Contexto: O Transtorno Bipolar (TB) freqüentemente está associado a um curso crônico e altamente incapacitante, com comprometimento das funções cognitivas e sociais. O prejuízo funcional no TB pode estar associado a um prejuízo nos processos de tomada de decisão. Ainda que o déficit cognitivo esteja bem documentado no TB, a avaliação de funções cognitivas específicas como a tomada de decisão econômica e a punição altruística ainda não foram bem estudadas. Nesse contexto, o Jogo do Ultimato (JU) é um teste único na avaliação da cognição social por compreender a avaliação da punição altruística, a qual é um importante mecanismo de adaptação social, funcional e do comportamento econômico. Objetivos: Avaliar o padrão de respostas ao JU e o comportamento de punição altruística em uma amostra de pacientes com TB e em controles sadios, além dos fatores clínicos e sociodemográficos associados aos diferentes padrões de resposta ao jogo. Métodos: Vinte e oito pacientes com diagnóstico de TB, eutímicos, e vinte e oito controles saudáveis foram avaliados utilizando o JU em um estudo comparativo. Todos os participantes do estudo fizeram o papel de respondedores no JU, recebendo ofertas injustas previamente estabelecidas. Os sintomas depressivos e maníacos foram avaliados através da Escala de Avaliação da Depressão de Hamilton de 17 itens (HAMD) e da Escala de Avaliação de Mania de Young (YMRS), respectivamente, devendo ser igual ou menor que 8 pontos. A história de traumas na infância foi avaliada pelo Questionário de Traumas na Infância (CTQ), e a impulsividade foi avaliada pela Escala de Impulsividade de Barratt (BIS). Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa na idade e no gênero entre os grupos. A taxa de rejeição das ofertas injustas do JU foi diferente entre pacientes e controles (53% nos pacientes e 28% nos controles). A história de traumas na infância estava relacionada à maior aceitação de ofertas injustas em pacientes (p=0,038), mas não em controles (p=0,691). Com o objetivo de avaliar a interação entre os dois grupos, o padrão de resposta no JU e a história de traumas na infância, uma análise log-linear foi realizada, mostrando uma interação estatisticamente significativa entre as três variáveis (p=0,038). Conclusão: As maiores taxas de rejeição ao JU indicam maior uso do mecanismo de punição altruística no TB, quando comparado aos controles. Por outro lado, a coexistência de TB com trauma na infância está associado a um menor uso do comportamento de punição altruística em comparação ao TB sem trauma na infância. , A flexibilidade de uso da punição altruística parece ser um importante mecanismo adaptativo segundo estudos prévios em população saudável. Dessa forma, os resultados sugerem que tanto o maior uso da punição altruística (maior taxa de rejeição no JU) no TB quanto a inibição de seu uso, que parece associado ao trauma, podem explicar em parte a dificuldade de adaptação social destes pacientes e seu comportamento econômico. / Introduction: Bipolar Disorder is frequently associated to cronic and disabling course, with impairment of social and cognitive functions. Functional impairment can be related to decision-making process impairment. Although cognitive deficits in Bipolar Disorder are well documented, assessment of specific cognitive functions such as economic decision making and altruistic punishment have not been well studied. In this context, the Ultimatum Game is a unique test in the study of social cognition by the assessment of altruistic punishment, which is an important mechanism of social adaptation, functioning and economic behavior. Objective: To compare Ultimatum Game responses and the altruistic punishment behavior between individuals with Bipolar Disorder and healthy controls and assess its associated factors. Methods: Twenty-eight euthymic Bipolar Disorder patients and an equal number of healthy controls were evaluated using the Ultimatum Game paradigm in a comparative design study. The entire sample acted as responders in the Ultimatum Game, receiving previously fixed unfair offers. Depressive and manic symptoms were determined by Hamilton Depression Rating Scale - 17 items and the Young Mania Rating Scale, respectively, and they must be 8 points or lesser. A childhood trauma history was recorded using Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and impulsivity was evaluated by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Results: There were no significant differences in age and gender between groups. The rate of rejection of unfair offers in Ultimatum Game was significantly different between groups (53% in Bipolar Disorder patients and 28% in healthy controls). History of childhood trauma was correlated with unfair offer acceptance in Bipolar Disorder (p=0.038), but not in controls (p=0.691). In order to explore the interaction between the two groups, the pattern of response in Ultimatum Game and the history of childhood trauma, a log linear analysis was carried out and showed a statistically significant interaction (p=0.038). Conclusion: The highest rates of Ultimatum Game rejections indicate greater use of altruistic punishment mechanism in Bipolar Disorder compared to controls. Besides, childhood trauma in Bipolar Disorder is associated with greater acceptance of the Ultimatum Game offers, indicating less use of altruistic punishment in comparison with Bipolar Disorder patients without childhood trauma. The appropriate use of altruistic punishment seems to be an important social adaptive mechanism, as previously reported by non-clinical population studies. Thus, results suggest that both the greater use of altruistic punishment (higher rate of Ultimatum Game rejections) in Bipolar Disorder and the inhibition of its use, which seems related to trauma, may explain in part difficulties in social adaptation and economic behavior of these patients.

