The regulation of the private security industry has been an issue of debate for a number of years in South Africa, as well as in the rest of the world. The debate mainly centers around issues such as the need for regulation in this Industry and the objectives of regulation. This thesis argues that regulation is of utmost importance in this Industry and furthermore, that the objective ofregulation should be to set standards in the Industry. If this is the case, the protection of the public interest will be a natural result of regulating the standards. In addition, this thesis argues for the inclusion of the private investigator into the scope of regulation and suggests that this sector should ultimately be regulated through the means of separate legislation. This thesis furthermore provides two models for the regulation of the private security industry in South Africa. These models are described as the Semi-Integrated Wide Model (SIWM) and the Fully Integrated Wide Model (FIWM). These two models provide Government with the option of regulating the Industry without alienating the latter. Government will still have the ultimate responsibility for regulation, but will allow the Industry to be central in setting standards and requirements. In this way, the Industry will not regulate itself and Government will have the ultimate responsibility of protecting the interests of the public and the State / Police Practice / D. litt. et. Phil. (Police Science)

This study constitutes an attempt to describe and analyse the quality of selected early childhood development programmes in South Africa, and provide criteria by which the quality of programmes could be assessed. The need for, and importance of, providing quality early childhood development programmes is highlighted. The influence of educational pf:lilosophies on programmes is recognised, hence the total development of the child and educational philosophies related thereto are discussed. Factors and components within programmes that contribute to high quality are explored. Moreover, criteria by means of which quality early childhood development programmes may be assessed, are provided. In this regard criteria for the formulation of aims, selection and the organisation of content, assessment, role of the teacher and parent involvement in programmes are suggested. It is against these criteria that selected early childhood development programmes in South Africa are described and analysed. programmes conclude the study. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / M. Ed. (Didactics)

Church growth missiology has been severely criticized by ecumenical, but also by evangelical missiologists. This often led to its rejection as it was considered incompatible with other missiological approaches. But church growth does deal effectively with important issues as other missiologies do. In light of Martin Luther's interpretation of the First Commandment a more general wholistic missiological approach is requested, which considers the full spectrum of human needs, and under which church growth can function with other missiologies together. The treatment of the task of missiology and the unity by attitude of the missiologist contribute to the argument. Therefore four major criticisms brought forth against church growth are dealt with in order to evaluate and finally suggest a potential theological compatibility of this approach with other missiologies. This is further confirmed by a brief introduction to important elements of the present status of church growth theory development / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / Th. M. (Missiology)

The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of nursing auxiliaries towards health care services against their scope of practice. Nursing auxiliaries practising within the Elim, Letaba, Malamulele, Nkhensani, Shiluvana and Tintswalo hospitals in the Gazankulu Health Administration, in the Northern Transvaal Province, constituted the target population. The findings revealed that nursing auxiliaries are not functioning strictly according to their scope of practice. They are an essential component of nursing services in Gazankulu by rendering a major contribution towards health care services in fulfilling their scope of practice-role. Apart from their prescribed practice-role, they are also engaged in activities that should be performed by enrolled and professional nurses as well as doctors and general assistants. There appears to be a need for education for all categories of nursing staff regarding the scope of practice of nursing auxiliaries for improving the effective utilisation of this category of nursing personnel / M.A. (Nursing Science) / Health Studies

