L’objectif de mon travail de thèse était d’une part, de mieux comprendre le rôle des différentes familles de phosphodiestérases (PDEs) dans la régulation de la signalisation dépendante de l’AMPc (PDE-AMPc) dans les cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires (CMLVs), et d’autre part, d’évaluer leur implication fonctionnelle dans la réactivité vasculaire et leur altération potentielle dans un modèle physiopathologique, l’insuffisance cardiaque (IC). Mon travail s’est articulé autour de deux modèles de muscle lisse vasculaire : (1) des CMLVs isolées en culture ayant acquis un phénotype synthétique sur lesquelles une approche d’imagerie en temps réel (FRET : Transfert d’Energie de Fluorescence par Résonance) a été appliquée afin de visualiser in situ la dynamique spatiotemporelle des signaux dépendants de l’AMPc. Nos résultats indiquent que, dans ces cellules, l’augmentation des niveaux d’AMPc provoquée par la stimulation β-adrénergique (β-AR) implique différents récepteurs suivant le compartiment intracellulaire considéré (β1- et β2-ARs dans le cytosol et seulement β2-ARs dans le compartiment sous-membranaire). Nous avons par ailleurs observé que l’expression des ARNm des différentes isoformes de PDE-AMPc et la contribution fonctionnelle de ces enzymes dans la régulation des signaux AMPc intracellulaires étaient dépendantes de la densité des CMLVs en culture.(2) des anneaux d’artères intactes issues de deux lits vasculaires différents (aorte et artère mésentérique) isolées à partir de rats sains et IC, permettant d’étudier leur fonction contractile et donc la régulation de celle-ci par la voie de l’AMPc. Nous avons montré que les familles de PDE-AMPc contribuent de façon différente au contrôle du tonus vasculaire dans l’aorte thoracique (PDE3 = PDE4 sans participation de la PDE2) et dans l’artère mésentérique (PDE4 > PDE2 sans participation de la PDE3), l’endothélium exerçant un rôle essentiel dans la régulation de l’activité de ces PDEs musculaires lisses, notamment par le biais de la production de NO. Nous avons également mis en évidence des altérations de la réactivité vasculaire, et notamment de son contrôle par la voie de l’AMPc/PDE, dans notre modèle de rat IC. Dans l’aorte, la dysfonction endothéliale liée à l’altération de la voie du NO est à l’origine d’une augmentation de l’activité PDE3 masquant l’activité PDE4 et la relaxation β-adrénergique. Dans l’artère mésentérique des rats IC, dont la fonction endothéliale apparaît préservée, les PDE2, 3 et 4 restent fonctionnelles.L’ensemble de nos travaux souligne le rôle essentiel des PDEs dans la régulation de la signalisation AMPc vasculaire, et montre que l’activité et la fonction des différentes familles de PDE-AMPc sont finement modulées par de nombreux paramètres (phénotype et densité cellulaire des CMLVs) ou situations physio-pathologiques (nature du lit vasculaire, présence de l’endothélium, situation d’IC). / The aim of my thesis was to investigate the role of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (cAMP-PDEs) in the regulation of cAMP-dependent signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and to assess their functional involvement in vascular reactivity and their potential alteration in a pathophysiological model of heart failure (HF). My work was based on two models of vascular smooth muscle:(1) Isolated VSMCs in culture having acquired a synthetic phenotype, in which an approach of real-time imaging (FRET: Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) was applied in situ to visualize the spatiotemporal dynamics of cAMP-dependent signals. Our results indicate that, in these cells, increased levels of cAMP induced by β-adrenergic stimulation (β-AR) involve different β-ARs subtypes according to the intracellular compartment considered (β1-and β2-ARs in the cytosol and only β2-ARs in the submembrane compartment). We also observed that the mRNA expression of cAMP-PDEs isoforms and the functional contribution of these enzymes in the regulation of intracellular cAMP signals were dependent on the VSMCs seeding density in culture.(2) Arterial blood vessels from two different vascular beds (aorta and mesenteric artery) isolated from healthy and HF rats, to study their contractile function and thus the regulation by the cAMP pathway. We showed that cAMP-PDE families contribute differently to the control of vascular tone in the thoracic aorta (PDE3 = PDE4, no PDE2) and mesenteric artery (PDE4 > PDE2, no PDE3), endothelium exerting a crucial role in the regulation of their functional activities, especially through the production of nitric oxide (NO). We also demonstrated alterations in vascular reactivity during HF, including its control through the cAMP-PDEs. In the aorta, endothelial dysfunction associated with the alteration of the NO pathway leads to an increase in PDE3 activity which masks PDE4 activity and β-AR relaxation. In mesenteric artery from HF rats, endothelial function is preserved and PDE2, 3 and 4 are functional.This study underlines the importance of PDEs in regulating vascular cAMP signaling, and shows that the activity and function of different cAMP-PDE families are tightly modulated by many parameters (VSMCs phenotype and seeding density) and/or physiopathological situations (vascular bed, endothelium and HF).

