Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:39:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 465274.pdf: 1243643 bytes, checksum: 5a905759156f7c2a2a12556c2b9b636d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-07 / With the rise of news on social networks, more specifically on Facebook, where information is fast spread, reaching thousands of people in different places worldwide, it becomes necessary to understand and explain the meanings in discourse in interaction among internet users. The rapid expansion of digital genres a term adopted by Marcuschi (2010), which refers to new ways of communication such as blogs, chats, online-magazines, among many others available on the Internet has caught the attention and curiosity of linguists, since these new genres paved the way to different forms of language and interaction that deserve to be analyzed and discussed within the discursive sphere. This research intends to analyze comments posted on Veja Magazine profileon Facebook Social Network. The general objective is to analyze how the meaning of an utterance can be explicit in the confrontation of the different voices present in the discourse of speakers and interlocutors. The specific objectives aim at: a) verifying how the discourse of the interlocutor to whom the post is directed emerges with the speaker s discourse (b) understanding how the points of view (the many voices of the discourse) interact in the comments posted by internet users. The corpus for this work comprises: the cover headline from Veja Magazine, which highlights the case of beagle dogs used as guinea pigs for drug testing at the Instituto Royal laboratory; the utterance that preceded the comments posted by internet users, as well as the first fifteen comments selected right after the headline was posted. The magazine cover was posted on Facebook on December 28th, 2013. The data for this research was collected from October 2013 to June 2014. The research is based on the theoretical assumptions advocated by Bakhtin about discursive genres and dialogism. Some concepts proposed by Marcuschi (2008, 2010) about digital genres were also approached. / Com o avan?o de not?cias veiculadas em redes sociais, especificamente no Facebook, em que as informa??es s?o propagadas rapidamente e que atingem milhares de pessoas ao mesmo tempo em diferentes lugares em todo mundo, se faz necess?rio entender e explicar os sentidos dos discursos em intera??o dos internautas. Os g?neros virtuais, termo utilizado por Marcuschi (2010), que se refere ?s novas modalidades de comunica??o como blogs, chats, revistas online, entre outros dispon?veis na internet, se expandiram rapidamente, provocando, assim, curiosidade por parte de linguistas. Esta curiosidade se deve ao fato de que com os novos g?neros tamb?m surgiram diferentes formas de linguagem e intera??o, que merecem ser analisadas e discutidas dentro da esfera discursiva. Esta pesquisa pretende analisar coment?rios da Rede Social Facebook, no perfil da Revista Veja. Como objetivo geral tem o prop?sito de analisar como o sentido de um enunciado pode ser explicitado a partir do confronto entre diferentes vozes presentes no discurso dos locutores e interlocutores. Como objetivos espec?ficos visa: (a) verificar como o discurso do interlocutor, a quem a publica??o ? destinada, emerge com o discurso do locutor e (b) compreender como os pontos de vista (as diversas vozes do discurso) interagem nos coment?rios dos internautas. O estudo tem como corpus a chamada de capa da Revista Veja, no Facebook, que divulga o caso dos c?es da ra?a beagleusados como cobaias pelo Instituto Royal, com o prop?sito de testar medicamentos; o enunciado que antecede os coment?rios dos usu?rios da rede,e por fim, os 15 primeiros coment?rios selecionados de usu?rios, a partir da divulga??o da capa no Facebook. A capa da revista foi publicada no Facebook no dia 28 de outubro de 2013. Os dados para a pesquisa foram coletados entre outubro de 2013 e junho de 2014. A investiga??o est? baseada nos pressupostos te?ricos de Bakhtin em rela??o a g?neros discursivos e ao dialogismo. Ademais, percorremos alguns conceitos de Marcuschi (2008, 2010) sobre g?neros virtuais.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:39:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 466609.pdf: 1179038 bytes, checksum: 5cd6759c8e1a71fe55982083f9205e3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-16 / Broadcasted in the press, usually via newspaper, the cartoon is a genre whose complexity is set as an interesting object of analysis to observe how the senses are constructed themselves in the discourse. Considering this complexity and based on the Bakhtinian theory, this thesis wants to answer the following question: How is the dialogical construction of senses made, considering the production and reception of the discourse in cartoons that are said to be controversial? The overall objective of this thesis is to analyze