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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
571

Anaerobic co-digestion of food and algal waste resources

Cogan, Miriam Lucy January 2018 (has links)
Anaerobic digestion is a key energy and resource recovery technology. This work investigated potential organic waste resources to co-digest with household food waste (HFW) to stabilise the process and future-proof feedstock availability. This included novel feedstock macroalgae (seaweed) waste (SW). Hydrothermal (autoclave) pretreatment was also investigated to optimise energy recovery from HFW and SW. Preliminary experiments investigated the behaviour of HFW co-digested with either a green waste (GW) or paper waste (PW), using a batch-test laboratory scale and systematic approach with a revised waste mixture preparation method. Following preliminary trials, the co-digestion of HFW/SW was investigated using an air-dried SW mixture. Batch experiments to determine the biomethane potential (BMP) at different ratios of HFW to SW were set up. Co-digesting HFW and SW at ratio 90:10 (d.w.) achieved a BMP similar to HFW alone (252±13 and 251±1 cm3 g-1 VS, respectively), and a peak methane yield for HFW:SW (90:10) at day 12 of 69±3% compared to a peak methane yield for HFW at day 19 of 70±3%. Addition of SW optimised the C/N ratio, increased concentrations of essential micronutrients and produced an overall increase in reaction kinetics. Concentrations of SW ≥25%, associated with high sulphur levels, reduced final methane productivity. Analysis of the macroalgae strains L. digitata, U. lactuca and F. serratus from the SW mixture was carried out to compare mono-digestion and co-digestion with HFW at a 90:10 ratio and the effect of autoclave pretreatment at 136°C. Co-digestion had a positive impact on methane yields for U. lactuca and F. serratus, whilst autoclave pretreatment had no significant impact on the SW strains When results were modelled for a 320 m3 anaerobic digester treating 8m3 feed per day the theoretical energy balance showed that optimal energy production from pretreated HFW at 8.09 GJ/day respectively could be achieved. To verify the suitability of using macroalgae, known to readily uptake polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), toxicity tests were used to determine the impact of phenanthrene sorbed by U. lactuca on the AD process. Despite U. lactuca’s ability to biosorb phenanthrene in under 2 hours, no impact on the AD process was observed. Overall, results of this study demonstrated that co-digestion of HFW and SW, at batch laboratory scale, provide a viable and sustainable waste revalorisation solution. In addition, low temperature autoclave pretreatment increased methane production (p=0.002) from the AD of HFW.
572

Use of microbial consortia for conversion of biomass pyrolysis liquids into value-added products

Pietrzyk, Julian Darius January 2018 (has links)
Lignocellulosic biomasses are considered promising feedstocks for the next generation of biofuels and chemicals; however, the recalcitrance of lignocellulose remains a barrier to its utilisation over conventional sources. Pyrolysis is the heating of biomass to several hundred degrees Celsius in the absence of oxygen, which can thermally depolymerise lignocellulose. Products of pyrolysis are a solid biochar, liquid bio-oil and syngas. Biochar has roles in both carbon sequestration and soil amendment however bio-oil has no defined use, despite a high concentration of fermentable sugars. Bio-oil is a complex organic microemulsion with a host of biocatalyst inhibitors that makes its microbial degradation a challenge. In this work, the use of aerobic cultures using microbial communities isolated from natural environments saw limited potential; however, the use of anaerobic digestion (AD) successfully generated a higher volume of biogas from reactors with bio-oil than controls. Biogas yield test reactors were set up with anaerobic digestate from a wastewater treatment plant as the substrate for degradation and conversion of bio-oils. Next-generation 16S rRNA gene sequencing was utilised to characterise the communities in the reactors while the ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry technique of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) was used for characterisation of the chemical changes occurring during AD. Both sets of high-resolution data were additionally combined for multivariate analysis and modelling of the microbial genera that correlated best with the changes in digestate chemistry. This represents a novel analysis method for the microbial degradation of complex organic products. Bio-oil from common lignocellulosic feedstock was the most easily degradable by the AD communities, with significant inhibition observed when bio-oils from anaerobic digestate and macroalgae were used. Additionally it was found that the inclusion of biochars that were pre-incubated in anaerobic digestate prior to use in AD were capable of significantly reducing the lag time observed for biogas production in bio-oil-supplemented reactors. The addition of biochars that were not pre-incubated had no effect on biogas production. Specific inhibition of methanogenesis was also capable of causing the digestates to accumulate volatile fatty acids (VFAs) as a product of greater value than biogas. Scale-up experiments will be required to confirm the precise practicalities of the addition of bio-oil to AD as well as to establish the potential for isolation and purification of VFAs.
573

Potencial antimicrobiano de extratos glicólicos vegetais sobre bactérias anaeróbias / Antimicrobial potential of plant glycolic extracts on anaerobic bacteria