La voie β-adrénergique (β-AR)/AMPc est cruciale pour l’adaptation de la fonction cardiaque. Dans l’insuffisance cardiaque (IC), cette signalisation est perturbée et une part importante des patients meurt de troubles du rythme. Classiquement, les effets inotrope et lusitrope positifs de l’AMPc sont attribués à la phosphorylation par la protéine kinase AMPc dépendante (PKA) des protéines clés du couplage excitation–contraction (CEC). L’AMPc active aussi le facteur d’échange Epac, impliqué dans l’hypertrophie cardiaque et le contrôle de l’homéostasie calcique. Une cible d’Epac est la CaMKII, une kinase modulée par le Ca2+ et la calmoduline qui phosphoryle aussi les protéines clés du CEC, et dont l’activation est pro-arythmique.Les phosphodiestérases (PDEs) de type 3 et 4 sont majeures pour dégrader l’AMPc et contrôler l’homéostasie calcique et le CEC. Les inhibiteurs de PDE3 sont de puissants cardiotoniques mais leur utilisation est limitée par leurs effets pro-arythmiques. De plus, l’invalidation de gènes codant pour PDE4 conduit à des arythmies ventriculaires. Mon travail a permis d’identifier les perturbations de l’homéostasie calcique responsables de la survenue d’arythmies lorsque l’activité des PDE3 et des PDE4 est diminuée. Mes résultats montrent que les inhibiteurs de PDEs exercent des effets inotropes via PKA, mais suscitent des vagues de Ca2+ pro-arythmiques impliquant la PKA et la CaMKII activée en partie via Epac. Ceci suggère l'utilisation potentielle d'inhibiteurs de CaMKII comme compléments aux inhibiteurs de PDEs pour limiter leurs effets délétères, une hypothèse que j’ai pu vérifier dans un modèle porcin plus proche du patient. / The β-adrenergic pathway (β-AR)/cAMP is crucial for the adaptation of the cardiac function upon stress. In heart failure (HF), this signaling pathway is disrupted and a significant proportion of patients dies of cardiac arrhythmias. Classically, the inotropic and lusitropic effects of cAMP are attributed to the phosphorylation by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) of the key proteins of the excitation-contraction coupling (ECC). cAMP also activates the exchange factor Epac, which is involved in cardiac hypertrophy and controls intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Epac activates CaMKII, another kinase modulated by Ca2+ and calmodulin which phosphorylates the same key proteins of the ECC, and is involved in arrhythmogenesis.Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) type 3 and 4 are crucial enzyme to degrade cAMP and to control Ca2+ homeostasis, thus ECC. PDE3 inhibitors are potent cardiotonic drugs but their use is limited by their pro-arrhythmic effects. Furthermore, the invalidation of genes encoding PDE4 results in ventricular arrhythmias. My work allowed characterizing the perturbations of Ca2+ homeostasis which lead to arrhythmias when PDE3 and PDE4 activities are decreased. My results show that PDE inhibitors exert inotropic effects via PKA, but evoke pro-arrhythmic Ca2+ waves via both PKA and CaMKII, the latter being activated in part via Epac. Altogether, these results suggest the potential use of CaMKII inhibitors as adjuncts to PDEs inhibitors to limit their deleterious effects, a hypothesis I also tested in a porcine model closer to the patient.

Objetivos: Avaliar o perfil de suscetibilidade, a prevalência da produção de AmpC, β-lactamase de espectro estendido (ESBL) e Metalo-β-lactamase (M-βla) em Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtidas de dois hospitais universitários distintos (ISCMPA e HCPA) em Porto Alegre. Em adição, tipagem molecular por PFGE foi realizada entre os isolados produtores de M-βla para avaliar a relação clonal. Métodos: Foi determinada a suscetibilidade de 238 isolados de P. aeruginosa para 8 agentes antimicrobianos, através do teste de disco-difusão, usando agar Müller-Hinton (MH) de acordo com “National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards” (NCCLS) . Todos isolados foram avaliados para produção de AmpC com o disco de imipenem (indutor) próximo ao disco de cefepima/ceftazdima (substrato). Um achatamento no halo de cefepime/ceftazidima pela indução da enzima pelo imipenem, indicava resultado positivo para AmpC. Todos isolados forma avaliados para a presença de ESBL através do teste de aproximação de disco com ceftazidima, cefepima, cefotaxima, ceftriaxona e ticarcilina-clavulanato como inibidor de β-lactamase. A produção de M-βla foi determinada através do teste de aproximação de discos de CAZ a discos impregnados com ácido2-mercatopropiônico (2-MPA). As taxas de resistência foram comparadas através do Teste Exato de Fisher. Valor de P<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Análise de macrorestrição com a enzima speI foi realizada em isolados produtores de M-βla. Resultados: As taxas de resistência para todos os agentes foram superiores entre os isolados obtidos na ISCMPA em relação aos do HCPA. A ceftazidima mostrou ser o antibiótico mais efetivo contra os isolados de ambos Hospitais (ISCMPA e HCPA) com taxa de resistência de 25,7% (ISCMPA) e 6,1% (HCPA). A expressão de AmpC foi observada em 190 isolados (83,7% HCPA e 77,1% ISCMPA). Não foi possível detectar a presença de ESBL entre todos as P. aeruginosa avaliadas em ambos hospitais. Foi observada a presença de M-βla em 28 isolados (20,0%) da ISCMPA. Mas não foi detectada M-βla em nenhuma P. aeruginosa do HCPA. A análise de macrorestrição mostrou que 14 de 16 P. aeruginosa Mβla positivas pertenciam a um clone (denominado clone A), e seus subclones. Apenas dois outros clones (B e C) foram identificados em um isolado cada. / Objectives: To evaluate susceptibility profile, the prevalence of extendedspectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) production, AmpC and