how the dialogical construction of the senses happens, considering the enunciative project from the cartoons and the reading of its interlocutors, mainly in those considered to be controversial, thus, cartoons that presented discrepancies between the production and the reception of the senses and that had a repercussion in the media due to a diversity of readings. As specific objectives, we had (a) investigate how the different social voices that go through controversial cartoon engender themselves and reflect and refract senses in the discourse and (b) talk about discourse-response that come out from controversial cartoons. We chose to work with four controversial cartoons and eleven discourse-response from these cartoons, all of them broadcasted on-line between 2011 and 2014, referring to the facts in Brazilian media in between these years. As a theoretical framework, we use the ideas postulated by Mikhail Bakhtin and his Circle, to whom every discourse is dialogic, in other words, the discourse establishes a necessary relation with other discourses, unleashing different senses.Thus, the methodology of analysis is based on the methodological guidance provided in Marxism and Philosophy of Language ([1929] 2009, p. 45). That is to say, the discourse is taken into account from the bond with its socio-historical context, which refers to the need of the analysis to be made from the limits of a particular culture in order to understand the discursive issues engendered in the social spheres from which they emerge. After doing the analysis, we can notice that the discrepancy - between the production and reception of the senses from the controversial cartoons picked - is due to the different valuation by the interlocutors in relation to the project of saying from the cartoon. In addition to that, there seems to be no understanding of what this genre is, which prevents a critical reading. We hope that with the discussions about the constructed senses in the observed discourses, we can contribute with reflections aimed at the teaching of reading and textual production in Portuguese classes, considering the importance of the study of language in use, materialized in different discursive genres. / Veiculada na m?dia, geralmente em jornais, a charge ? um g?nero cuja complexidade se configura como um interessante objeto de an?lise para se observar como os sentidos se constroem no discurso. Esta disserta??o, ponderando tal complexidade e tendo como base a teoria bakhtiniana, visa responder a seguinte quest?o: Como se d? a constru??o dial?gica de sentidos, considerando a produ??o e recep??o do discurso, em charges tidas como pol?micas? O objetivo geral desta disserta??o ? analisar como acontece a constru??o dial?gica dos sentidos, considerando o projeto enunciativo das charges e as leituras de seus interlocutores, especificamente naquelas consideradas pol?micas, isto ?, charges que apresentaram discrep?ncias entre a produ??o e a recep??o dos sentidos e que tiveram repercuss?o na m?dia, devido ? diversidade de leituras. Como objetivos espec?ficos, buscamos (a) examinar de que forma diferentes vozes sociais que atravessam charges pol?micas se engendram e refletem e refratam sentidos no discurso e (b) discutir sobre discursos-resposta que emergem a partir das charges pol?micas em quest?o. Delimitamos como recorte de pesquisa quatro charges pol?micas e onze discursos-resposta dessas charges, todos veiculados em meio digital entre 2011 e 2014, que fizessem refer?ncia a fatos divulgados pela m?dia brasileira tamb?m entre esses anos. No que tange ao embasamento te?rico, recorremos ?s ideias postuladas por Mikhail Bakhtin e seu C?rculo, para quem todo discurso ? dial?gico, isto ?, todo discurso estabelece uma necess?ria rela??o com outros discursos, desencadeando diferentes sentidos. A metodologia de an?lise est? alicer?ada nas orienta??es metodol?gicas apresentadas em Marxismo e filosofia da linguagem ([1929] 2009, p. 45). Assim, o discurso ? considerado a partir do v?nculo com seu contexto s?cio-hist?rico, o que remete ? necessidade de as an?lises serem desenvolvidas a partir dos limites de determinada cultura, de modo a compreender as quest?es discursivas engendradas ?s esferas sociais de onde emergem. A partir das an?lises efetuadas, podemos perceber que a discrep?ncia, entre a produ??o e a recep??o dos sentidos das charges pol?micas selecionadas, d?-se na medida em que h? valora??o diferente por parte dos interlocutores em rela??o ao projeto de dizer da charge. Outra considera??o ? que parece n?o haver um entendimento do que seja esse g?nero, o que inviabiliza realizar uma leitura cr?tica. Esperamos que, com as discuss?es em torno dos sentidos constru?dos nos discursos observados, seja poss?vel contribuir para reflex?es voltadas ao ensino de leitura e produ??o textual nas aulas de l?ngua portuguesa, considerando-se a import?ncia do estudo da linguagem em uso, materializada em diferentes g?neros discursivos.

