Ce mémoire a pour objectif de présenter le rôle des idées dans la connaissance singulière chez John Locke. Les « idées » constituent la pierre angulaire de la théorie de la connaissance chez Locke. Selon lui, la connaissance est la « perception d'une liaison » de concordance ou de discordance entre les idées. L'idée est, pour lui, le matériau de notre connaissance. Le rôle des idées dans la connaissance singulière est de nous représenter les existants réels. Les idées singulières sont reçues et perçues par l'esprit pour former des propositions singulières. La perception de la liaison de concordance ou de discordance entre les idées constitue la connaissance singulière ou la connaissance générale. Dès lors le rôle des idées consiste à faire connaître les êtres qui existent, à établir une correspondance entre le sujet connaissant et la réalité extérieure. L'idée en tant que fondement épistémologique est le principe de toute connaissance et, précisément, de la connaissance singulière. Nous utiliserons la principale oeuvre de Locke, à savoir l'Essai sur l'entendement humain, pour réaliser cette étude. Il s'agit donc de réexaminer la pensée de Locke en épistémologie en reconstruisant les concepts du corpus de sa théorie de la connaissance sous l'angle spécifique du rôle que jouent les idées dans la connaissance singulière. Pour réaliser cette étude, nous procéderons à une analyse systématique en exposant d'abord, dans une première partie, le cadre conceptuel de la théorie lockienne des idées, puis, dans une seconde partie, nous montrerons en quoi celles-ci consistent dans la connaissance singulière. Dans la première partie du mémoire, nous présentons, la conception lockienne des idées en montrant leur origine sensible. Pour montrer le caractère sensible des idées, nous utilisons particulièrement le livre 2 de l'Essai sur l'Entendement humain. Dans le chapitre 1, nous présentons les deux sources de la connaissance. Nous discutons, ensuite, dans le chapitre 2, la cause des idées tout en nous attachant à montrer que les idées sont causées par les pouvoirs des objets extérieurs que Locke appelle qualités. Et, dans le chapitre 3, nous analysons les opérations de l'esprit en montrant le rôle des idées en général. Après l'analyse de la théorie des idées, nous essayons de montrer comment les idées se déterminent en connaissance, dans la connaissance singulière, ce qui constitue l'objet des chapitres de la seconde partie. Le livre 4 de L'Essai sur l'entendement humain est ici notre référence principale. Dans notre chapitre 4, nous tentons de définir la connaissance singulière. Dans le chapitre 5, nous analysons la connaissance de l'existence des êtres réels en montrant le rapport des idées aux choses existantes et la certitude. Ensuite, dans le chapitre 6, nous examinons les limites de la connaissance singulière liées à l'impossibilité de connaître la substance. Et, enfin, dans le chapitre 7, nous pouvons avancer ce qui nous apparaît être la position sceptique de Locke en épistémologie. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Philosophie, Épistémologie, Connaissance, Idée, Existence, Êtres réels, Locke.

The aim and purpose of this essay is to investigate how literature can be used as an educational tool and as a source for learning acquisition. More specifically, this essay investigates whether literature can facilitate vocabulary acquisition by exploring different aspects of learning through literature and by implementing a study to see how literature contributes to the development of vocabulary. The results of the study show improvement on vocabulary breadth with the help of literature and consequently serve to reinforce the importance of literature and substantiate the reasons why literature is used in school. This essay can serve as supplementary evidence for the significance and relevance of literature as an educational tool.

The integration policy in Sweden shall encourage individuals to support themselves and take part in society. It shall alsocontribute to equal rights and opportunities for women as well as for men. In Borlänge this has resulted in a program ofintroduction for new arrivals from other countries. However, at the unit responsible for economic support, they havediscovered that women with immigrant background more often than men seem to have trouble starting or became to anending of the program, which then especially leads women to a long-term dependence for economic support. The purpose of this study has therefore been to investigate what factors affect immigrant women’s participation in theintroduction, and what significance this participation has for their possibilities to become economically self-supporting,and integrated into Swedish society. Previous research shows that some of the obstacles for the integration of immigrant women can be that they give birthto many children, are unskilled or have a low degree of education and that they tend to be living under patriarchalgender patterns. Another problem seem to be that some women are not even known as members of the municipalities.All of these problems are as well what was shown in my own study. I have used theoretical perspectives from Bourdieu, Elias & Scotson, Giddens, Roman and al-Baldawi in my analysis.Bourdieu have interesting thoughts about capital, habitus and field, which can help us to understand how individuals arebeing shaped and are given different opportunities to act in a special way or direction. Elias & Scotson describesthrough their study around established and outsiders how the process of integration can take place and what effects thatcan be shown for the opportunities to succeed in that part. Giddens, Roman and al-Baldawi then give us different waysto look at the patriarchy and family structures around the world. The result of this study shows that the willingness to integrate and be able to take care of your own support for living isan important part for the women for succeeding. For the other women, that don’t succeed, it turns out to be just like theprevious research has been shown. Gender patterns, many children and a low or no education skill all seems to be partof the issue. It is also suggested that the generosity of the Swedish welfare system might hinder rather than help someimmigrant women to become integrated into Swedish society.