Metallo-β-lactamases (M-βla) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from two distinct hospitals (ISCMPA and HCPA) in Porto Alegre, Brazil. In addiction, molecular typing by PFGE was perfomed among isolates producing M-βla in order to evaluate probably clonal relatedness. Methods: The susceptibility of 238 P. aeruginosa to 8 antimicrobial agents was determined by the disk diffusion method, using Müller-Hinton agar (MH) in accordance with “National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards” guidelines. All isolates were evaluated for AmpC production with the imipenem disk (strong inducer) near of the cefepime/ceftazidime disk (substrate). A blunting of the cefepime/ceftazidime zone by imipenem-induced enzyme, indicated positive result for AmpC. All isolates were evaluated for ESBL production by disk approximation test with ceftazdime, cefepime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone plus ticarcillin-clavulanate as inhibitor. M-βla production was determined by disk approximation test with disks containing CAZ and 2-mercatopropionic acid (2-MPA). The results were compared by the Fisher’s Exact Test. Macrorestriction analysis by SpeI, followed by PFGE, was perfomed in isolates M-βla positive. The resistance rates were compared by The Fisher’s Exact Test. P values < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Results: The resistance rates to all antimicrobial agents were higher among isolates obtained from ISCMPA than those obtained from HCPA. The ceftazidime was the more active antibiotic against the isolates in both hospitals with resistance rates of 25,7% (ISCMPA) and 6,1% (HCPA). The derepression of AmpC was observed in 190 isolates (83,7% HCPA and 77,1% ISCMPA). It was not possible to detect the presence of ESBL among all P. aeruginosa evaluated in both hospitals. Positive results for M-βla production were observed in 28 isolates (20,0%) from ISCMPA. But none M-βla production was identified in P. aeruginosa from HCPA. The macrorestriction analysis by PFGE, showed that 14 of 16 M-βla positive P. aeruginosa beloneed to one clone (named clone A) and its subclones.Only two others clones (B and C) were identified in one isolate each.

L'AMPc té un paper clau com a missatger intracel.lular regulant la transmissió dels senyals extracel•lulars en diferents teixits i controlant múltiples processos cel lulars. Els nivells intracel.lulars d'AMPc es controlen mitjançant la seva síntesi, catalitzada per l'enzim adenilat ciclasa, i mitjançant la seva degradació a través de l'acció de les fosfodiesterases (PDE) de nucleòtids cíclics. Hi ha 11 famílies de PDEs. La PDE4 representa a una família de fosfodiesterases específiques d'AMPc formada per quatre gens paràlegs (PDE4-D), cadascun dels quals és capaç de generar múltiples variants d’splicing. La PDE4A, la PDE4B i la PDE4D es troben expressades en diferents tipus de cèl lules inflamatòries on tenen un important paper com reguladores dels processos inflamatoris. La inhibició selectiva, tant in vitro com in vivo, de PDEs ha demostrat tenir diferents efectes antiinflamatoris. En aquest treball es mostra la implicació de la isoforma PDE4B, i en concret la seva variant de splicing PDE4B2, durant el procés neuroinflamatori del model animal d’Esclerosis Múltiple, l’Encefalomielitis Autoimmune Experimental (d’EAE). Els resultats mostren un augment de l’expressió de l’ARNm de PDE4B2 a la medul•la espinal de ratolins EAE que correlaciona amb l’expressió d’alguns marcadors inflamatoris de forma dependent a la simptomatologia clínica dels animals. També s’observa que l’enzim PDE4B es trova localitzat principalment en cèl•lules presentadores d’antigen (APCs) com les cèl•lules dendrítques i els macròfags/micròglia. A més, els ratolins PDE4B-/- mostren una aparició temprana dels símptomes clínics en comparació amb els ratolins wildtype, amb alteracions en l’expressió de l’ARNm d’algunes citocines. L’alteració selectiva de la PDE4B2 en el model d’EAE en ratolí i la seva participació en el desenvolupament de la malaltia com s’ha observat en els animals PDE4B-/- presenta noves possibilitats sobre l’ús d’inhibidors selectius per les diverses isoformes (i variants d’splicing) tant per aplicacions terapèutiques com per investigar mecanismes d’inflamació en malalties neurodegeneratives. / Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of multiple sclerosis that courses with neuroinflammation, axonal damage and demyelination. The model is characterized by T- and B-cell responses to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein which produce a wide range of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The modulation of cAMP levels through pharmacological manipulation of phosphodiesterases (PDEs) provokes profound anti-inflammatory responses. In the EAE model, amelioration of the clinical signs and delayed onset is observed after PDE4 inhibition and the PDE4B gene has been related to the inflammatory immune response in mice. Here we analyzed post-immunization changes in the expression of mRNA coding for the PDE4B2 splice variant by semiquantitative real-time PCR and in situ hybridization. The results showed an upregulation of PDE4B2 mRNA in the spinal cord of EAE mice which correlates with FoxP3 and TGF-β mRNAs expression in a score-dependent manner. We also found that PDE4B enzyme is mainly localized in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells and microglia/macrophages. PDE4B-/- mice show an earlier onset of the disease compared to wildtype mice, with alterations in some cytokine mRNA expression. The results point to a protective role of the PDE4B enzyme and PDE4B2 splice variant in particular, during EAE pathogenesis by modulating cAMP levels in APCs and controlling the cytokine environment for T-cell differentiation.