Informed by, and seeking to contribute to, discussions about appropriate methodology (e.g. Holliday, 1994), my study as reported in this thesis was concerned with appropriacy of paradigms in TESOL (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages). It explored practitioner perspectives in Thai higher education (HE) in this era when English has become 'the' main international language for intercultural communication (IC). This linkage between English as an international language (EIL) and IC is evident in the strategy of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) - of which Thailand was a founding member in 1967 - for greater economic, cultural and socio-political integration among its members. For practitioners like me, this regional strategic move in conjunction with Thai policies and curricular documentation raises questions about the appropriacy of the established practices of Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) in Thailand. My multi-method qualitative case study addressed such questions by exploring the perspectives of three Thai-national teachers of English working in a Thai public university regarding the purposes of, and assumptions underpinning, their teaching of English. As informed by an understanding of their perspectives, I then considered the possible influences which might have shaped these perspectives. The study identified the teachers' main purposes to be short-term, instrumental ones - i.e. for academic study and examination preparation purposes. As such, they tended not to attach much value to the teaching of the cultural dimension (i.e. the target culture of native English speakers [NESs], the students' home cultures and other cultures) or intercultural dimension (i.e. knowledge, skills and mindset needed for engaging people from differing cultural backgrounds). These purposes were underpinned by assumptions they held about the NES linguistic norms as testable norms in TEFL and Teaching English for Academic Purposes (TEAP). The teachers seemed unfamiliar with alternative paradigms - such as Teaching English as an International Language (TEIL) - that might align top-level policy statements and actual classroom practices. This unfamiliarity suggests the inadequacy of the teachers' educational and professional development experiences. The influences from their institution such as exams-oriented and English-medium academic agendas also had repercussions for the teachers' perspectives. Stepping back from the teachers' perspectives, my study suggested discourse inconsistencies across Thai HE regarding paradigms and purposes of TESOL. This situation is unhelpful vis-à-vis the ASEAN foregrounding of EIL for IC, and the consequent need, through TESOL, to prepare Thai students to engage in IC with people within and beyond ASEAN. My study has implications for a direction of change for TESOL in the Thai HE and possibly for similar contexts elsewhere. It offers some suggestions about teacher education that can be supportive of reorienting TESOL towards appropriate and purposeful paradigms.

This thesis consists of two components: a 70,000-word verse novel and a 50,000-word critical component that has arisen out of the research process for that novel. Creative Component: The Marlowe Papers The Marlowe Papers is a full-length verse novel written entirely in iambic pentameter. As with verse novels such as The Golden Gate by Vikram Seth, or The Emperor's Babe by Bernadine Evaristo, its inspiration, derivation, conventions and scope owe more to the prose novel than to the epic poem. Though there is as yet no widely-accepted definition, a verse novel may be distinguished from an epic poem where it consists, as in this case, of numerous discrete poems, each constituting a ‘chapter' of the novel. This conception allows for considerable variations in form and tone that would not be possible in the more cohesive tradition of the epic poem. The Marlowe Papers is a fictional autobiography of Christopher Marlowe based on the idea that he used the pseudonym ‘William Shakespeare' (employing the Stratford merchant as a ‘front'), having faked his own death and fled abroad to escape capital charges for atheism and heresy. The verse novel, written in dramatic scenes, traces his life from his flight on 30 May 1593, through the back-story (starting in 1586) that led to his prosecution, as we similarly track his progress on the Continent and in England until just after James I accedes to the English throne. The poems are a mixture of longer blank verse narratives and smaller, more lyrical poems (including sonnets). Explanatory notes to the poems, and a Dramatis Personae, are included on the advice of my creative supervisor. Critical Component: Writing Marlowe As Writing Shakespeare This part of the thesis explores the relationship between early modern biographies and fiction, questioning certain ‘facts' of Marlovian and Shakespearean biography in the light of the ‘thought experiment' of the verse novel. Marlowe's reputation for violence is reassessed in the light of scholarly doubt about the veracity of the inquest document, and Shakespeare's sonnets are reinterpreted through the lens of the Marlovian theory of Shakespeare authorship. The argument is that orthodox and non-Stratfordian theories might be considered competing paradigms; simply different frameworks through which interpretation of the same data leads to different conclusions. Interdisciplinary influences include Kuhn's philosophy of scientific discovery, post-modern narrativist history, neuroscience, psychology, and quantum physics (in the form of the ‘observer effect'). Data that is either anomalous or inexplicable under the orthodox paradigm is demonstrated to support a Marlovian reading, and the current state of the Shakespeare authorship question is assessed. Certain primary source documents were examined at the Bodleian Library, at the British Library, and at Lambeth Palace Library. Versions of Chapters 2, 3 and 4, written under supervision during this doctorate, have all been published, either as a book chapter or as a journal article, within the last year (Barber, 2009, 2010a, b).