Amêndola, Isabela [UNESP] 03 December 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Isabela Amendola (isabelaamendola@hotmail.com) on 2019-02-01T11:22:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese-Isabela-Amêndola.pdf: 2013510 bytes, checksum: 69df8d92f153155f71d6e8a4b37d5eb6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Silvana Alvarez null (silvana@ict.unesp.br) on 2019-02-01T17:50:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 amendola_i_dr_sjc.pdf: 2013510 bytes, checksum: 69df8d92f153155f71d6e8a4b37d5eb6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-01T17:50:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 amendola_i_dr_sjc.pdf: 2013510 bytes, checksum: 69df8d92f153155f71d6e8a4b37d5eb6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-12-03 / A resistência microbiana aos antibióticos disponíveis é preocupação constante, devido à dificuldade no tratamento de infecções causadas por cepas resistentes, em decorrência do uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos. Assim, a busca por terapias antimicrobianas alternativas tem sido crescente e necessária, sendo a fitoterapia umas das opções de escolha. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a atividade antibacteriana de extratos glicólicos de Achyrocline satureioides (macela), Cynara scolymus (alcachofra), Hamamelis virginiana (hamamelis) e Persea americana (abacateiro), pelos períodos de 5 min e 24 h de exposição sobre bactérias anaeróbias Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum, Parvimonas micra, Porphyromonas endodontalis e Porphyromonas gingivalis, em culturas planctônica e biofilmes. As bactérias armazenadas a -80ºC foram ativadas em caldo Brucella enriquecido (hemina 1%, menadiona 1% e sangue de carneiro desfibrinado 5%) e incubadas em câmara de anaerobiose por 48 h a 37ºC por sete dias. A partir de culturas puras, o teste de microdiluição em caldo foi conduzido em microplacas por meio de suspensões bacterianas padronizadas em solução fisiológica estéril (NaCl 0,9%) e diluições dos extratos em caldo, sendo as placas incubadas por 48 h a 37ºC em anaerobiose. Alíquotas de cada poço foram semeadas em ágar Brucella enriquecido. Após incubação, a Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM) foram determinadas. As concentrações efetivas de cada extrato foram aplicadas sobre os biofilmes de cada espécie, formados em microplacas a partir de suspensões bacterianas puras padronizadas na escala 0,5 de McFarland. As microplacas foram incubadas por sete dias a 37ºC para formação dos biofilmes, sendo o meio trocado a cada 48 h. Os biofilmes foram tratados por 5 min e 24 h. Em seguida, foram lavados e desprendidos por homogeneizador ultrassônico. As suspensões diluídas foram adicionadas em ágar Brucella enriquecido. Após 48 h, as Unidades Formadoras de Colônia por mililitro (UFC/mL) foram determinadas. Os resultados foram analisados por ANOVA e teste de Tukey ou por Kruskal-Wallis e teste Dunns, ambos com nível de significância de 5% (p≤0,05). Sobre as culturas planctônicas, a CIM e CBM dos extratos foi determinada apenas para F. nucleatum. A CBM dos extratos de A. satureioides, C. scolymus e P. americana foi obtida sobre P. micra. Não foi obtida atividade bactericida para P. endodontalis e P. gingivalis. Sobre biofilmes, todas as espécies apresentaram reduções significativas quando expostas aos extratos em ambos os tempos. Pode-se concluir que os extratos testados apresentaram efeito bacteriostático sobre F. nucleatum. Atividade bactericida dos extratos foi observada sobre F. nucleatum, bem como sobre P. micra, exceto para H. virginiana. Os extratos avaliados também apresentaram efeito antibiofilme sobre F. nucleatum, P. micra, P. endodontalis e P. gingivalis por 5 min e 24 h de exposição. / Microbial resistance to antibiotics available is constant concern, due to the difficulty in treating infections caused by resistant strains as a result of the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials. Thus, the search for antimicrobial alternative therapies has been growing and necessary, being one option the herbal medicine. The objective of the present study was to analyze the antibacterial activity to Achyrocline satureioides glycolic extracts (macela), Cynara scolymus (artichoke), Hamamelis virginiana (Witch-Hazel) and Persea americana (avocado), for periods of 5 min and 24 h from exhibition on anaerobic bacteria Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum, Parvimonas micra, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Porphyromonas endodontalis in planktonic communities and biofilms. Bacteria stored at -80°C have been activated in Brucella broth enriched (hemin 1%, menadione 1% and defibrinated sheep blood 5%) and incubated in anaerobiose chamber for 48 h at 37° C for seven days. From pure cultures, the microdiluição test in broth was conducted in microplates through standardized bacterial suspensions in sterile saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) and dilution of the extracts in broth, being incubated plates for 48 h at 37° C in anaerobiosis. Aliquots of each well were sown in Brucella agar enriched. After incubation, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined. Effective concentrations of each extract were applied on the biofilms of each species, formed in microplates from pure bacterial suspensions in 0.5 McFarland scale standard. The microplates were incubated for 7 days at 37°C for the formation of biofilms, being the culture medium replaced every 48 h. Biofilms were treated for 5 min and 24 h have been washed and given off by ultrasonic homogenizer. Dilute suspensions were added in Brucella agar enriched. After 48 h, the Colony Forming Units per milliliter (CFU/ml) were determined. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test, or Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunns, both with a significance level of 5% (p ≤ 0.05). On the planktonic cultures, CIM and CBM of extracts was determined only to F. nucleatum. The CBM of the extracts of A. satureioides, C. scolymus and P. americana was obtained on P. micra. Bactericidal activity was not obtained for P. endodontalis and P. gingivalis. About biofilms, all species exhibited significant reductions when exposed to the extracts in both times. It can be concluded that the extracts tested showed bacteriostatic effect on F. nucleatum. Bactericidal activity of extracts was observed on F. nucleatum and P. micra, except for H. virginiana. The extracts evaluated also presented antibiofilme effect on F. nucleatum, P. micra, P. endodontalis and P. gingivalis for 5 min and 24 h.
574