Objetivos: Avaliar o perfil de suscetibilidade, a prevalência da produção de AmpC, β-lactamase de espectro estendido (ESBL) e Metalo-β-lactamase (M-βla) em Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtidas de dois hospitais universitários distintos (ISCMPA e HCPA) em Porto Alegre. Em adição, tipagem molecular por PFGE foi realizada entre os isolados produtores de M-βla para avaliar a relação clonal. Métodos: Foi determinada a suscetibilidade de 238 isolados de P. aeruginosa para 8 agentes antimicrobianos, através do teste de disco-difusão, usando agar Müller-Hinton (MH) de acordo com “National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards” (NCCLS) . Todos isolados foram avaliados para produção de AmpC com o disco de imipenem (indutor) próximo ao disco de cefepima/ceftazdima (substrato). Um achatamento no halo de cefepime/ceftazidima pela indução da enzima pelo imipenem, indicava resultado positivo para AmpC. Todos isolados forma avaliados para a presença de ESBL através do teste de aproximação de disco com ceftazidima, cefepima, cefotaxima, ceftriaxona e ticarcilina-clavulanato como inibidor de β-lactamase. A produção de M-βla foi determinada através do teste de aproximação de discos de CAZ a discos impregnados com ácido2-mercatopropiônico (2-MPA). As taxas de resistência foram comparadas através do Teste Exato de Fisher. Valor de P<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Análise de macrorestrição com a enzima speI foi realizada em isolados produtores de M-βla. Resultados: As taxas de resistência para todos os agentes foram superiores entre os isolados obtidos na ISCMPA em relação aos do HCPA. A ceftazidima mostrou ser o antibiótico mais efetivo contra os isolados de ambos Hospitais (ISCMPA e HCPA) com taxa de resistência de 25,7% (ISCMPA) e 6,1% (HCPA). A expressão de AmpC foi observada em 190 isolados (83,7% HCPA e 77,1% ISCMPA). Não foi possível detectar a presença de ESBL entre todos as P. aeruginosa avaliadas em ambos hospitais. Foi observada a presença de M-βla em 28 isolados (20,0%) da ISCMPA. Mas não foi detectada M-βla em nenhuma P. aeruginosa do HCPA. A análise de macrorestrição mostrou que 14 de 16 P. aeruginosa Mβla positivas pertenciam a um clone (denominado clone A), e seus subclones. Apenas dois outros clones (B e C) foram identificados em um isolado cada. / Objectives: To evaluate susceptibility profile, the prevalence of extendedspectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) production, AmpC and Metallo-β-lactamases (M-βla) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from two distinct hospitals (ISCMPA and HCPA) in Porto Alegre, Brazil. In addiction, molecular typing by PFGE was perfomed among isolates producing M-βla in order to evaluate probably clonal relatedness. Methods: The susceptibility of 238 P. aeruginosa to 8 antimicrobial agents was determined by the disk diffusion method, using Müller-Hinton agar (MH) in accordance with “National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards” guidelines. All isolates were evaluated for AmpC production with the imipenem disk (strong inducer) near of the cefepime/ceftazidime disk (substrate). A blunting of the cefepime/ceftazidime zone by imipenem-induced enzyme, indicated positive result for AmpC. All isolates were evaluated for ESBL production by disk approximation test with ceftazdime, cefepime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone plus ticarcillin-clavulanate as inhibitor. M-βla production was determined by disk approximation test with disks containing CAZ and 2-mercatopropionic acid (2-MPA). The results were compared by the Fisher’s Exact Test. Macrorestriction analysis by SpeI, followed by PFGE, was perfomed in isolates M-βla positive. The resistance rates were compared by The Fisher’s Exact Test. P values < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Results: The resistance rates to all antimicrobial agents were higher among isolates obtained from ISCMPA than those obtained from HCPA. The ceftazidime was the more active antibiotic against the isolates in both hospitals with resistance rates of 25,7% (ISCMPA) and 6,1% (HCPA). The derepression of AmpC was observed in 190 isolates (83,7% HCPA and 77,1% ISCMPA). It was not possible to detect the presence of ESBL among all P. aeruginosa evaluated in both hospitals. Positive results for M-βla production were observed in 28 isolates (20,0%) from ISCMPA. But none M-βla production was identified in P. aeruginosa from HCPA. The macrorestriction analysis by PFGE, showed that 14 of 16 M-βla positive P. aeruginosa beloneed to one clone (named clone A) and its subclones.Only two others clones (B and C) were identified in one isolate each.

