在各項中的分佈狀況及各變項間的影響關係。 　　研究的重要發現為：1.大部份的捐血人都曾在大眾媒介上接觸過捐血宣傳的訊息，且捐血人對大眾傳播媒介報導捐血訊息注意程度愈高，則愈可能捐血。2.捐血人對捐血訊息的人際傳播活動愈頻繁，則愈可能捐血。3.捐血人愈喜歡捐血廣告及文宣，則愈可能捐血。4.捐血人愈傾向利他動機，則愈可能捐血。5.捐血人愈傾向正面捐血態度，則愈可能捐血。

<p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur en vardagshjälte definieras med utgångspunkt i de tre</p><p>Mellan åren 2007 och 2009 har tre galor hållits på Cirkus i Stockholm för att hylla svenska vardagshjältar. Denna uppsats kan ses som en multipel fallstudie då fokus har legat på att analysera de tre</p><p>Uppsatsen visar att det går att dela in vardagshjälten i tre kategorier. Dessa har döpts till</p><p><em>Svenska Hjältar-galorna som sänts mellan år 2007-2009. Vardagshjälten är verklig, den finns i vardagen, på våra gator och i våra hem. Den beskrivs i galorna som en vanlig person men som hyllas för att ha gjort något ovanligt, något som utmärker personen och skiljer den från majoriteten av oss människor. De centrala frågorna i uppsatsen är: På vilket sätt pratar man om personer som hyllas som vardagshjältar? Hur associerar man till vardagshjältar? Vilka förväntningar har man på en vardagshjälte? <em>Svenska Hjältar-galorna. Varje gala har analyserats för att få en detaljerad bild och för att hitta teman, vilket har följts av en tematisk analys av alla tre galorna. Jag har även gjort en statisk analys, där jag studerat relationen mellan hjältebegreppet och dess olika kategorier för att sedan koncentrera mig på vardagshjälten för att studera de koder som kan kopplas till just denna kategori hjältar. <em>Välgöraren, <em>Undsättaren och den <em>Egocentriska Kämpen. Välgöraren och Undsättaren kan definieras som personer som gör en uppoffring eller prestation för andra, medan den Egocentriska Kämpen är någon som bestämmer sig för att agera i en svår situation men för att förbättra sin egen situation och inte någon annans. Till sist avslutas det hela i en diskussion som mynnar ut i frågor som; Behöver man vardagshjältar och varför i så fall? Existerar det verkligen en genuin altruistisk handling? </em></em></em></em></em></p>

The traditional approach to the study of consumer behaviour is to regard them as isolated islands of preferences, needs, motives, and goals; however, this approach neglects the impact of others on consumers judgments and preferences. For this reason, the theme of this thesis is the connected customer. Chapter 2 and 3 provides a theoretical and empirical treatment of a situation often encountered in households: how do an individuals private risk preferences translate into preferences over risk when making decisions on behalf of a group of people in which the decision-maker is a member? It is hypothesized that the decision-makers degree of altruism and perception of the group members risk preferences are the driving forces in the relation between private and social risk preferences. The results suggest that social preferences can be characterized as a mixture of individuals private risk preferences and the beliefs-private risk differential. Chapter 4 looks at individuals information processing strategy under conditions of low and high cultural salience. Recent findings suggest that consumers in both individualist and collectivist cultures use a dual processing approacha heuristic versus a systematic processing strategywhen assessing product alternatives. However, collectivist members tend to rely more on consensus information than attribute. This chapter examines whether priming individuals on their cultural identity will make them to switch processing strategy toward consensus information and hence become more similar to collectivist members. The results largely support this prediction. / Marketing

This thesis consists of two parts. The first part includes two essays that deal with the pharmaceutical market, and one essay that looks at strategic incentives that arise in optimal treatment involving untried drugs. The second part, consisting of two essays, examines some implications of altruism. Part I: Two of the essays (joint with Mats Ekelund) are empirical studies of the pharmaceutical market in Sweden. We consider all New Chemical Entities (NCEs) introduced in Sweden between 1987 and 1997. In the first essay, we examine drug pricing in the price regulated Swedish market and compare the results with a previous study of the US market, where no such regulation exists. Similar to the US study, we find that relative launch prices are positively correlated with the degree of therapeutic advance. In contrast to the US study, the presence of substitutes has a negligible effect on both launch prices and price dynamics. In the second essay, we consider the empirical relation between therapeutic advance and market shares. We use a model of horizontal and vertical product differentiation to derive a hypothesis that is tested on the NCE data. Vertically differentiated drugs on average gain larger market shares and command higher prices than horizontally differentiated drugs. Moreover, as a general rule competing substitutes have less influence on the former than on the latter. In the third essay, we develop a simple model of strategic interaction in which two agents learn about a common payoff relevant parameter. The motivating example considers two physicians who choose between two treatments, one of which has an unknown success rate. The physicians learn about the unknown treatment by prescribing it (experimenting). We contrast two information scenarios, one in which the physicians can observe the outcomes of their own treatments only, and the other in which they also can observe the outcomes from the other physician’s treatments. The pure equilibria entail an efficient amount of experimentation in both scenarios. However, strong free riding effects arise in the latter case. These are likely to cause Pareto dominated outcomes in which learning is completely thwarted. Part II: The fourth essay (joint with Jörgen W. Weibull) examines the behavior on insurance markets in a large economy when individuals have altruistic concerns for others’ welfare. The main question we address is whether strategic incentives to free ride on others’ altruism can cause insurance market failure. We also study the interaction between altruism and the adverse selection effects that arise when there is asymmetric information about the individuals’ loss probabilities. We find that if the individuals differ in their risk, and if the individual risks are observable by insurers, the degree of altruism must be (perhaps unrealistically) high in order to cause market failure. A more complex pattern is found in the case of asymmetric information: low levels of altruism increase the number of equilibria (compared to the case without altruism), while high levels of altruism cause complete market failure. The fifth essay (joint with Magnus Johannesson) also considers behavior consistentwith preferences for others’ welfare. We are concerned with how subjects allocate moneybetween themselves and others in a dictator game experiment. Deviations from the standard game theoretic prediction of the outcome in this game have been observed in numerous experiments. One possible explanation for this behavior is that individuals have altruistic concerns for others; another explanation is that individuals are motivated by reciprocity. We perform a standard double blind procedure and another design in which anonymity is guaranteed between dictators and recipients, thus removing any remaining reciprocity from the standard procedure. We could not reject the null hypothesis of no difference between the experimental groups in the two procedures. We interpret this finding as evidence of other-regarding behavior not motivated by reciprocity. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2001