L’introduction de la question prioritaire de constitutionnalité a fait de la question de l’effectivité des décisions du Conseil constitutionnel un problème central du contentieux constitutionnel français. Les relations entre le Conseil constitutionnel et les destinataires de ses décisions (principalement le législateur, le juge ordinaire et l’Administration) n’ont en effet jamais été aussi étroites que depuis l’entrée en vigueur du mécanisme de contrôle de constitutionnalité a posteriori. Avec la QPC, les décisions du juge constitutionnel sont désormais susceptibles d’affecter plus directement l’activité du législateur, la solution des litiges devant les juridictions ordinaires ou l’issue d’une demande à l’Administration. Cette multiplication des hypothèses où des décisions du juge constitutionnel doivent être exécutées augmente corrélativement les risques d’ineffectivité. Cette recherche s’attachera tout d’abord à appréhender l’exigence d’effectivité des décisions QPC. Il s’agira de déterminer dans quelle mesure il découle de l’autorité attachée aux décisions QPC du Conseil constitutionnel une obligation générale d’exécution pesant sur les destinataires. Il faudra également définir avec précision les prescriptions et interdictions spécifiques découlant de cette obligation générale d’exécution en examinant notamment la question complexe des effets dans le temps des décisions QPC. Le cadre théorique posé, il sera possible d’évaluer l’effectivité des décisions QPC. Cela consistera à étudier l’exécution ou non par les destinataires des obligations énoncées par le Conseil dans ses décisions afin d’obtenir des taux d’effectivité et d’ineffectivité. Cette évaluation permettra enfin de s’interroger sur les causes et l’incidence de l’effectivité et de l’ineffectivité des décisions QPC. / The introduction in 2008 by the french pouvoir constituant of a new procedureallowing a constitutional review post legem by the Conseil constitutionnel deeply changed therelations between the constitutional jugde and those who are supposed to implement hisdecisions (specifically the legislator, non constitutional judges and administrative authorities). With the constitutional review post legem, the Conseil constitutionnel’s decisions can nowdirectly impact the legislative process and command the solution of a dispute before a nonconstitutional judge or the review of a request by an administrative authority. The multiplicationof cases where a decision of the Conseil constitutionnel must be implemented could potentiallylead to an increase of ineffectivity of such decisions. Firstly, this study aims to get a betterunderstanding of the obligation to enforce a constitutional decision that derives from theConseil constitutionnal’s decisions binding authority. Then, this research will precisely definethe different obligations which must be implemented that derives from the general obligationto enforce the Conseil constitutionnel’s decisions. Then, we will compare those obligations withthe actual measures taken by the different implementing authorities to evaluate whether thosesdecisions are effective. At last, the study will concentrate on the causes and implication of theeffectivity or ineffectivity of the Conseil constitutionnel’s decisions.

Dégagés de façon prétorienne par la Cour de justice, les principes généraux du droit de l’Union occupent dans la jurisprudence administrative française une place que peut expliquer la notion de dédoublement fonctionnel. D’une part, ce sont des normes obligatoirement appliquées par le juge national dans le champ du droit de l’Union.D’autre part, en dehors du champ, ils constituent une source d’inspiration pour le Conseil d’Etat dans la création et l’interprétation des principes généraux du droit français. Dans le premier cas, le juge administratif est garant du respect de ces principes.Fidèle aux exigences de la Cour de justice, il assume pleinement son rôle de juge de droit commun de l’application des principes du droit de l’Union. Dans le second cas, il devient acteur de la circulation des principes en Europe. Toutefois la coexistence des principes peut engendrer des tensions, accentuées par la difficulté à délimiter le champ du droit de l’Union, incertain et en pleine expansion. C’est pourquoi la thèse propose le déploiement d’une politique jurisprudentielle de convergence, dans laquelle le juge administratif affirmerait explicitement son souci de s’inspirer des principes du droit de l’Union. Ces derniers, combinés avec les principes issus de la Charte des droits fondamentaux, de la CEDH et des ordres nationaux, semblent donner naissance à une nouvelle catégorie de source matérielle : les principes européens communs. L’originalité de celle-ci, qui la différencie de toute autre source, est de constituer une oeuvre collective des juges en Europe, dans laquelle ces derniers puisent leur inspiration pour créer de nouveaux principes ou interpréter les principes existants. / The general principles of EU law, which are a judicial creation of the Court of Justice, play a role in French administrative case law that can be explained by the notion of functional duplication (“dédoublement fonctionnel”). On the one hand, the general principles of EU law are rules that are mandatorily applied by the national courts within the scope of EU law. On the other hand, beyond that scope, they constitute a source of inspiration for the Conseil d’Etat in creating and interpreting general principles of French administrative law. In the first case, the administrative courts are the primeguarantors of compliance with these principles. In line with the requirements of theCourt of Justice, they entirely fulfill their role as the ordinary courts applying principles of EU law. In the second case, they become one of the protagonists of the movement of principles in Europe. However, the coexistence of principles could trigger tensions,heightened by the difficulties in delineating the scope of principles of EU law, which is uncertain and rapidly expanding. That is why the thesis proposes the development of a judicial convergence policy, in which the administrative courts would more clearly affirm their concern to take inspiration from the general principles of EU law. These latter, combined with the principles stemming from the Charter of Fundamental Rights,the ECHR and the national orders, seem to give rise to a new category of material source: the common European principles. The originality of this category, which differentiates it from any other source, is that it constitutes a collective work of judges inEurope, from which they draw their inspiration to create new principles or interpret the existing ones.