Nous avons montré un rôle d’un canal K+, le canal SK3, dans la migration des cellules cancéreuses de sein MDA-MB-435s et le développement de métastases ostéolytiques du cancer du sein. Lors de l’ostéolyse, la [Ca²+]ext augmente dans le microenvironnement osseux. Nous avons voulu déterminer si cette élévation de [Ca²+]ext, pouvait moduler l’expression et l’activité du canal SK3. Nous avons montré que l’augmentation de la [Ca²+]ext: i) favorise l’expression du canal SK3. Cet effet fait intervenir le récepteur au calcium (CaSR), qui en diminuant la [AMPc]int réduit l’activité de la PKA et lève ainsi son inhibition de la transcription du gène KCNN3 (codant pour SK3) ; ii) favorise la migration cellulaire dépendante du canal SK3, mécanisme impliquant également le CaSR ; iii) active le canal SK3 qui, par ailleurs, voit son activité réduite par l’élévation d’AMPc intracellulaire. De plus, l’augmentation d’AMPc délocalise un canal calcique partenaire de SK3, le canal Orai1, et diminue l’entrée constitutive de Ca²+ et la migration dépendantes du canal SK3. En conclusion, nos résultats montrent que l’expression et l’activité de SK3 sont régulées par l’AMPc et le Ca2+ extracellulaire. Ceci permet d’envisager une nouvelle stratégie thérapeutique ciblant l’AMPc pour le traitement des métastases osseuses du cancer du sein. / We showed that a K+ channel, SK3 channel, is a mediator of MDA-MB-435s breast cancer cells migration and of osteolytic bone metastasis development of breast cancer. Since [Ca²+]out rises during osteolysis, in bone microenvironment, we study if this [Ca²+]out elevation could modulate SK3 expression and activity. We show that [Ca²+]out elevation: i) increases SK3 expression threw CaSR activation which, in turn, decreases [cAMP]int and PKA activation, leading to loss of its inhibitory effect on KCNN3 transcription; ii) increases SK3-dependent migration threw CaSR activation; iii) increases SK3 channel activity that is in addition, decreased by [cAMP]int elevation. Furthermore, cAMP elevation moves the Ca2+ channel Orai1 (SK3 partner) outside of lipid rafts and reduces the SK3 dependent-constitutive Ca²+ entry and cell migration. Our results show that both SK3 expression and activity are regulated by cAMP and extracellular Ca²+. These results underscore an innovative opportunity to use therapeutic approaches targeting cAMP for the treatment of breast cancer bone metastasis.