Diploma thesis deals with altruistic behaviour of the professionals, such as teachers, nurses and doctors, who provide helping service. The work focuses not only on the professional part of the care but also on human care and feeling towards patients. Two proposed hypothesis were tested. The hypothesis H1: strictly brought up people working in the helping profession lead their patients to the passive dependency. The hypothesis H2: religiously brought up people working in the helping profession feel to be blame more often than the other people. A special questionnaire, containing 25 questions, was designed. Each of the questions offered various variants of answers which had to be mutually inconsistent. The questions can be divided into groups: one of them characterized the composition of the respondents, four served for the hypothesis testing and the rest of the questions enabled to fine distinguish various characteristics of the respondents and to mask the purpose of the questions. In the group of 97 respondents prevailed women in the age below 45 years of the nursery profession who practiced 1 to 20 years. Most of them were atheists. In the group of religious people prevailed the Catholics. The professional software EXCEL 3 was used to test both hypothesis and the special logic calculus was developed to make the answer evaluation easier. The output/input controls of the entering data were also used to find the occasional mistakes. The hypothesis was proved if more then 70 percent of the premises responded to the presumptive implications. Based on this criterion the hypothesis H1 was proved while the hypothesis was not approved.

Contexto: O Transtorno Bipolar (TB) freqüentemente está associado a um curso crônico e altamente incapacitante, com comprometimento das funções cognitivas e sociais. O prejuízo funcional no TB pode estar associado a um prejuízo nos processos de tomada de decisão. Ainda que o déficit cognitivo esteja bem documentado no TB, a avaliação de funções cognitivas específicas como a tomada de decisão econômica e a punição altruística ainda não foram bem estudadas. Nesse contexto, o Jogo do Ultimato (JU) é um teste único na avaliação da cognição social por compreender a avaliação da punição altruística, a qual é um importante mecanismo de adaptação social, funcional e do comportamento econômico. Objetivos: Avaliar o padrão de respostas ao JU e o comportamento de punição altruística em uma amostra de pacientes com TB e em controles sadios, além dos fatores clínicos e sociodemográficos associados aos diferentes padrões de resposta ao jogo. Métodos: Vinte e oito pacientes com diagnóstico de TB, eutímicos, e vinte e oito controles saudáveis foram avaliados utilizando o JU em um estudo comparativo. Todos os participantes do estudo fizeram o papel de respondedores no JU, recebendo ofertas injustas previamente estabelecidas. Os sintomas depressivos e maníacos foram avaliados através da Escala de Avaliação da Depressão de Hamilton de 17 itens (HAMD) e da Escala de Avaliação de Mania de Young (YMRS), respectivamente, devendo ser igual ou menor que 8 pontos. A história de traumas na infância foi avaliada pelo Questionário de Traumas na Infância (CTQ), e a impulsividade foi avaliada pela Escala de Impulsividade de Barratt (BIS). Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa na idade e no gênero entre os grupos. A taxa de rejeição das ofertas injustas do JU foi diferente entre pacientes e controles (53% nos pacientes e 28% nos controles). A história de traumas na infância estava relacionada à maior aceitação de ofertas injustas em pacientes (p=0,038), mas não em controles (p=0,691). Com o objetivo de avaliar a interação entre os dois grupos, o padrão de resposta no JU e a história de traumas na infância, uma análise log-linear foi realizada, mostrando uma interação estatisticamente significativa entre as três variáveis (p=0,038). Conclusão: As maiores taxas de rejeição ao JU indicam maior uso do mecanismo de punição altruística no TB, quando comparado aos controles. Por outro lado, a coexistência de TB com trauma na infância está associado a um menor uso do comportamento de punição altruística em comparação ao TB sem trauma na infância. , A flexibilidade de uso da punição altruística parece ser um importante mecanismo adaptativo segundo estudos prévios em população saudável. Dessa forma, os resultados sugerem que tanto o maior uso da punição altruística (maior taxa de rejeição no JU) no TB quanto a inibição de seu uso, que parece associado ao trauma, podem explicar em parte a dificuldade de adaptação social destes pacientes e seu comportamento econômico. / Introduction: Bipolar Disorder is frequently associated to cronic and disabling course, with impairment of social and cognitive functions. Functional impairment can be related to decision-making process impairment. Although cognitive deficits in Bipolar Disorder are well documented, assessment of specific cognitive functions such as economic decision making and altruistic punishment have not been well studied. In this context, the Ultimatum Game is a unique test in the study of social cognition by the assessment of altruistic punishment, which is an important mechanism of social adaptation, functioning and economic behavior. Objective: To compare Ultimatum Game responses and the altruistic punishment behavior between individuals with Bipolar Disorder and healthy controls and assess its associated factors. Methods: Twenty-eight euthymic Bipolar Disorder patients and an equal number of healthy controls were evaluated using the Ultimatum Game paradigm in a comparative design study. The entire sample acted as responders in the Ultimatum Game, receiving previously fixed unfair offers. Depressive and manic symptoms were determined by Hamilton Depression Rating Scale - 17 items and the Young Mania Rating Scale, respectively, and they must be 8 points or lesser. A childhood trauma history was recorded using Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and impulsivity was evaluated by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Results: There were no significant differences in age and gender between groups. The rate of rejection of unfair offers in Ultimatum Game was significantly different between groups (53% in Bipolar Disorder patients and 28% in healthy controls). History of childhood trauma was correlated with unfair offer acceptance in Bipolar Disorder (p=0.038), but not in controls (p=0.691). In order to explore the interaction between the two groups, the pattern of response in Ultimatum Game and the history of childhood trauma, a log linear analysis was carried out and showed a statistically significant interaction (p=0.038). Conclusion: The highest rates of Ultimatum Game rejections indicate greater use of altruistic punishment mechanism in Bipolar Disorder compared to controls. Besides, childhood trauma in Bipolar Disorder is associated with greater acceptance of the Ultimatum Game offers, indicating less use of altruistic punishment in comparison with Bipolar Disorder patients without childhood trauma. The appropriate use of altruistic punishment seems to be an important social adaptive mechanism, as previously reported by non-clinical population studies. Thus, results suggest that both the greater use of altruistic punishment (higher rate of Ultimatum Game rejections) in Bipolar Disorder and the inhibition of its use, which seems related to trauma, may explain in part difficulties in social adaptation and economic behavior of these patients.