Dark fermentative biohydrogen production from organic waste and application of by-products in a biorefinery concept / Production par fermentation sombre de biohydrogène à partir de déchets organiques et valorisation des sous-produits dans un concept de bioraffinerie

Ghimire, Anish 17 December 2015 (has links)
La fermentation sombre est un procédé utilisant des déchets organiques dont le passage à l'échelle pilote est limité par les rendements de production d'hydrogène trop faibles ainsi que par l'utilisation des sous-produits. Cette étude a pour premier objectif d'étudier l'effet du pH, de la combinaison du pH et de la concentration en substrat, du prétraitement du substrat et de l'adaptation de l'inoculum sur la fermentation sombre de trois types de déchet différents. Il a notamment été montré que la biodégradabilité des substrats joue un rôle majeur dans le choix des paramètres opérationnels utilisés pour optimiser la production d'hydrogène. De plus, la faisabilité et la stabilité à long terme de la production d'hydrogène par le procédé de fermentation sombre ont été mises en évidence en utilisant des déchets agroalimentaires et du petit lait dans deux réacteurs thermophiliques fonctionnant en mode semi-continu. En particulier, il a été discuté l'influence de la charge organique (OLR), du temps de rétention hydraulique (HRT) et de l'addition de co-substrats (fumier de buffle) comme source d'alcalinité. Cette étude a montré que la combinaison de ces trois paramètres peut jouer un rôle important sur le pH et la stabilité de la production d'hydrogène. De plus, les sous-produits de la fermentation sombre ont été utilisés pour produire de l'hydrogène via la photo-fermentation, alors que les déchets générés par le couplage de la fermentation sombre et de la photo-fermentation ont été valorisés pour la production de méthane par digestion anaérobie. Ce concept de bioraffinerie basé sur la conversion en trois étapes des déchets agroalimentaires augmente le rendement énergétique global du procédé. Par ailleurs, il a été montré le potentiel important du procédé de photo-fermentation pour la production de polyhydroxybutyrate (polymère), parallèlement à celle d'hydrogène. De même, l'utilisation de la fermentation par voie sèche dans une bioraffinerie concept apparaît prometteuse vis à vis de la production de bioénergie et de molécules telles que les acides organiques et les alcools / Low biohydrogen (H2) yields and use of process by-products from dark fermentation (DF) of waste biomass is limiting its scaled-up application. This study aims to investigate the effects of culture pH, combination of substrate concentration and culture pH, pre-treatment of substrate and inoculum adaptation in H2 yields during the DF of three different wastes biomass. The study showed that the biodegradability of the substrates is important for the selection and application of optimum operational parameters aimed at enhancing H2 production. Moreover, long-term operational feasibility and stability of dark fermentative H2 production was demostrated using food waste and cheese whey in two semi-continuous thermophilic DF reactors. The effect of organic loading rates (OLRs), hydraulic retention times (HRTs) and co-substrates (buffalo manure) addition as a source of alkalinity on culture pH and H2 production stability was discussed. The study showed that combination of OLR, HRT and co-substrate addition could play an important role in the culture pH and stability of H2 production. Furthermore, the by-products of DF process was utilized for H2 production via photo fermentation (PF), while the waste stream generated from coupling of DF and PF processes was converted to methane in anaerobic digestion (AD). The three-step conversion of food waste in a biorefinery concept increased the total energy yields. Moreover, PF also showed a good potential for concomitant production of H2 and polyhydroxybutyrate (biopolymer). Likewise, dry fermentation could be promising to a biorefinery concept based on waste biomass for the production of bioenergy and biochemicals (organic acids and alcohols)
575

Disgestão anaeróbia de vinhaça 2G para produção de biogás / Anaerobic digestion of second generation vinasse for biogas production