La physiopathologie artérielle comprend différentes pathologies telles que l'hypertension, l'athérosclérose, l'hyperplasie intimale qui sont caractérisées par un remodelage artériel en réponse à différents stress environnementaux. Mon travail de thèse s'est intéressé à décrire les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires mis en jeu en réponse à un stress artériel dans des modèles murins et de proposer de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques dans la prévention des dommages artériels. Ainsi, nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle d'une isoforme particulière de la famille des phosphoinositide 3-kinase, la PI3Ky. Cette protéine est largement exprimée dans le compartiment hématopoïétique, où son activité catalytique intervient dans l'inflammation de la paroi artérielle, mais elle est également présente à de plus faible niveau dans les CML et les CE. Associée à son rôle catalytique largement impliqué dans la migration et la libération de facteurs inflammatoires, la PI3Ky a été décrite comme ayant des fonctions non-catalytiques, dite " d'ancrage ", activant des phosphodiestérases (PDE). Ainsi, en utilisant deux modèles murins génétiquement modifiés pour la PI3Ky, l'un délété pour la PI3Ky (PI3KyKO pour knockout) et l'autre exprimant une forme inactive de la PI3Ky (PI3KyKD pour kinase dead) nous avons pu évaluer le rôle des 2 fonctions dans des modèles murins de lésions artérielle. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle non-catalytique de la PI3Ky dans les CML. A partir d'un modèle murin de remodelage artériel induit par un stress hypertenseur nous avons observé que l'hyperplasie médiale des CML est dépendante de la PI3Ky, mais indépendante de son activité catalytique. In vitro à partir de cultures primaires de CML de souris nous avons démontré que la PI3Ky régule l'activité des PDE indépendamment de son activité, limitant les taux intracellulaires d'AMPc qui est un puissant frein de la prolifération des CML. Ces modèles nous ont aussi permis de tester une stratégie thérapeutique originale utilisant un peptide perméant inhibant l'interaction PI3Ky/PDE. Ce peptide est capable de prévenir à la fois la prolifération des CML in vitro mais aussi l'hyperplasie médiale in vivo. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié comment l'activité PI3Ky inflammatoire, inhibe la cicatrisation endothéliale suite à une lésion endovasculaire. A l'aide de différents modèles in vivo et ex vivo de réendothélialisation chez la souris, nous avons pu observer que suite à une lésion vasculaire l'activité de PI3Ky des lymphocytes T induit la sécrétion d'IFNy, entrainant une production locale de CXCL10 par les CML. Cette chimiokine va directement inhiber la cicatrisation endothéliale, indépendamment du compartiment immun. Ces travaux ont permis d'une part de démontrer que l'inhibition de la PI3Ky représentait une stratégie thérapeutique envisageable dans les complications de l'angioplastie mais ont également permis de montrer les mécanismes d'interactions cellulaires complexes mis en jeu lors d'une agression artérielle. Ils ont notamment permis de démontrer un rôle central de la CML agissant comme un relai entre l'inflammation adventitielle et l'endothélium. L'ensemble de ces données a pu mettre en avant une double fonction de la PI3Ky dans les processus de réponse à un stress inflammatoire ou hémodynamique. D'une part, son rôle pro-inflammatoire contrôlé par son activité catalytique, responsable d'une inhibition de la cicatrisation endothéliale via l'activation des CML. D'autre part, son rôle non-catalytique dans les CML, modulant leur prolifération via la signalisation de l'AMPc. Ces travaux permettent d'envisager de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques visant d'une part à inhiber son activité en utilisant des inhibiteurs hautement spécifiques pour cette isoforme et d'autre part des peptides capables de bloquer le rôle non catalytique de la PI3Ky. / Cardiovascular diseases represent the first cause of death worldwide and a large part of them concerns different arterial disorders as hypertension, atherosclerosis, intimal hyperplasia and aneurism. All of these diseases are characterized by arterial remodeling resulting in a complex collaboration between environment and arterial physiology participants: Blood flow, endothelial cells (EC), smooth muscle cells (SMC) and arterial inflammation. In this context, this thesis project is interested in y-isoform of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3Ky). PI3Ky is largely expressed in hematopoietic compartment where its catalytic activity drives arterial wall inflammation, but it is also lower expressed in cardiovascular system such as SMC and EC. Moreover, in addition to catalytic function implicated in chemoattraction and release of inflammatory mediators, PI3Ky has been described to activate phosphodiesterases (PDE) activity, through a non-catalytic "docking" function. At first, this work studied studied non-catalytic docking function of PI3Ky in SMC. Using hypertension-induced arterial remodeling in mice showed that SMC hyperplasia was dependent of PI3Ky protein expression but independent of its activity. Further, in vitro exploration with primary-SMC from mice aorta highlighted that PI3Ky activates PDE independently of its catalytic function, which promotes SMC proliferation by hydrolysis of an anti-mitotic second messenger: the cyclic-AMP. In the same approach, we tested original therapeutic strategy using a permeant-peptide which inhibits PI3Ky/PDE interaction. This permeant-peptide showed good efficiency to prevent both in vitro SMC proliferation and in vivo arterial SMC hyperplasia. The second part of this work how PI3Ky activity in inflammatory cells modulates endothelial healing following endovascular injury. Using in vivo and ex vivo models of arterial de-endothelialization in mouse, we observed a cellular cross talk in arterial wall between T-cells, SMC and EC. PI3Ky activity in T-cells promotes IFNy secretion following arterial injury which indirectly decreases re-endothelialization through a local secretion of CXCL10 by SMC. Indeed, CXCL10 directly inhibits endothelial healing independently of immune compartment. Our findings provide a new promising target to promote endothelial repair and therefore prevent cardiovascular events following endovascular intervention.Altogether, these works unravel an interesting dual function of PI3Ky in arterial stress response. In one hand, catalytic function of PI3Ky drives inflammatory-induced inhibition of endothelial healing, and in other hand, non-catalytic function controls SMC proliferation via inhibition of cyclic-AMP pathway.