This thesis presents my original contribution to knowledge, a combination of critical media and performance theories to analyse the production and augmentation of postdigital experiential spaces in Punchdrunk Theatre Company. Distributed agency is key to Punchdrunk's work, with makers within the company and audiences both being active participants in meaning-making, across complex and detailed interfaces. In order to investigate the making cultures on ‘both sides' of the interface, I undertook a two-year participant study as a researching designer within the company during the build of the productions The House Where Winter Lives and The Drowned Man in 2011-2014, gathering field data in the form of extensive interviews with members of the company and audience participants, supported by diary notations and photographs. I studied the processes and methods that extend, distribute and regulate agency to both audiences and makers within the company, and identified devices and features of the interaction design of the company that produce the immanent subject-event relationships that support immersion in their work. A core aspect of this research concerns the relationship between immersion and the sublime, and how subject-event relationships (immanent vs. transcendent) contribute to engendering sublime interactive experiences. I have analysed the consequences of this for the modelling of participation in interaction design, and how it influences conditions of possibility within interactive systems across physical, digital and blended media. The conclusion of this research includes the definition of a postdigital sublime, and proposes a delinquent system aesthetic that integrates proxies for gravity through articulation of the ‘shadow side' of interaction design.

Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS (tede2@pucrs.br) on 2016-07-08T16:28:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_ANA_PAULA_MARTINI_TREMARIN_WEDY_COMPLETO.pdf: 1470695 bytes, checksum: 1341a27052e27d89b1e75b87f8e7dd4e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-08T16:28:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_ANA_PAULA_MARTINI_TREMARIN_WEDY_COMPLETO.pdf: 1470695 bytes, checksum: 1341a27052e27d89b1e75b87f8e7dd4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-30 / The cost-benefit analysis is a decision procedure to improve the quality of government decision-making. The social problems never exist in isolation and any effort to solve a single problem will have a range of consequences, some of them likely unintended. CBA seeks rational regulation/legislation and to avoid unjustified economic burdens to society. In the USA, since 1981 agencies have to calculate the costs and benefits of their regulations and to proceed only if the benefits exceed or justify the costs. In Brazil that is no formal procedure to evaluate the impacts of public decisions. However, without a methodology for calculating the impacts, analysts are likely to rely on their own hunches and speculations and the results (from guesstimates) will fail in advances overall well-being relative to alternative decision procedures. But once recognised that CBA should lead the public decisions that are hard cases to handle: how to value life and health, how to deal with the interests of the future generations, how to deal with small risks and uncertainty in environmental questions, how to diverge from the conclusion recommended by CBA, how should the Courts contribute to the improvement of the procedure. The research attempt to explore those questions and how the government might saves money and lives with a tool that is designed to rationalize the public decisions that involve investments of the finite and scarce public resources. / A an?lise do custo-benef?cio ? um procedimento de decis?o para melhorar a qualidade das decis?es p?blicas. Os problemas sociais nunca s?o isolados, e qualquer esfor?o para solucionar um ?nico problema apresenta uma s?rie de consequ?ncias, algumas delas n?o intencionais. A an?lise do custo-benef?cio busca regula??es/legisla??es razo?veis e evitar ?nus econ?micos injustos para a sociedade. Nos Estados Unidos, desde 1981, as ag?ncias s?o obrigadas a calcular os custos e os benef?cios de suas regula??es e procederem apenas quando os benef?cios excederem ou justificarem os custos. No Brasil, n?o h? um procedimento formal para avalia??o dos impactos das decis?es p?blicas. Contudo, sem uma metodologia para calcular os impactos, analistas tendem a confiar em seus pr?prios