Manuella Souza Silverio 16 January 2017 (has links)
A expansão do setor sucroenergético favoreceu o desenvolvimento da tecnologia de etanol de segunda geração (2G). No entanto, este é um processo que leva à geração de altíssimos volumes de resíduos, bem como o processo de primeira geração (1G). O principal deles é a vinhaça, que também apresenta elevado potencial poluidor. Nesse contexto, vê-se, portanto, a necessidade de se dar uma finalidade adequada ao resíduo. A digestão anaeróbia se tornou uma tecnologia muito disseminada e valorizada em outros países. Isso se deve às vantagens em gestão de resíduos e na geração de energia proporcionadas por essa tecnologia. O potencial de aplicação da vinhaça para produção de biogás é enorme, dado que é um resíduo muito rico em matéria orgânica e de grande disponibilidade no Brasil. A digestão anaeróbia precisa também ser desenvolvida para o resíduo do processo de etanol 2G, pois espera-se que as características da vinhaça gerada sejam diferentes. É importante a investigação da influência que a composição da vinhaça 2G pode ter sobre o processo da digestão anaeróbia e produção de biogás, e este foi o principal objetivo deste trabalho. Para isso, realizou-se inicialmente a caracterização de vinhaça 1G e de vinhaça 2G obtidas para o experimento deste estudo. A composição das duas vinhaças apresentou as principais diferenças para as concentrações de DQO, ácidos orgânicos (sobretudo o ácido acético), compostos fenólicos e sulfato. Foram obtidas concentrações de DQO de 30.732,80 mg O2 L-1 e 19.038,13 mg O2 L-1 para vinhaça 1G e vinhaça 2G, respectivamente. As concentrações de ácido acético e compostos fenólicos totais foram, respectivamente, 88,14% e 84,10% maiores na vinhaça 2G do que na vinhaça 1G. A concentração de sulfato na vinhaça 2G foi 28,11% menor que a concentração obtida na vinhaça 1G. A avaliação de processo de produção de biogás foi realizada em dois reatores metanogênicos, um utilizando vinhaça 1G como substrato e outro, utilizando vinhaça 2G. Os processos foram monitorados segundo a produção de biogás por DQO removida, produção de ácidos orgânicos, alcalinidade, remoção de compostos fenólicos, remoção de ânions e retenção de sólidos. Os efluentes dos reatores metanogênicos também foram caracterizados segundo o teor de cátions. O processo com vinhaça 2G teve produção de biogás quatro vezes maior que o processo com vinhaça 1G. Foram obtidos valores médios de 0,32 Lbiogás DQOremov-1 para o processo com vinhaça 2G e 0,08 Lbiogás DQOremov-1 para o processo com vinhaça 1G. De acordo com o monitoramento dos processos por alcalinidade e concentração de ácidos orgânicos, o processo com vinhaça 2G também se mostrou mais eficiente do que o processo com vinhaça 1G no que diz respeito ao consumo de matéria orgânica. A remoção de compostos fenólicos totais teve eficiência média de 56,96% para o processo utilizando vinhaça 2G, enquanto que o processo com vinhaça 1G não foi capaz de removê-los. Infere-se que a elevada concentração de ácido acético na vinhaça 2G tenha contribuído para o processo de produção de biogás. A alta disponibilidade de acetato favorece a atividade metabólica de arqueas metanogênicas, o que é fundamental para o equilíbrio químico da conversão de matéria orgânica em biogás. / The Sucroenergetic sector expansion has favored the development of second generation ethanol technology. However, the process leads to the production of large amounts of residues, as well as the first generation process. The main residue is the vinasse, which is very pollutant. In this context it becomes clear the need of giving an appropriate application for vinasse. Anaerobic digestion has turned into a very disseminated and very well accepted technology in many countries, which is mainly due to its results as an efficient waste management and energy generation. Vinasse has a great potential for biogas production through anaerobic digestion, since it is a residue with high organic matter and in large availability in Brazil. Such technology has to be developed also for the residues obtained through second generation ethanol process. With a different process, it is expected that residues composition might also be different. It is important to look into the influence that second generation vinasse composition may bring to anaerobic digestion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of second generations vinasse composition over the biogas production process. Before experiments, first and second generation vinasses were characterized. The most remarkable differences for vinasses composition were obtained for COD concentration, organic acids concentration (specially for acetic acid), phenolic compounds and sulphate. COD concentrations were 30,732.80 mg O2 L-1 and 19,038.13 mg O2 L-1 for first generation vinasse and second generation vinasse, respectively. Acetic acid and total phenolic compounds were, respectively, 88.14% and 84.10% higher for second generation vinasse than those found for first generation vinasse. Sulphate concentration for second generation vinasse was 28.11% lower than first generation vinasse\'s concentration. Biogas production process was evaluated for two different methanogenic reactors: first generation vinasse was used as substrate for one reactor and second generation vinasse was used as substrate for the second one. Processes were monitored according to biogas production by removed COD, organic acids production, alkalinity, phenolic compounds removal, anions removal and solids retention. Both reactors had their effluents characterized by cations content. In the process carried out with second generation vinasse the biogas production was four times higher than in the process carried out with first generation vinasse. The average values were 0.08 Lbiogas CODremoved-1 and 0.32 Lbiogas CODremoved-1 for first and second generation, respectively. Considering processes monitoring by alkalinity and organic acids concentrations, the process carried out with second generation vinasse was more efficient in regards to organic matter consumption. The average efficiency for total phenolic compounds removal was 56.96% for the process using second generation as substrate. On the other hand, the process with first generation vinasse was not capable of consuming them. The results obtained in this study suggest that the high acetic acid concentration in second generation vinasse have contributed to biogas production. High acetate availability promotes archaeas metabolic activity, which is fundamental for chemical balance in converting organic matter into biogas.
576

Controle e remoção de sulfetos em reatores anaeróbios tratando esgoto sanitário / Control and removal of sulfides in anaerobic reactors treating sewage