L'adénosine monophosphate cyclique (AMPc) est une molécule très largement conservée dans le monde du vivant. Chez les bactéries, cette molécule signal est impliquée, entre autres, dans l'adaptation aux changements de milieu, au développement de la virulence, à la sporulation et la compétence. Bien qu'il fut démontré dans les années 1970 que cette molécule nécessitait un transporteur afin de traverser la membrane cellulaire, l'identité de celui-ci restait jusqu'à très récemment inconnue. Ce n'est qu'en 2011 que Hantke et ses collègues démontrèrent l'implication de la protéine TolC dans l'export de l'AMPc. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai démontré le rôle prépondérant du complexe Opp dans l'import d'AMPc chez Escherichia coli. Ce complexe, formé des protéines OppABCD et F, est connu pour transporter des oligopeptides et se trouve dans la membrane interne de nombreuses bactéries. Pour arriver à la conclusion de son implication dans le transport d'AMPc, une banque de mutants a été créée dans une souche ne produisant pas d'AMPc (cyaA-). Afin d'identifier le transporteur responsable de l'import de l'AMPc, différents cribles qui testent la présence de cette molécule dans la cellule, ont ensuite été réalisée sur ces clones. Après analyse des résultats obtenus, l'opéron opp a été pressenti comme étant nécessaire à l'entrée de l'AMPc dans la cellule. Le double mutant cyaA-oppA- a été créé et de nouvelles expériences sont venues confirmer notre hypothèse. La protéine OppA a ensuite était surexprimée et purifiée pour nous permettre de faire des tests biochimiques d'interaction entre AMPc et OppA, basés sur la fluorescence émise par la protéine elle-même ou un homologue de l'AMPc, l'ε-AMPc. Ces expériences nous ont permis de confirmer l'interaction entre la protéine OppA et l'AMPc. Le système Opp est donc le principal importateur d'AMPc chez Escherichia coli, mais il ne semble pas être l'unique transporteur impliqué. Un autre candidat très intéressant est le complexe Dpp, connu pour transporter les dipeptides. En effet, les expériences préliminaires effectuées démontrent une diminution de la concentration intracellulaire d'AMPc dans une cellule cyaA-dppA- comparée à celle observée dans une souche cyaA-. Les travaux réalisés pendant ces trois dernières années permettent de conclure que le complexe Opp est le principal importateur d'AMPc, très probablement secondé par le complexe Dpp. / Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a signalling molecule conserved in all reigns of life. In bacteria, cAMP plays an important role in processes as diverse as the adaptation to a changing environment, the control of virulence, sporulation and competence. Although it has been proven in the 1970s that this molecule needs an active transporter to traverse the plasma membrane, the first one of these transporters was discovered only a few years ago. In 2011, Hantke et al have shown that the TolC protein is involved in the efflux of cAMP. During my PhD work I have identified the Opp complex as a major player of cAMP import into Escherichia coli. This complex, composed of proteins called OppABCD and F, is known to transport oligopeptides across the inner membrane of numerous bacterial species. To prove the involvement of the Opp complex in cAMP transport, I have used transposon mutagenesis to generate a collection of random mutants in a strain that does not produce cAMP (cyaA-). Different screens were used to detect mutants with impaired transport of extracellular cAMP into the cell. The opp operon emerged as the most promising candidate from this screen. The double mutant cyaA-oppA- was constructed and experiments designed to test the function of OppA confirmed our hypothesis. Subsequently, I overexpressed and purified OppA in order to perform biochemical experiments destined to measure the physical interaction between cAMP and OppA. I show that the Opp system is the major importer of cAMP in Escherichia coli. However, it seems that Opp is not the unique importer of cAMP. The other, very interesting candidate is the complex Dpp, known to transport dipeptides. Preliminary experiments revealed a decreased amount of cAMP in strain cyaA-dppA- compared to strain cyaA-. The experiments carried out during the last three years allow us to conclude that the Opp complex is the major importer of cAMP into E. coli and that the Dpp complex is probably a secondary transporter.

The antibiotic class β-lactams include drugs such as penicillins, cephalosporines, carbapenems and monobactams which mechanism of action is to inhibit cell-wall synthesis. Bacteria have developed several mechanisms to counter β-lactams. Bacteria can defend themselves from antibiotics by releasing enzymes that attack the antibiotic compound itself by hydrolysis, target alteration or redox reactions. Presence of antibiotics can also trigger a downregulation of genes coding for antibiotic binding proteins, as well as upregulation of proteins that serves as channel and pump proteins that ensure no accumulation of antibiotics occurs in the cytosol. The aim with the study was to investigate the presence of three plasmid-mediated genes (blaFOX, blaCIT(CMY-2) and blaMOX) coding for ampicillin resistance (pAmpC) in water isolates sampled from Helge River, Kristianstad. The detection of genes was done according to a previous optimized protocol for Real-Time PCR with SYBR™Green chemistry (duplex blaCIT(CMY-2)/blaMOX and singleplex blaFOX). The method proved not to be robust for multiplex PCR, only the singelplex for the gene blaFOX could produce valid results. 30 of 96 isolates were deemed as positive for the gene, whereas 27 of 79 were considered clinical relevant. Among the 27 isolates, 16 also harbored other genes for resistance (13 blaCTX-M, 2 blaOXA, 1 blaTEM and 1 blaSHV). One isolate carried on three resistancegenes (blaFOX, blaCTX-M och blaTEM). A majority of the positive isolates, 20 out of 27, were sampled near the pumpstation. The findings indicate that Helge river might be a reservoir for dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes.