pressentimentos e especula??es, e os resultados, relativamente a procedimentos de decis?es alternativos, s?o insatisfat?rios para o incremento do bem-estar geral. Uma vez reconhecido que a an?lise do custo-benef?cio deve ser o procedimento a guiar a tomada da decis?o p?blica, h? alguns desafios a enfrentar: como estimar o valor da vida e da sa?de, como lidar com os interesses das futuras gera??es, como lidar com riscos de pequena probabilidade e incertezas nas quest?es ambientais, como divergir de um resultado obtido por interm?dio da an?lise do custo-benef?cio, de que modo o Poder Judici?rio deve contribuir para o aperfei?oamento do procedimento. A pesquisa pretende explorar essas quest?es e como o governo pode economizar e salvar vidas com uma ferramenta desenhada para racionalizar as decis?es p?blicas que envolvem investimentos dos finitos e escassos recursos p?blicos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:39:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SimoneLM.pdf: 2058286 bytes, checksum: ea0a70978c6d7173bf0a2707eb033844 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-01-17 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The present study analyses the variability of the meaning of the work among young people on the transition from university to professional life, divided according to: university levels, knowledge area and graduation course. A hundred seventeen young people answered the questionaries structured on the components of the meaning of work. Semi-structured interviews were also made with parts of the sample about the themes related to the meaning of work on this way the information of the questionaries became complete. The answers of the interviews were studied through the analysis of the thematic contents. The results of such analysis and the answers of the questionaries were registered on the data base SPSS for Windows. The results of the statistic analysis made indicated that: (1) the centrality of work and the articulations among stronger spheres do not present variability according to level, area or course; (2) the course makes more difference values factors and descriptives factors than area and level; (3) the hierarchy of values presents variability according to area and the descriptive hierarchy presents variability according to course; (4) the level makes more difference specific attributes of the meaning of the work than area and course; (5) the standards of the meaning of work do not present variability according to level, area and course, but present variability according to type of the work market evaluation and planning the future work. In summary, the meaning of work present variability according to level, area and course of the young people, when studied in facets, except for the work centrality / O presente estudo objetiva analisar a variabilidade do significado do trabalho entre jovens na transi??o estudante universit?rio-profissional, dividindo esta amostra de sujeitos por grau universit?rio, ?rea de conhecimento e curso de gradua??o. Aplicaram-se, em 117 jovens, question?rios estruturados sobre os componentes do significado do trabalho. Realizaram-se tamb?m entrevistas semi-estruturadas, com uma sub-amostra desses jovens, sobre os temas relativos ao significado do trabalho, aprofundando e complementando as informa??es levantadas atrav?s dos question?rios. As respostas ?s entrevistas foram exploradas atrav?s de an?lise de conte?do tem?tica. Os resultados de tal an?lise e as respostas aos question?rios foram registrados na forma de banco de dados do SPSS for windows. Os resultados das an?lises estat?sticas desenvolvidas indicam que: (1) a centralidade do trabalho e as articula??es entre as esferas mais fortes n?o apresentam variabilidade por grau, ?rea ou curso; (2) o curso diferencia, mais do que a ?rea e o grau, os fatores valorativos e descritivos; (3) A hierarquia valorativa apresenta variabilidade por ?rea e a hierarquia descritiva, por curso; (4) o grau diferencia, mais do que a ?rea e o curso, os atributos espec?ficos do significado do trabalho; (5) os padr?es do significado do trabalho n?o apresentam variabilidade por grau, ?rea e curso, mas variam de acordo com a avalia??o do mercado de trabalho e o projeto futuro de trabalho. Em suma, os significados atribu?dos ao trabalho exceto com rela??o ? centralidade do trabalho podem apresentar variabilidade conforme o grau, a ?rea e o curso do jovem quando estudados em suas facetas