Lima, Jéssyca de Freitas 05 February 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-03-03T13:47:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) PDF - Jéssyca de Freitas Lima.pdf: 2404063 bytes, checksum: 1bc2b053016876aef2b6f46044945849 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-03T13:47:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) PDF - Jéssyca de Freitas Lima.pdf: 2404063 bytes, checksum: 1bc2b053016876aef2b6f46044945849 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The process that occurs in anaerobic reactors called sulfetogênese is a process considered undesirable due to various problems he carries with the production of sulfides, causing: harsh odors, corrosion, toxicity and decreased concentrations of methane in the biogas. The present research aimed to develop processes to reduce the concentration of sulfides present in the effluent of anaerobic reactors in wastewater treatment. The experimental investigation was divided into two phases. In the first two Upflow Anaerobic reactors were used Sludge Blanket – UASB, one with low concentration of oxygen in the sludge blanket (UASB – O 2 ) and another with a UASB features without modification to be compared (UASB – control). In the second phase we used a Hybrid anaerobic reactor (RAH): composed of two overlapping UASB reactor ballasts at the bottom and an anaerobic filter at the top. When analyzing the results of the UASBs reactors, it was possible to identify that the addition of oxygen resulted in oxidation of the sulfide produced in the UASB reactor sulphate obtaining a final concentration in the effluent of 12.09± 3.22 mg S-SO 4 2 .L -1 -2 .L -1 and 2.54±1.92 mg S-S , inhibiting the stench and various problems related to the formation of sulfide on anaerobic reactors. The UASB – control, produced an effluent with a concentration of 13.20±8.65 mg S-S -2 .L -1 and 1.57±0.68 mg S-SO 4 -2 .L -1 by following the principles of an anaerobic reactor, when comparing with the other reactor. With the results obtained from the RAH was possible to assess that at the bottom (UASB) the sulfetogênese effectively occurred, reducing the sulfate contained in wastewater in sulphide and subsequently forming the hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S). At the top (filter) the oxidation of sulfide formed the elemental sulphur and sulphate, inhibiting so the stench of anaerobic reactors. / O processo que ocorre em reatores anaeróbios denominado de sulfetogênese é um processo considerado indesejável devido aos vários problemas que ele acarreta com a produção de sulfetos, causando: odores agressivos, corrosão, toxicidade e diminuição da concentração de metano no biogás. A presente pesquisa objetivou desenvolver processos para reduzir a concentração de sulfetos presente no efluente de reatores anaeróbios, no tratamento de águas residuárias. A investigação experimental foi dividida em duas fases. Na primeira foram utilizados dois reatores Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket – UASB, um com baixa concentração de oxigênio na manta de lodo (UASB – O 2 ) e outro com características de um UASB sem modificações para serem comparados (UASB - Controle). Na segunda fase foi utilizado um Reator Anaeróbio Híbrido (RAH): composto por dois reatores sobrepostos, um reator UASB na parte inferior e um filtro anaeróbio na parte superior. Ao se analisar os resultados dos reatores UASBs, foi possível identificar que a adição de oxigênio resultou na oxidação do sulfeto produzido no reator UASB a sulfato obtendo uma concentração final no efluente de 12,09±3,22 mg S-SO 4 2- .L -1 e 2,54±1,92 mg S-S 2- .L -1 , inibindo o mau cheiro e diversos problemas relacionados com a formação de sulfeto em reatores anaeróbios. O UASB – Controle, produziu um efluente com uma concentração de 13,20±8,65 mg SS 2- .L -1 e 1,57±0,68 mg S-SO 4 2- .L -1 seguindo assim os princípios de um reator anaeróbio, ao comparar com o outro reator. Com os resultados obtidos do RAH foi possível avaliar que na parte inferior (UASB) a sulfetogênese ocorreu de forma efetiva, reduzindo o sulfato contido na água residuária a sulfeto e posteriormente formando o sulfeto de hidrogênio (H 2 S). Na parte superior (Filtro) ocorreu a oxidação do sulfeto formado à enxofre elementar e a sulfato, inibindo assim o mau cheiro de reatores anaeróbio.
577

"Avaliação ergoespirométrica em pacientes com esclerodermia" / Ergospirometric assessment in scleroderma patients

Natália Cristina de Oliveira 09 March 2006 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: Já é sabido que a capacidade funcional é reduzida nos pacientes com doenças reumatológicas. Entretanto, há poucos estudos que avaliam a capacidade funcional em pacientes com esclerodermia, uma doença rara com manifestações vasculares, músculo-esqueléticas, e viscerais. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a capacidade funcional de pacientes com esclerodermia do sexo feminino. MÉTODO: Treze pacientes sem limitação pulmonar (matriculadas no ambulatório de esclerodermia da Disciplina de Reumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo) e 13 controles (funcionárias do mesmo Hospital), todas sedentárias e pareadas por idade e índice de massa corporal, foram submetidas à um teste de esforço máximo em esteira. RESULTADOS: O consumo máximo de oxigênio das pacientes foi estatisticamente mais baixo do que o apresentado pelo grupo controle (p=0,0395), assim como a porcentagem atingida do consumo máximo de oxigênio (p=0,0383) e a intensidade máxima de esforço alcançada (p=0,0395). O tempo entre os limiares ventilatórios também foi mais baixo no grupo esclerodermia (p=0,0271), porém não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos em relação ao consumo de oxigênio medido nos limiares (p=0,6021 para o limiar anaeróbio e p=0,3387 para o ponto de compensação respiratório). CONCLUSÃO: As pacientes com esclerodermia, mesmo sem comprometimento pulmonar, apresentam uma capacidade mais baixa de desempenhar um esforço físico de moderado a intenso quando comparadas à mulheres sedentárias da mesma idade e índice de massa corporal. / INTRODUCTION: It is already known that funcional capacity of patients with rheumatic diseases is reduced. However, there are few studies that evaluate functional capacity in patients with scleroderma, a rare disease with vascular, skeletal muscle and visceral manifestations. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate functional capacity of scleroderma female patients. METHOD: Thirteen patients without pulmonary impairment (registered at Scleroderma Service from Rheumatology Discipline from Clinicas Hospital from University of São Paulo School of Medicine) and 13 controls (employees from the same Hospital), all sedentary and paired by age and body mass index, undertook a treadmill exercise test. RESULTS: Maximal oxygen consumption of patients was statistically lower than control group (p=0,0395), as well as the percentage of predicted VO2 max (p=0,0383) and maximal attained exercise intensity (p=0,0395). Time between ventilatory thresholds was also lower in scleroderma group (p=0,0271), but there was no statistical difference between groups in oxygen consumption measured in thresholds (p=0,6021 for anaerobic threshold and e p=0,3387 for respiratory compensation point). CONCLUSION: Scleroderma patients, even without pulmonary disease, present a lower ability for a moderate to intense physical effort when compared with sedentary women of the same age and body mass index.
578