Objetivos: Avaliar o perfil de suscetibilidade, a prevalência da produção de AmpC, β-lactamase de espectro estendido (ESBL) e Metalo-β-lactamase (M-βla) em Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtidas de dois hospitais universitários distintos (ISCMPA e HCPA) em Porto Alegre. Em adição, tipagem molecular por PFGE foi realizada entre os isolados produtores de M-βla para avaliar a relação clonal. Métodos: Foi determinada a suscetibilidade de 238 isolados de P. aeruginosa para 8 agentes antimicrobianos, através do teste de disco-difusão, usando agar Müller-Hinton (MH) de acordo com “National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards” (NCCLS) . Todos isolados foram avaliados para produção de AmpC com o disco de imipenem (indutor) próximo ao disco de cefepima/ceftazdima (substrato). Um achatamento no halo de cefepime/ceftazidima pela indução da enzima pelo imipenem, indicava resultado positivo para AmpC. Todos isolados forma avaliados para a presença de ESBL através do teste de aproximação de disco com ceftazidima, cefepima, cefotaxima, ceftriaxona e ticarcilina-clavulanato como inibidor de β-lactamase. A produção de M-βla foi determinada através do teste de aproximação de discos de CAZ a discos impregnados com ácido2-mercatopropiônico (2-MPA). As taxas de resistência foram comparadas através do Teste Exato de Fisher. Valor de P<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Análise de macrorestrição com a enzima speI foi realizada em isolados produtores de M-βla. Resultados: As taxas de resistência para todos os agentes foram superiores entre os isolados obtidos na ISCMPA em relação aos do HCPA. A ceftazidima mostrou ser o antibiótico mais efetivo contra os isolados de ambos Hospitais (ISCMPA e HCPA) com taxa de resistência de 25,7% (ISCMPA) e 6,1% (HCPA). A expressão de AmpC foi observada em 190 isolados (83,7% HCPA e 77,1% ISCMPA). Não foi possível detectar a presença de ESBL entre todos as P. aeruginosa avaliadas em ambos hospitais. Foi observada a presença de M-βla em 28 isolados (20,0%) da ISCMPA. Mas não foi detectada M-βla em nenhuma P. aeruginosa do HCPA. A análise de macrorestrição mostrou que 14 de 16 P. aeruginosa Mβla positivas pertenciam a um clone (denominado clone A), e seus subclones. Apenas dois outros clones (B e C) foram identificados em um isolado cada. / Objectives: To evaluate susceptibility profile, the prevalence of extendedspectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) production, AmpC and Metallo-β-lactamases (M-βla) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from two distinct hospitals (ISCMPA and HCPA) in Porto Alegre, Brazil. In addiction, molecular typing by PFGE was perfomed among isolates producing M-βla in order to evaluate probably clonal relatedness. Methods: The susceptibility of 238 P. aeruginosa to 8 antimicrobial agents was determined by the disk diffusion method, using Müller-Hinton agar (MH) in accordance with “National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards” guidelines. All isolates were evaluated for AmpC production with the imipenem disk (strong inducer) near of the cefepime/ceftazidime disk (substrate). A blunting of the cefepime/ceftazidime zone by imipenem-induced enzyme, indicated positive result for AmpC. All isolates were evaluated for ESBL production by disk approximation test with ceftazdime, cefepime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone plus ticarcillin-clavulanate as inhibitor. M-βla production was determined by disk approximation test with disks containing CAZ and 2-mercatopropionic acid (2-MPA). The results were compared by the Fisher’s Exact Test. Macrorestriction analysis by SpeI, followed by PFGE, was perfomed in isolates M-βla positive. The resistance rates were compared by The Fisher’s Exact Test. P values < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Results: The resistance rates to all antimicrobial agents were higher among isolates obtained from ISCMPA than those obtained from HCPA. The ceftazidime was the more active antibiotic against the isolates in both hospitals with resistance rates of 25,7% (ISCMPA) and 6,1% (HCPA). The derepression of AmpC was observed in 190 isolates (83,7% HCPA and 77,1% ISCMPA). It was not possible to detect the presence of ESBL among all P. aeruginosa evaluated in both hospitals. Positive results for M-βla production were observed in 28 isolates (20,0%) from ISCMPA. But none M-βla production was identified in P. aeruginosa from HCPA. The macrorestriction analysis by PFGE, showed that 14 of 16 M-βla positive P. aeruginosa beloneed to one clone (named clone A) and its subclones.Only two others clones (B and C) were identified in one isolate each.