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:41:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscaEM_DISSERT.pdf: 3285051 bytes, checksum: 676802364a7b2ce086494a98cd198174 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-08 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / This study aimed to apply, thermogravimetriy /derivative Thermogravimetriy (TG/DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), to conduct a comparative study on drug reference, generic and whose active principles are similar captopril hydrochlorothiazide, ampicillin, paracetamol, aspirin and mebendazole sold in local pharmacies. Samples of the active ingredients and dosage forms were also characterized by absorption infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and microscopy scanning electron (SEM). The TG / DTG curves showed a general similarity in the thermal behavior of the samples, but also showed the influence of excipients on the thermal stability. The DSC curve of the generic base hydrochlorothiazide showed no peak on the fusion of the drug due to interference of lactose as a diluent, which causes interaction with the active principle causing their degradation before the merger. The DSC curves of the drugs consisting of paracetamol showed reproducibility at the melting point of the active and the other thermal events. The DSC result of binary mixtures involving captopril / magnesium stearate and mebendazole/magnesium stearate showed possible interactions or incompatibilities evidenced by the displacement of the melting point of both drugs. The other mixtures showed no change. The infrared spectra presented were very similar, indicating the presence of functional groups characteristic of the constituents of the samples. The X-ray diffraction showed peaks indicative of crystalline structure of the active ingredients as well as some of the ingredients in the formulation of the drug and the micrographs indicate a general heterogeneity in the size distribution of particles in the samples / Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo aplicar a Termogravimetria-Termogravimetria Derivada (TG-DTG), An?lise T?rmica Diferencial (DTA), Calorimetria Explorat?ria Diferencial (DSC) para realizar um estudo comparativo em medicamentos de refer?ncia, gen?rico e similar cujos princ?pios ativos s?o captopril, hidroclorotiazida, ampicilina, paracetamol, ?cido acetil salic?lico e mebendazol comercializados nas farm?cias locais. As amostras dos princ?pios ativos e das formas farmac?uticas tamb?m foram caracterizadas por espectroscopia de absor??o na regi?o do infravermelho (IV), difratometria de raios X (DRX) e microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV). As curvas TG/DTG no geral mostraram semelhan?as no comportamento t?rmico das amostras, no entanto mostrou tamb?m a influ?ncia dos excipientes na estabilidade t?rmica dos princ?pios ativos. A curva DSC do medicamento gen?rico a base de hidroclorotiazida n?o apresentou pico relativo ? fus?o do f?rmaco devido ? interfer?ncia da lactose utilizada como diluente, que provoca intera??o com o princ?pio ativo provocando a sua degrada??o antes da fus?o. As curvas DSC dos medicamentos constitu?dos por paracetamol apresentaram reprodutibilidade no ponto de fus?o do princ?pio ativo e nos demais eventos t?rmicos. Os resultados obtidos pela an?lise de DSC das misturas bin?rias envolvendo o captopril/estearato de magn?sio e mebendazol/estearato de magn?sio mostraram poss?veis intera??es ou incompatibilidades evidenciadas pelo deslocamento do ponto de fus?o em ambos os f?rmacos. As demais misturas n?o mostraram qualquer altera??o. Os espectros de infravermelho apresentaram-se bastante semelhantes indicando a presen?a de grupos funcionais caracter?sticos dos constituintes das amostras. A difra??o de raios X observa-se picos indicativos de estrutura cristalina dos princ?pios ativos como tamb?m de alguns excipientes presentes na formula??o do medicamento e as micrografias obtidas indicaram de uma forma geral heterogeneidade na distribui??o do tamanho das part?culas nas amostras avaliadas