Le présent travail propose une étude d’ensemble sur le droit commun, notion fondamentale au coeur de la théorie et de la pratique quotidienne du droit. Contrairement à une première impression suivant laquelle il serait une notion à géométrie variable (droit civil ? théorie générale ? droit romain ? droit européen ? principes ?), le droit commun apparaît comme le concept technique désignant, pour une institution donnée, les règles juridiques dont le domaine d’application est indéfini. En outre, l’étude en révèle les deux applications pratiques fort distinctes que sont le droit commun territorial et le droit commun matériel. Le droit commun territorial d’abord, apparaît mal connu mais techniquement et historiquement premier ; c’est celui que l’on trouve par exemple à l’article 1393, alinéa 2, du code civil (qui vise le « droit commun de la France » des régimes matrimoniaux), ou dans un principe fondamental reconnu par les lois de la République dégagé par le Conseil constitutionnel en 2011. Le droit commun matériel ensuite, se révèle mieux connu mais appelle une synthèse ; c’est celui qui est visé, par exemple, dans la section contenant les articles 2333 et suivants du code civil (sur le « droit commun du gage ») tels qu’ils résultent de l’ordonnance du 23 mars 2006. Ces deux volets du droit commun expriment une "summa divisio", dans laquelle s’ordonnent toutes ses utilisations en droit positif. S’ils présentent des similitudes de régime, ils se distinguent néanmoins : ils ne renvoient pas aux mêmes règles – règles au domaine d’application "ratione loci" indéfini d’un côté, règles au domaine d’application "ratione materiæ et personæ" indéfini de l’autre. / This work offers a comprehensive study on the “droit commun” (approximately translated into “general rules of law” or “ordinary law”), a fundamental concept at the core of the theory and daily practice of French law. Contrary to traditional approaches involving the impression of a changing and variable concept (civil law, general theory, Roman law, European law, principles?), “droit commun” is a technical concept referring, for a given institution, to the legal rules whose scope of application is indefinite. This study also reveals the two distinct applications of “droit commun”; “droit commun territorial” (“territorial general rules of law”) and “droit commun matériel” (“material general rules of law”). The first application, “droit commun territorial”, although lesser known, is technically and historically primal. Droit commun territorial is specifically mentioned for in article 1393 of the French civil code (regarding the matrimonial property regimes), and in a fundamental principle identified by the French Constitutional Council in 2011. The second application, “droit commun matériel”, is better known but needs an overview. In particular, the section of the French civil code which contains articles 2333 and following (on the “droit commun” of pledging of corporeal movables), refers to it. These two applications of “droit commun” are the expressions of a summa divisio. Although both applications have similarities, they remain fundamentally different. The respective applications of “droit commun” do not refer to the same rules of law: rules where territorial scope of application is unlimited versus rules where material and personal scope of application is unlimited.

The legal nature of the curriculum documents of the Czech Republic's educational system ABSTRACT This thesis treats the selected set of curriculum documents within the Czech legal framework laid down by the Act No. 561/2004 Collection of Law, on Pre-school, Basic, Secondary, Tertiary Professional and Other Education (the Education Act), as amended. The focus aims towards the Framework Educational Programmes (FEP) and School Educational Programmes (SEP), for which the relevant FEPs were issued. The National Educational Programme according to the Education Act as amended effective until 30. September 2020 is also taken into consideration on a theoretical level. In the times of expecting considerable state-level curriculum documents contents changes, and consequent changes on the school level, this thesis aims to analyse substantial legal aspects of each type of curriculum documents and their mutual effects and to assess, whether the current legal framework reflects their presumed use and meaning appropriately. With that goal, the key notions are defined first though and a brief insight into the curriculum historical development is provided. The thesis identifies an insufficiency within the valid legislation as the legal forms the curriculum documents should take are not laid down and consequently examines...

This master's thesis deals with influence of the shape comparison of convergent and Laval nozzles in the secondary electron detector shutters to the resulting pressure and gas flow in the secondary electron detector for environmental scaning electron mictoscope. To the detector analysis are used Computer Aided Engineering systems CAD and CAE, SolidWorks and SolidWorks Flow Simulation.

This thesis aims to analyze and then update publicly accessible register of clusters of municipalities in South - Moravian region. Work is based on specific research for the Science Center of Faculty of Civil Engineering AdMaS. Name of the research is "Leveraging the register of clusters of municipalities for the needs of marketing research and development at FAST." Within this research were added to the register certain information, such as E-mail address, website, revenues for the last three years, etc. and the entire register was processed in the form of a relational database. From this relational databases were created outputs in the form of tables and charts to scholarly articles. Furthermore, this work updated maps of technical equipment with municipal water conduit and sewerage. To these maps are drawn in municipal unions with corresponding activities. Thereafter are designed some expansion options and are used clusters of municipalities for investment purposes.