Gradient Enhanced Piezoelectric Actuators (GEPAC) are thin piezoelectric plates embedded between two composites layers having different thermal properties. Compared to standard unimorph bending actuators, GEPACs offer superior performances for operations at low frequencies. Potential applications are in the area of multifunctional aircraft skins. In practice, delaminations or debonding within the actuator itself can occur, and it is highly desirable to develop an ultrasonic nondestructive method to monitor the integrity of the actuator in real time. For this study, the composite material is unidirectional Kevlar-epoxy, with fibers oriented at 90 and 0 for the upper and lower layers to achieve different coefficient of thermal expansion. A thin PZT plate is inserted between the two layers, and extended copper foil is used for electrodes on the PZT. The first objective of the research is to demonstrate that, by using segmented electrodes, one can simultaneously launch an ultrasonic pulse (1 MHz) for NDE testing while the actuator is undergoing low frequency actuation (less than 100 Hz). The second objective is to show that the ultrasonic signal can be used to detect damage induced during fatigue testing of the actuator. The third objective is to use the technique to monitor the integrity of a composite plate containing several embedded GEPACs.

Adopting historical perspectives, this thesis explores domestic, aesthetic, and cultural conflicts in modern Japan surrounding Masuji Ono, the protagonist in Kazuo Ishiguro¡¦s An Artist of the Floating World, as he looks back on his past. His memory narrative reveals his transformation from an iconoclastic young artist to a militarist propagandist in pre-war time, and finally to an old man who comes to terms with the loss of his prestige through none too reliable remembrances. Reading Ono¡¦s narrative in cross reference to historical texts, I argue that his transformation is in step with Japan¡¦s shift from a thriving nation to a militarist empire, and ultimately to a defeated nation subject to the Occupation after World War II and subsequent social changes. These changes are induced by democratization and disarmament engineered by the American army, which drastically undermine Japanese values, including the apotheosis of the Emperor, patriarchy, and social hierarchy. Forced to redefine themselves in the midst of the drastic social transformation, the Japanese harbor mixed feelings toward the emperor, regarding him as a guardian of the nation and a traitor. This ambivalence is profoundly felt by Ono, whose fall parallels the emperor¡¦s, since his authority as a father and a painting master is interrogated by the younger generation, most notably his daughter. In particular, his interaction with his grandson, who is brought up with American values, registers the Japanese attitudes toward the American, considering the occupier as both a welcomed authority and an alien monster. By examining three prominent authority figures in the novel¡Xfather, master, and monster¡Xthis thesis uncovers Ishiguro¡¦s agenda for negotiating an interface between history and personal memory.

Comparing with other dielectric waveguides, NRD (nonradiative dielectric guides) presents advantages of ease of fabrication, low transmission loss, and absence of radiation from bends and discontinuities, making it suitable for realizing compact and high-performance millimeter wave integrated circuits. First, we study the EM theory of NRD to observe the characteristic affected by NRD geometric parameters and introduce multi-mode parameters to analyze mode coupling phenomena in bend and two-layer NRD structures. In order to promote NRD circuit application and transmission performance, we also study an integrated transition between microstrip line and NRD and mode suppressing technique. Finally, the structures mentioned above are all integrated in circuit application.

ABSTRACT This research is mainly based on the concept of ¡§strategic triangle¡¨described in Mark H. Moore ¡¨Creating Public Value¡GStrategic Management in Government¡¨, and the environment system is surveyed with the viewpoint of ¡§an integrated public affair management framework¡]PAM¡^¡¨ which is developed by Wang, Ming-Shen. In Taiwan, the National Health Insurance Act has been the most important social welfare policy since its launching in 1995. The main purpose of the policy is to reduce the economic barriers of medical care. However, medical service in remote areas, especially in offshore islands, still has been a difficult issue for government. Officers are designated to carry out the politics of the democratically elected head of a local government, and have to create public value by succeeding at the task. Although it is difficult to build rural health care network, the executive officers as managers must achieve it with efforts. Moore has developed a simple and powerful diagram ¡§strategic triangle ¡¨ which is composed of V.C.S. to focus the attention of government managers on three complex issues they had to have considered before¡]or,while¡I¡^committing themselves and their organizations to a particular course of action. This retrospective case study takes the executive officer in local government as the public manager who takes the responsibility of running effectively the Lieyu Branch of Kinmen County Hospital in Lieyu Township in response to its residents demand. In illustration of the medical care project in stages , managers will realize the process and outcome that show¡G¡§an integrated public affair management framework¡¨ enables the public manager to evaluate the overall environment in clear presentation¡Fand ¡§strategic triangle ¡¨ helps the public manager to identify promptly the shortcomings and practical suggestions of the project.

