B. Štěpánková K funkci výrazů částicové povahy ve výstavbě textu... ABSTRACT This dissertation is devoted to a specific type of particle unit which we refer to as the actualizer. Actualizers are differentiated from other particles primarily due to a combination of the following properties: the ability to imply a presupposition and the ability to actualize or emphasize a nearby expression. They play an important role in the topic-focus articulation of a sentence by drawing attention to elements with a greater degree of communicative dynamism, not only in focus or contrastive topic, but also in other parts of the sentence. Unlike previous studies which have concentrated mainly on prototypical representatives of these units, this dissertation tries to capture the greatest possible number of actualizers. At the same time, it aims to describe their semantic characteristics, and based on this, it attempts to categorize actualizers into three semantic groups. From this perspective, we can distinguish between restrictive, inclusive, and temporally emphasizing actualizers. These groups can be further divided according to their specific features. The dissertation also analyzes the possible positioning of the actualizers in various places in a sentence and investigates which expressions can occur in the surroundings...

La presente tesis, tiene como objetivo una propuesta de gestión de proyecto basado en la guía PMBOK para mejorar la ejecución de carretera de acceso de un proyecto minero en Ancash el 2021 mediante la planificación y control del alcance, cronograma y costo. El tipo de investigación fue de tipo cuantitativa, con un diseño de investigación no experimental explicativa, el cual buscó analizar las variables tanto dependiente como independiente y determinar si una afecta a la otra. La muestra de estudio está constituida por la gestión del proyecto de tres áreas (Gestión del alcance, Gestión del cronograma, Gestión del costo) en la obra en ejecución de la unidad minera Antamina durante el año 2021. La investigación utilizó la guía PMBOK lo cual brindó los lineamientos y guías para identificar las características y formatos necesarios para el proyecto. Asimismo, se realizó la estructura de composición de la investigación teniendo en cuenta las actividades involucradas, su secuencia, facilidad constructiva, el costo, disponibilidad y uso de los insumos (materiales, equipos, herramientas, mano de obra), así como la disponibilidad de mano de obra operativa y los rendimientos. Durante la metodología utilizada se utilizó la recolección de información durante las primeras 36 semanas iniciales del proyecto, obteniendo información vigente del alcance del proyecto, el desempeño del cronograma, del desempeño del costo y del avance de la ejecución de la obra. Es por ello, que se utilizó el reporte del control de rendimiento de horas máquinas, horas hombres y control de costos. Posteriormente, la información obtenida fue procesada empleando los softwares Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Project y AutoCAD e interpretada para obtener la medición de la eficiencia de la gestión y así lograr los resultados necesarios para proponer la aplicación de las guías del PMBOK en el proyecto. Finalmente, luego de analizar, interpretar, definir la información base e información procesada en base a la propuesta, se presentaron los resultados, conclusiones y recomendaciones de acuerdo a la información obtenida en la investigación. / The objective of this thesis is a project management proposal based on the PMBOK guide to improve the execution of the access road of a mining project in Ancash in 2021 through the planning and control of the scope, schedule, and cost. The type of research was quantitative, with an explanatory non-experimental research design, which sought to analyze both dependent and independent variables and determine if one affects the other. The study sample is constituted by the project management of three areas (Scope Management, Schedule Management, Cost Management) in the works in execution of the Antamina mining unit during the year 2021. The research improved the PMBOK guide, which provided the guidelines and guidelines to identify the characteristics and formats necessary for the project. Likewise, the composition structure of the research was carried out taking into account the activities involved, their sequence, constructive ease, the cost, availability, and use of inputs (materials, equipment, tools), as well as the availability of hand of operational work and yields. During the methodology used, the collection of during the first 36 initial weeks of the project was shown, the information was obtained current on the scope of the project, the performance of the schedule, the performance of the cost and the progress of the execution of the works. That is why the performance control report of machine hours, man hours and cost control was obtained. Subsequently, the information obtained was processed using Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Project and AutoCAD software and interpreted to obtain the measurement of management efficiency and thus achieve the necessary results to propose the application of the PMBOK guidelines in the project. Finally, after analyzing, interpreting, defining the base information and processed information based on the proposal, the results, conclusions, and recommendations were presented according to the information obtained in the investigation. / Tesis