Avaliação de sistemas anaeróbio - aeróbio com biomassa imobilizada para remoção de matéria carbonácea e nitrogênio de esgoto sanitário e uso do biogás na desnitrificação / Anaerobic aerobic systems evaluation with immobilized biomass for organic material and nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater using biogas in the denitrification

Luis Hamilton Pospissil Garbossa 01 August 2006 (has links)
Este trabalho de doutorado apresenta os resultados da avaliação de duas configurações diferentes de reatores com biomassa imobilizada em matrizes cúbicas de poliuretano, denominados reator misto radial de leito fixo (RMRLF), utilizado para o tratamento de esgoto sanitário peneirado e reator aeróbio-anaeróbio horizontal de leito fixo (RAAHLF) para o pós-tratamento de efluente de reator de manta de lodo tipo upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) tratando esgoto sanitário. O estudo avalia duas propostas de tratamento para remoção biológica de matéria orgânica e nitrogênio por meio do acompanhamento do desempenho dos reatores sob diferentes condições operacionais, quais sejam: variação na carga orgânica aplicada, diferentes dosagens de solução alcalina e variação na taxa de aplicação de ar comprimido para o fornecimento de oxigênio dissolvido aos reatores na etapa de nitrificação. Foram desenvolvidos ensaios para obtenção de dados sobre o comportamento hidrodinâmico no RMRLF, dados sobre transferência e consumo de oxigênio dissolvido e viabilidade da utilização de biogás como doador de elétrons para a desnitrificação autótrofa. Os principais parâmetros de desempenho foram avaliados através de análises físico-químicas das amostras e a observação dos microrganismos envolvidos no processo. O RMRLF operou durante todo o período dos experimentos com a temperatura do líquido no seu interior variando entre o valor mínimo de 14 'GRAUS' Celsius até máximo de 30 'GRAUS' Celsius. Os valores da demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) no efluente do reator mantiveram média inferior a 50 mg/L. A remoção de nitrogênio como nitrato aumentou em 75% após o início do fornecimento do 'H IND.2'S' por meio da injeção de biogás. O RAAHLF operou com a temperatura do líquido no seu interior variando entre mínimo de 14 'GRAUS' Celsius e máximo de 26 'GRAUS' Celsius. Os valores de DQO no efluente, em média, foram inferiores a 66 mg/L e a remoção de nitrato foi incrementada em 87% após o fornecimento do 'H IND.2'S' pela injeção de biogás na câmara anóxica do reator. Os resultados demonstram o potencial destes reatores como alternativa para o tratamento e pós-tratamento de esgoto sanitário com resultados promissores de remoção de matéria orgânica e nitrogênio. / This work presents results of the evaluation of two different immobilized biomass reactor configurations, referred as radial flow anaerobic/aerobic immobilized biomass reactor (RAAIB) utilized for the treatment of the sanitary screened wastewater and horizontal aerobic/anaerobic immobilized biomass reactor (HAAIB) for the post-treatment of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB) treating sanitary wastewater. This study evaluates the two proposals for the biological organic matter and nitrogen removal by the evaluation of the reactors performance under several operational conditions, such as organic matter load variation, alkalinity solution feeding, variation on the compressed air supply for the nitrification step and biogas supply for the denitrification process. Assays were developed in order to obtain data on the hydrodynamic behavior in the RAAIB reactor, oxygen transfer and consumption and the viability of use biogas as electron donor for the autotrofic denitrification. The main performance parameters were measured thru physical-chemical analysis and microscopic observations. The RAAIB reactor was operated during all the experiment period with its liquid temperature varying from 14 'DEGREES' Celsius to 30 'DEGREES' Celsius. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) values in the effluent presented a mean value below 50 mg/L. The nitrogen as nitrate removal efficiency incresead up to 75% after supplying 'H IND.2'S' thru biogas injection. The HAAIB reactor operated with temperatures varying from 14 'DEGREES' Celsius to 26 'DEGREES' Celsius. The COD values in the effluent presented a concentration value lower than 66 mg/L and the nitrate removal increased 87% after supplying 'H IND.2'S' thru the biogas injection in the anoxic reactor. The collected data proved the viability of the use of these reactors as an alternative for the treatment and post-treatment of sanitary wastewater due to the promising results obtained in the assays performed in the reactors.
579

Emissões de gases de efeito estufa após aplicação de vinhaça in natura e processada anaerobicamente no solo / Greenhouse gases emission after in natura and anaerobic digested vinasse application in soil