This research is mainly, composed of Mark H. Moore ¡§Creating Public Value¡GV.C.S. strategy management in government¡¨, and promoted by Wang, Ming-Shen with the viewpoint of ¡§An integrated public affair management ¡]PAM¡^ framework¡¨. Qualitative research method is used in this dissertation to analyze the process of local government promoting water resource development. The case study takes the main pusher of bureaucrats in local government as public manager. With¡§V.C.S. strategic triangle¡¨¡G Value, Capacity and Support, we discuss the mutual relation and make operational suggestions. Research result shows that with ¡§An integrated public affair management ¡]PAM¡^ framework¡¨,public manager will do good to evaluate the overall environment¡Fwith strategic triangle, public manager can evaluate the weakness of project promptly, and make practical suggestions. Therefore, we believe that V.C.S. strategy management can offer public manager broader thinking direction.

ABCTRACT The world is undertaking a period of agitation on business venture. In United States, Britain, Taiwan or other developed countries, no matter the government, academia or even the enterprises, it is obvious to see that they all pay attention to the topic on research of entrepreneurship management. Starting business is not difficult but it is not easy to run it successfully. You have to face countless crisis and uncertainty. While the success story of Mr. Wang Yongqing wins universal praise, more people ask curiously "Where is the next Wang Yongqing?¡¨. In order to implement the localization of research, we will concentrate on the model of entrepreneurial youth in Taiwan. This fills in the breach on the research of the factors for successful which includes the background and the course of starting an enterprise of the local entrepreneur. We have taken thorough interview with them. Based on the result, we suggest the following as the direction to research: background, characteristic of the personality, motivation, course, and style of the leadership. After the analysis, we conclude the necessary factors of a successful entrepreneur and assign the following topics: 1. To compare with authoritative discipline, it is easier to cultivate the necessary spirit and personality of a successful entrepreneur with democratic and permissive disciplines. 2. If the member of the family has experience on business venture, it is easier to cultivate a successful entrepreneur. 3. If the entrepreneur has stronger society support system, it is easier for him to be success. 4. Out of the five characteristics of the personality, a successful entrepreneur is always agreeable and conscientious. 5. If the entrepreneur continues to study, it is easier for him to be success. 6. If the entrepreneur is highly self-fulfilling and self-disciplined, it is easier for him to be success. 7. If the entrepreneur has a clear objective and executes toward it precisely, it is easier for him to be success. 8. If the entrepreneur is high-pressure resistance, well prepared oneself to changes and highly relievable from pressure, it is easier for him to be success. 9. If the entrepreneur has both Transformational and Transactional leadership styles, it is easier for him to be success. 10. If the entrepreneur has strong social conscience, it is easier for him to be success.

According to governmental delegation-authority and people¡¦s trust, police authority acts as guardians in public field to maintain social order and serve the public as well as a carrying-gun group. However, at present, the so-called people¡¦s police are still restricted because of extrinsic influences and complicated environment. Moreover, they are still satisfied with immersing in subjective achievements. Therefore, it is a pity that they rarely make efforts to analyze and resolve deep-rooted problems. In a pluralist society, in order to manifest governmental effectiveness, police duty must pursuit perfection to meet more and more complicated public issues. Consequently, it is essential to define the implementation of corn value. Namely, it is to deeply discuss and analyze the value definition of research issues, and insist on the principles of planning, making decision objectively, judging subjectively, analyzing, managing and operating practice, realizing society changes and controlling trend with macro perspectives and micro angles to predict the future by reviewing the past so as to combine knowing and doing. This research referred to the viewpoint of ¡§An Integrated Public Affairs Management Framework¡¨ planned by Ming-Shen Wang to discuss the casual relation in the dramatic changes of Kaohsiung society and deeply analyze on the main police functions with V.C.S. strategic management method and focused on promoting the capacity of police organization to draw appropriate projects from out-of-date issue of police on-the-job training education to look forward to advancing police professional functions and response citizens¡¦ eager expectation.