Questa tesi approfondisce, da un punto di vista teorico e applicativo, l’analisi della capacità di “mettersi nei panni degli altri”definita come un costrutto life-span, si sviluppa dalla prima infanzia ma non smette di evolversi fino all’età adulta. La sua traiettoria evolutiva è legata al contesto, alle interazioni, alle esperienze e allo sviluppo cognitivo ed emotivo degli individui. Dalla letteratura emerge come tale capacità sia spesso oggetto di sovrapposizioni concettuali con altri costrutti della psicologia dello sviluppo come la “Teoria della Mente" (Premack & Woodruff, 1978; Wimmer & Perner, 1985), detta anche "mindreading" (Baron-Cohen, Jolliffe, Mortimore & Robertson, 1997); il "perspective-taking" (Carpendale & Lewis, 2006; Moll & Meltzoff, 2011; Sullivan, Bennett, Carpenter & Lewis, 2008); la "funzione riflessiva" (Fonagy & Target, 1997); e la "mentalizzazione" (Fonagy, Bateman & Luyten, 2012). Grazie all’approfondimento di tali costrutti, si arriva a comprendere essi siano spesso declinati con il concetto di mentalizzazione, che viene analizzato nella sua evoluzione storica e in relazione ad altri costrutti come il legame di attaccamento (Bowlby, 1969) e la mind-mindedness (Meins, 2002). L’analisi del costrutto prosegue con la presentazione di tre lavori di ricerca che lo esplorano, da un punto di vista teorico (i primi due) e applicativo (il terzo), dalla sua massima evoluzione nell’età adulta fino al suo manifestarsi e potenziarsi in età evolutiva. La prima ricerca si concentra sulla validazione italiana di una scala che misura l'affettività mentalizzata, un costrutto che integra nel processo di regolazione delle emozioni la mentalizzazione in età adulta. La seconda verifica come la capacità di "mettersi nei panni degli altri", consolidata in preadolescenza, si manifesta all'interno dei legami di attaccamento tra bambini e insegnanti e infine, il terzo lavoro studia se tale capacità possa essere migliorata nel contesto scolastico e avere un impatto sui costrutti relazionali e sociali legati al processo decisionale in campo economico, come l'equità, l'altruismo e la donazione. / This thesis explores, from a theoretical and applicative perspective, the ability to "put oneself in the shoes of others", defined as a life-span construct, which develops from early childhood but does not stop evolving until adulthood. Its developmental trajectory is linked to the context, interactions, experiences and cognitive and emotional development of individuals. The literature shows how this capacity is often the subject of conceptual overlaps with other constructs of developmental psychology such as the "Theory of Mind" (Premack & Woodruff, 1978; Wimmer & Perner, 1985), also known as "mindreading" (Baron-Cohen, Jolliffe, Mortimore & Robertson, 1997); perspective-taking (Carpendale & Lewis, 2006; Moll & Meltzoff, 2011; Sullivan, Bennett, Carpenter & Lewis, 2008); the "reflective function" (Fonagy & Target, 1997); and "mentalisation" (Fonagy, Bateman & Luyten, 2012). Thanks to the in-depth study of these constructs, we come to understand that they are often declined with the concept of mentalisation, which is analysed in its historical evolution and in relation to other constructs such as the attachment bond (Bowlby, 1969) and mind-mindedness (Meins, 2002). The analysis of the construct continues with the presentation of three research works that explore it, from a theoretical point of view (the first two) and from an applicative point of view (the third), from its maximum evolution in adulthood to its manifestation and enhancement in developmental age. The first research focuses on the Italian validation of a scale measuring mentalized affectivity, a construct that integrates mentalization in adulthood into the process of emotion regulation. The second examines how the ability to "put oneself in the shoes of others", which is consolidated in preadolescence, manifests itself within the attachment bonds between children and teachers and finally, the third work studies whether this ability can be improved in the school context and have an impact on relational and social constructs linked to economic decision-making, such as fairness, altruism and donation.

This essay is comparing the different perspectives of the debate on surrogacy in two Swedish Newspapers. The purpose of this study is to contribute with knowledge about the different perspectives of the debate about surrogacy in relation to women's autonomy. The theory is defined by decisional autonomy and practical autonomy, which is written by Jonathan Pugh. Through an idea analysis, the material of the essay is analyzed through an analysis tool created with Pugh’s theory. The delimitation of material is selected from articles from Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet between 2010 and 2020. The result shows that 12 of the arguments in the articles are based on the decisional autonomy perspective, where six of them are based on both decisional and practical autonomy in their arguments. Practical autonomy is the main argument in four of them. The conclusion is that the side of the debate that is against surrogacy argues that the woman does not have enough autonomy to decide to be a surrogacy mother, without pressure or manipulation. The other side of the debate, that is for the altruistic model argues that she has enough autonomy to make her own decision. Another conclusion in this essay is that most of the arguments, even regarding practical autonomy, are based on decisional autonomy, since practical autonomy is mostly a tool for protecting women or helping them to implement their wishes. That's why decisional autonomy is most frequently used in the debate of surrogacy.