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DenilsonAMS_DISSERT.pdf: 4236923 bytes, checksum: dd4ebe3332b6f4432550fc7a6a362f1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-16 / PNLEM came out in 2004 and modified the view about schoolbook in Brazil. New perspectives pointed towards constitution of a more critical citizen as of an interdisciplinary and more contextualized teaching, made schoolbook understand these changes.But not always these alterations are checked up on by all means,because what we notice are adaptation of works have already known on market, where texts that are placed reveal environmental, socioeconomic, historical facts or daily phenomenon, or then scientific relevancy examples.We thus offer to analyse contents of chemical thermodynamics and physics for high school which are shown on schoolbook of chemistry and physics validated by PNLEM 2012, now called PNLD, studying the facts if these works bring these scientific sociocultural standpoint as well as their historical context,considering as analysis categories the following criteria: presentation of introduction, content contextualizing,presentation of concepts, thermodynamics historical context, representation in microscopic level and proposal of experiments.Eleven books were analysed,being five of chemistry and six of physics.So was applied a questionnaire with physics and chemistry teachers of high school to have an impression of their opinion about their teaching strategies and about schoolbook.This work grounded in orientations of legal documents about high school in Brazil (LDB,PCN,PCN+,OCEM) and in research on science teaching that regards specifically schoolbook and physics and chemical thermodynamics teaching.Were eleven books in number, only four denoted much coherence with new perspectives for high school, being two of chemistry and two of physics,whose concern about contextualizing and with a much integrated view of science to student s reality,indicating much social and critical character.The rest, when don t overlook,regard cultural and historical,socioeconomic contexts in isolated manner from presented concepts,aside from content / O PNLEM surgiu em 2004 e modificou o cen?rio em torno do livro did?tico no Brasil. As novas perspectivas voltadas para a forma??o de um cidad?o mais cr?tico a partir de um ensino mais contextualizado e interdisciplinar fez com que os livros did?ticos acompanhassem essas mudan?as. Mas nem sempre essas mudan?as s?o verificadas de modo mais profundo, pois o que vemos s?o adapta??es de obras j? conhecidas no mercado, onde se insere textos que levam a algum aspecto hist?rico, s?cio-econ?mico, ambiental ou cotidiano, ou ent?o a aplicabilidade daquele conte?do. Assim, nos propomos a analisar os conte?dos de Termodin?mica Qu?mica e F?sica para o Ensino M?dio abordada nos livros did?ticos de Qu?mica e de F?sica aprovados pelo PNLEM 2012, agora denominado PNLD,analisando se as obras trazem essa abordagem s?cio-cultural da ci?ncia como tamb?m o seu contexto hist?rico, tomando como categorias de an?lise os seguintes crit?rios: apresenta??o da introdu??o, contextualiza??o do conte?do, apresenta??o dos conceitos, contexto hist?rico da termodin?mica, representa??o em n?vel microsc?pico e proposi??o de experimentos. Foram analisados onze livros, sendo cinco de qu?mica e seis de f?sica. Tamb?m foi aplicado um question?rio com professores de qu?mica e f?sica do ensino m?dio para se ter uma impress?o da opini?o deles sobre suas estrat?gias de ensino e sobre o livro did?tico. Este trabalho se fundamentou nas orienta??es dos documentos legais sobre o Ensino M?dio no Brasil (LDB, PCN, PCN+, OCEM) e nas pesquisas em ensino de ci?ncias que trata especificamente do livro did?tico e do ensino de termodin?mica qu?mica e f?sica. Dos onze livros, somente quatro se mostraram mais coerentes com as novas perspectivas para o ensino m?dio, sendo dois de qu?mica e dois de f?sica, cuja preocupa??o com a contextualiza??o e com uma vis?o da ci?ncia mais integrada a realidade do aluno, mostra um car?ter mais cr?tico e social. Os demais, quando n?o omitem, tratam os contextos s?cioecon?micos, hist?ricos e culturais de forma isolada dos conceitos apresentados, ? margem do conte?do

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GustavoRO_DISSERT.pdf: 3063056 bytes, checksum: e0fe7867cfaf62acb3ba439a1526cef3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Many pollutants dumped in waterways, such as dyes and pesticides, have become so ubiquitous that they represent a serious threat to human health. The electrochemical oxidation is presented as an alternative clean, efficient and economic degradation of wastewater containing organic compounds and a number of advantages of this technique is to just not make use of chemical reagents, since only electrical energy is consumed during the removal of pollutants organic. However, despite being a promising alternative, still needs some tweaking in order to obtain better efficiency in the elimination of persistent