Lucas Pecci Canisares 17 August 2016 (has links)
O processamento anaeróbio da vinhaça pode ser útil para reduzir as emissões de gases do efeito estufa após a aplicação do seu efluente, com menos C lábil, em solos. O presente trabalho mediu as emissões de gases de efeito estufa através do método de câmaras estáticas após a aplicação das duas formas de vinhaça (in natura e processada anaerobiamente ) e a interação com ureia em um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO simulando a camada 0-20 cm de um solo em uma coluna de PVC. Foi observado que a aplicação de vinhaça processada ao solo emitiu 2.592 µg C-CH4 m-2 ao final de 90 dias, mais do que os tratamentos com vinhaça processada com ureia (-590 µg C-CH4 m-2), controle (-601 g C-CH4 m-2), vinhaça in natura (-1.176 µg C-CH4m-2), vinhaça in natura com ureia (-1.533 µg C-CH4 m-2), e ureia (-2.760 µg C-CH4 m-2). A adição de vinhaça in natura estimulou a emissão de CO2 produzindo 60,2 g C-CO2 m-2 ao longo de 90 dias, valor superior aos tratamentos vinhaça processada com ureia (36,7 g C-CO2 m-2), ureia (35,1 g C-CO2m-2), controle (25,8 g C-CO2m-2) e vinhaça processada (22,1 g C-CO2 m-2). A adição de vinhaça in natura com ureia (45,0 g C-CO2 m-2) emitiu mais CO2 em relação aos tratamentos controle e vinhaça processada, além disso, a aplicação da ureia junto da vinhaça processada provocou um aumento na emissão de CO2 em relação a vinhaça processada sozinha. Os maiores fluxos de N2O foram observados no solo fertilizado com vinhaça processada com ureia (302,8 mg N-N2O m-2) e apenas ureia (199,4 mg N-N2 m-2), seguido da fertilização com vinhaça in natura com ureia (70,9 mg N- N2O m-2) superior aos tratamentos com vinhaça processada (12,14mg N-N2O m-2), controle (7,54 mg N-N2O m-2) e vinhaça in natura (6,64 mg N- N2O m-2). Com a realização das primeiras medições das emissões de gases do efeito estufa após a aplicação da vinhaça processada no solo concluiu-se que as emissões de CO2 são mitigadas, porém provoca aumento fluxo de CH4 e N2O do solo para a atmosfera em relação à vinhaça in natura. / The vinasse anaerobic digestion migh be usefull to avoid greenhouse gases emissions after apply the effluent on soil due the low labile C content. This research measured during 90 days the greenhouse gases emissions using the static chamber method after the application of two forms of vinasse (in natura and digested) and the interaction of both with urea in a soil PVC column simulating the 0-20 cm layer of a Red Latossol. The digested vinasse application in the soil produced 2,592 µg C-CH4 m-2 at the end of 90 days, more than soil with digested vinasse with urea (-590 µg C-CH4 m-2), control (-601 µg C-CH4 m-2), vinasse in natura (-1,176 µgC-CH4m-2), vinasse in natura with urea (-1,533 µg C-CH4 m-2), urea (-2,760 µg C-CH4 m-2). Vinasse in natura induced soil CO2 emission, producing 60.2 g C-CO2 m-2 at the end of 90 days, greater than digested vinasse with urea (36.7 g C-CO2 m-2), urea (35.1 g C-CO2 m-2), control (25.8 g C-CO2 m-2), and diested vinasse (22.1 g C-CO2 m-2). The interaction between vinasse in natura and urea in the soil emitted (45.0 g C-CO2 m-2) more CO2 than soil control and digested vinasse, furthermore the interaction between urea and digested vinasse resulted in a greater CO2 release to atmosphere than only digested vinasse. The greater N2O efflux was provided by digested vinasse with urea (302.8 mg N- N2O m-2) and only urea (199.4 mg N-N2O m-2) application, followed by vinasse in natura (70.9), which emitted more nitrous oxide than digested (12.14 mg N-N2O m-2), control (7.54 mg N- N2O m-2), and vinasse in natura (6.64 mg N- N2O m-2). After this first measurement of greenhouse gases efflux after soil fertilization with anaerobic digested vinasse was observed a CO2 mitigation, however the CH4 and N2O efflux from soil to atmosphere can be greater than vinasse in natura.
580

Reator anaeróbio- aeróbio com recirculação da fase líquida aplicado ao tratamento de efluente de abatedouro de aves / Anaerobic- aerobic reactor with recirculation of the liquid phase applied to poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment

Lopes, Carla Limberger 17 February 2016 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Limberger _Lopes (Tese revisada) 2016.pdf: 2793834 bytes, checksum: bd8e57da9e9986df4f212107c57ca249 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-17 / The aim of this study was to evaluate a combined anaerobic-aerobic upflow fixed-bed reactor with recirculation of the liquid phase for the removal of nitrogen and organic matter from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater. The reactor was made of an acrylic tube of internal diameter of 93 mm and the length of 1000 mm with a useful volume of 5.6 L being 3.5 L corresponding to the anaerobic compartments and 2.1 L to the aerobic one. The bed for immobilization of the biomass was formed by expanded clay and polyurethane foam. For discussing the results, this study was divided into three articles. In the first article, was evaluated the reactor performance with respect to the elimination of nitrogen (≈65 mg.NT.L-1) and organic matter (≈600 mg.DQO.L-1) due to the recirculation rate (R = 0.5, 1 and 2) and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 11 h (6.8 h in anaerobic condition and 4.2 h in aerobic condition) over the time. The best operating condition was obtained at the recirculating rate of 2. In this condition, the total nitrogen removal was 65% with the effluent concentration of 6 mg.NH4+.L-1 e 12 mg.NO3-.L-1. For all condition, the organic matter removal was greater than to 95% with the effluent concentration of approximately 20 mg.COD.L-1. Thus, the increasing of the recirculation rate influenced positively in the reactor performance. In the second article, the hydraulic detention time was evaluated (HDT) at 14 h, 11 h and 8 h with the recirculation rate (R) of 0.5 (Step I), R = 1 (Step II) and R 2 = (Step III). The affluent average concentrations were 65 mg.NT.L-1, 580 mg.COD.L-1, 77 mg L-1 of total alkalinity and pH of 6.4. The samples were collected inlet and output of each compartment along the reactor height. In the Step I, the nitrification efficiencies were 76%, 70% and 41% respectively for 14 h, 8 h and 11 h, showing the effect of HRT. In all steps, the alkalinity has been regarded as the limiting factor of the process and its deficit was 10 to 30%. It was attributed to this factor the low efficiency of total nitrogen removal of about 45%. Throughout the experiment the removal efficiency of organic matter in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was over 90% and made to fit the first order kinetic model for degradation of the substrate. In the third article, was evaluated the hydrodynamic behavior of this system, through stimulus response tests using eosin Y dye as tracer. It has been evaluated the hydraulic retention time of 8 h with three recirculation rates, of .0.5, 1 and 2 times. Under these conditions, the removal of organic matter was greater than 90% and nitrogen conversion was favored by applying lower loads of (0.18 Kg.N.m-3.d-1). It was found that the hydrodynamic evaluation showed the continuous-stirred reactors behavior with 2 to 2.5 reactors in series (N-CSTR). / O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar um reator combinado anaeróbio-aeróbio de leito fixo e fluxo ascendente com recirculação da fase líquida, para a remoção de nitrogênio e matéria orgânica proveniente de água residuária de abatedouro de aves. O reator foi confeccionado em um tubo de acrílico de diâmetro interno de 93 mm e comprimento de 1000 mm, com volume útil de 5,6 L, sendo 3,5 L correspondentes aos compartimentos anaeróbios e 2,1 L correspondentes ao compartimento aeróbio. O leito para a imobilização da biomassa foi formado por argila expandida e espuma de poliuretano. A apresentação desse trabalho foi dividida em três artigos. No primeiro artigo, avaliou-se o desempenho do reator em relação à remoção de nitrogênio (≈65 mg.N.L-1) e de matéria orgânica (≈600 mg.DQO.L-1) em função da taxa de recirculação (R=0,5; 1 e 2) e do tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 11 horas (6,8 horas na condição anaeróbia e 4,2 horas na condição aeróbia), ao longo do tempo. A melhor condição operacional foi obtida com taxa de recirculação de 2. Nessa condição, a eficiência de remoção de nitrogênio total foi de 65% com concentrações efluentes de 6 mg.NH4+.L-1 e 12 mg.NO3-.L-1. Para todas as condições testadas, a eficiência de remoção de matéria orgânica apresentou-se superior a 95%, com concentração efluente de aproximadamente 20 mg.DQO.L-1. Assim, o aumento da taxa de recirculação influenciou positivamente no desempenho do reator. No segundo artigo, avaliaram-se os tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 14 horas, 11 horas e 8 horas com taxa de recirculação (R) de 0,5 (Ensaio I), R=1 (Ensaio II) e R=2 (Ensaio III). As concentrações médias afluentes foram 65 mg.NT.L-1, 580 mg.DQO.L-1, 77 mg.L-1 de alcalinidade total e pH de 6,4. As amostras foram coletadas na entrada e saída de cada compartimento, ao longo da altura do reator. Na Etapa I, e as eficiências de nitrificação foram de 76%, 70% e 41%, respectivamente para 14 horas, 11 horas e 8 horas, evidenciando o efeito do TDH. Em todas as etapas, a alcalinidade foi considerada o fator limitante do processo e o seu déficit variou de 10% a 30%. Atribuiu-se a esse fator a baixa eficiência na eliminação de nitrogênio total de aproximadamente 45%. Durante todo o experimento, a eficiência de remoção de matéria orgânica em termos de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) foi superior a 90% e apresentou ajuste ao modelo cinético de primeira ordem para a degradação do substrato. No terceiro artigo, avaliou-se o comportamento hidrodinâmico desse sistema, a partir de ensaios de estímulo resposta utilizando o traçador Eosina Y. Avaliou-se o tempo de detenção hidráulica de 8 horas com as três taxas de recirculação, de 0,5, 1 e 2 vezes. Nessas condições, a remoção de matéria orgânica foi superior a 90% e a conversão de nitrogênio foi beneficiada com a aplicação de cargas menores (0,18 Kg.N.m-3.d-1). Na avaliação hidrodinâmica verificou-se que o reator apresentou comportamento de reator de mistura completa com 2 a 2,5 reatores em série (N-CSTR).

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