This paper comprehensively examines a new type of social media influencer characterized by altruistic tendencies. Utilizing the popular YouTube channel Vlogbrothers as the case study text for a constant comparative analysis, this research explores how the strategies altruistic influencers use to mobilize their community for good, the characteristics of the altruistic influencers, and how altruistic influencers create community. Through an in-depth analysis of 30 Vlogbrothers videos, the themes of education, community, and shared humanity emerged. Education, shared values, and calls to action are discussed as essential for mobilizing communities in charitable endeavors. Authenticity, quality, accessibility, and solutions-focused action were found to be vital characteristics of altruistic influencers. Structure, collaboration, multi-format content, parasocial relationships, and traditions are discussed as community-building tools for altruistic influencers. This research contributes to the existing literature on corporate social responsibility and purpose-driven organizations within the realm of social media influencers. Furthermore, it introduces the concept of "altruistic influencer" as a distinct category within this literature. By outlining the key characteristics and strategies observed in altruistic influencers, this study provides a valuable framework for other influencers to model and encourages further exploration of this field.

Fewer students apply for and finish the teacher programs in Sweden, and manyteachers leave their job. Swedish schools are in need of more teachers, but theteaching profession is today portrayed as unattractive. This research aims toinvestigate what factors that motivate some students to become teachers and whatfactors that motivate some teachers, ESL teachers in first hand, to work as teachers,mainly in secondary schools in Malmoe. Three secondary teachers who teach ESL inMalmoe were interviewed and expressed their thoughts about the positive aspects ofthe teaching job, why they wanted to become and why they work as ESL teachers, andwhat goals they have in relation to their profession. The research showed that the ESLteachers teach because they feel passionate about the subject they teach and becausethey enjoy working with children and teenagers. They find the job fun and rewarding,and think that it is challenging, especially when working in a city like Malmoe. Itseems as teachers often put the pupils first and do not focus on external rewards, suchas salary. Teacher motivation has an impact on student motivation and it is thereforeimportant that teachers remain motivated within their profession.

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Extensive research has documented the relationship between listening to certain genres of music and negative effects on social behavior such as aggressive and antisocial behavior. The present study explored whether there are genres of music associated with altruism. Altruistic behavior is defined as behavior that is consistently more caring, helpful, considerate of other's feelings, and self- sacrificing. These behaviors promote our ability to thrive as a community. Yet, few studies have addressed the relationship between music and altruism. Data was collected from 608 college students who completed a self-report altruism scale, music preference measure, the Marlowe Crowne social desirability scale, and a demographic information form in order to see if there is a relationship between choice of music and altruism. A multiple hierarchal regression analysis found music genre choice accounted for 15.9 percent of variance in self-reported altruism. Significant, positive correlations emerged also between altruism and several music genres including alternative, country, classical, and emo.

This thesis was concerned with the branch of Cooperate Social Responsibility known as Cause-Related Marketing, and focused on the moderating effects of cultural orientation and message framing on CRM advertisement effectiveness. The well-established individualist/collectivist cultural domain was employed through application to Taiwanese and Canadian cultural contexts. With regards to framing, differences between altruistically and egoistically framed messages were explored. It was hypothesized that members of collectivist societies would have increased positive attitudes and purchase intentions towards altruistically framed messages, while members of individualistic societies would have more favorable attitudes towards egoistically framed messages. The primary rationale cited was cultural congruency between the participants and the messages. An experimental design was performed, making use of real world style simulated print advertisement copies, as well as pre and post exposure questionnaires. Overall, the two-way interaction between cultural orientation and message framing was upheld, albeit with interesting and notable secondary results. Although the collectivist orientation was correlated with higher altruistic tendencies and as a result higher overall attitudes towards the CRM advertisements presented, this did not translate into higher overall purchase intentions. Potential reasons discussed included the relatively hedonic nature of the product used in the experiment, which could explain the higher overall purchase intentions of the individualistically oriented participants, based on affect-based complementary theory. As well, the increased level of past exposure to and familiarity with CRM campaigns of the individualist group was considered as a possible covariate factor. This was the first study to explicitly relate CRM advertisement attitude to a crosscultural framework through message framing, thereby offering significant theoretical contributions to the social marketing literature. Managerial implications have been stressed throughout, with the findings of clear relevance to the marketer interested in launching CRM campaigns internationally.