pollutants. Thus, this study sought a relationship between a recently discovered phenomenon that reflects the participation of dissolved oxygen in solution in the electrochemical oxidation process, as an anomaly, present a kinetic model that shows instantaneous current efficiency (ICE) above 100% limited by theory, manifested for some experiments with phenolic compounds with H2SO4 or HClO4 as supporting electrolyte with electrodes under anodic oxidation on boron doped diamond (BDD). Therefore it was necessary to reproduce the data ICE exposes the fault model, and thus the 2-naphthol was used as phenolic compound to be oxidised at concentrations of 9, 12 and 15 mmol L-1, and H2SO4 and HClO4 to 1 mol L-1 as a supporting electrolyte under a current density of 30 mA cm-2 in an electrochemical reactor for continuous flow disk configuration, and equipped with anodes DDB at room temperature (25 oC). Experiments were performed using N2 like as purge gas for eliminate oxygen dissolved in solution so that its influence in the system was studied. After exposure of the anomaly of the ICE model and investigation of its relationship with dissolved O2, the data could be treated, making it possible for confirmation. But not only that, the data obtained from eletran?lise and spectroscopic analysis suggest the involvement of other strongly oxidizing species (O3 (ozone) and O radicals and O2 -), since the dissolved O2 can be consumed during the formation of new strong oxidizing species, not considered until now, something that needs to be investigated by more accurate methods that we may know a little more of this system. Currently the performance of the electrocatalytic process is established by a complex interaction between different parameters that can be optimized, so it is necessary to the implementation of theoretical models, which are the conceptual lens with which researchers see / Muitos poluentes jogados em cursos d'?gua, como corantes e pesticidas, tornaram-se t?o onipresentes que representam uma s?ria amea?a a sa?de humana. A oxida??o eletroqu?mica se apresenta como uma alternativa limpa, eficiente e econ?mica ? degrada??o de efluentes contendo compostos org?nicos e uma das v?rias vantagens desta t?cnica ? justamente n?o fazer uso de reagentes qu?micos, uma vez que apenas a energia el?trica ? consumida durante a elimina??o dos poluentes org?nicos. Por?m, apesar de ser uma alternativa promissora, ainda necessita de alguns ajustes a fim de se obter melhor efici?ncia na elimina??o de poluentes persistentes. Assim este trabalho procurou alguma rela??o entre um fen?meno descoberto recentemente que evidencia a participa??o do oxig?nio dissolvido em solu??o no processo de oxida??o eletroqu?mica, com uma anomalia, presente no modelo cin?tico que apresenta corrente efetiva instant?nea (CEI) acima dos 100% delimitados pela teoria, que se manifesta para alguns experimentos realizados com compostos fen?licos tendo H2SO4 ou HClO4 como eletr?lito suporte sob oxida??o an?dica com eletrodos de diamante dopado em boro (DDB). Para tanto foi preciso reproduzir os dados de CEI que exp?e a anomalia do modelo, sendo assim, o 2-naftol serviu como composto fen?lico modelo, a ser oxidado nas concentra??es de 9, 12 e 15 mmol L-1, tendo H2SO4 ou HClO4 ? 1 mol L-1 como eletr?lito de suporte, sob uma densidade de corrente de 30 mA cm-2 em um reator eletroqu?mico de fluxo cont?nuo em configura??o de disco e equipado com ?nodos de DDB, ? temperatura ambiente (25 oC). Experimentos semelhantes foram realizados utilizando N2 como g?s de purga para eliminar o oxig?nio dissolvido em solu??o para que sua influ?ncia no sistema fosse estudada. Ap?s a exposi??o da anomalia do modelo da CEI e da investiga??o de sua rela??o com O2 dissolvido, os dados puderam ser tratados, o que tornou poss?vel sua confirma??o. Mas n?o ? s? isso, os dados obtidos da eletroan?lise e de an?lises espectrofotom?tricas sugerem a participa??o de outras esp?cies fortemente oxidantes, (O3 (oz?nio) e radicais O e O2 -), uma vez que o O2 dissolvido pode ser consumido durante a forma??o das novas esp?cies fortemente oxidantes, n?o consideradas at? agora, algo que precisa ser investigado por m?todos mais precisos para que possamos conhecer um pouco mais deste sistema. Atualmente o desempenho do processo eletrocatal?tico ? estabelecido por uma intera??o complexa entre diferentes par?metros que podem ser otimizados, por isso faz-se necess?rio a implementa??o de modelos te?ricos, que s?o as lentes conceituais com que os pesquisadores enxergam