Syftet är att bidra med kunskap om rektors styrning och ledning när hen organiserar samarbetet mellan fritidshemmet och grundskolan. Frågor som ställs fokuserar hur frirum nyttjas och hur korstryck hanteras.  Tidigare studier visar att rektors styrning och ledning, liksom undervisningens kvalitet, behöver utvecklas. Samarbete mellan fritidshemmets och grundskolans personal sker i låg grad och kopplingen mellan lärtillfällen är svag. Denna kvalitativa studie använde Frirumsteorin som teoretisk utgångspunkt och analysverktyg. Teorin utgår från konflikten mellan formella och informella styrnings- och ledningsmekanismer. Empiriskt material inhämtades via observationer och frågeformulär. Analysen gjordes utifrån kriterierna för kontinuumet uniprofessionell – multiprofessionell inom den professionella sfären samt kontinuumet differentierad – integrerad inom den byråkratiska/administrativa sfären. Resultatet visar att frirummet begränsades av yttre händelser och ett beroende av externt stöd. Ett ökat korstryck uppstod. Kulturen i skolornas ledningsgrupper beskrivs som integrerad och mestadels multiprofessionell. Avseende Coronapandemins påverkan syns inslag av uniprofessionalism. En slutsats är att en helhetssyn är mer framgångsrik för att rektorer ska lyckas organisera för samarbete och kompletterande undervisning. Vid förändringar, torde en integrerad skolkultur präglad av multiprofessionalism vara mest gynnsam. Studien uppmärksammar styrnings- och ledningsperspektivet; rektors roll för måluppfyllelsen i fritidshemmet, samt prövar en kartläggningsmetod med tillhörande begreppsapparat, vilka är teoretiskt och vetenskapligt förankrade i Frirumsteorin. / The purpose of this thesis is to add knowledge about the headteacher´s governance and management when organizing the collaboration between Leisure-time Centre and compulsory school. Questions asked focused on how Scope for Action and conflicting pressure is met by headteachers. Previous studies show that the headteacher's governance and management, as well as the quality of teaching, need improvement. Collaboration between staff in Leisure-time Centre and the school takes place to a low degree and the connection between learning opportunities is weak. This qualitative study used the Scope for Action Theory as a theoretical starting point and analysis tool. The theory is based on the conflict between formal and informal mechanisms of governance and management. Data was gathered from observations and questionnaires. Analysis was made on basis of the criteria for the continuum uniprofessional - multiprofessional within the Professional Sphere and the continuum differentiated - integrated within the Bureaucratic/administrative sphere. The result shows that Scope for Action was limited by external events and an increase of dependence on external support. Conflicting pressure increased. The culture in the management groups is described as integrated and mostly multiprofessional. Regarding the influence of the Corona pandemic, elements of uniprofessionalism are shown. One conclusion is that a holistic approach is more successful for headteachers to succeed in organizing for collaboration and complementary teaching. In the face of change, an integrated culture characterized by multi-professionalism is likely to be most favorable. The study draws attention to the governance and management perspective; the headteacher's role for attainment of goals in Leisure-time Center as well as testing a mapping method with a conceptual framework, which is theoretically and scientifically anchored in the Scope for Action Theory.

Den föreliggande uppsatsens syfte är att begripliggöra hur yrkesverksamma inom socialtjänst och ideella föreningar arbetar med våldsutsatta och våldsutövande ungdomar som lever med våld i sina parrelationer. Fokus har lagts vid handlingsutrymmets påverkan för hur de insatser och stöd som finns att tillgå formas och används. Uppsatsen har en kvalitativ ansats, bestående av sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med yrkesverksamma som analyserats med hjälp av en tematisk tolkning. För att tolka de inkomna resultaten har de teoretiska begreppen handlingsutrymme, stigma och normaliseringsprocess använts. Två teman identifierades utifrån resultatet: insatsernas utformning och begränsning, där kunskap hos både ungdomar och vuxna visat sig vara av betydelse, följt av bemötandets roll, där ett gott bemötande visat sig vara av stor vikt för att skapa goda förutsättningar för att hjälpa ungdomen på bästa sätt. Faktorer som normer och den hjälpsökandes skamkänslor, påverkar mottagligheten av insatser och bemötandet från den yrkesverksamma kan vara skuldavlastande samt tillitsskapande. Detta främjar samarbetet och mottagligheten för insatserna. Samverkan mellan olika samhälleliga aktörer och att visa sin verksamhet utåt, är två komponenter som kan skapa goda förutsättningar för insatsernas tillgänglighet och kunskap för ungdomar om var hjälp finns att få. / The purpose of the present thesis is to understand how professionals in social services and non-profit associations work with abused and abusive youths who live with violence in their intimate relationships. The focus has been on the impact of the scope of action on how the efforts and support that are available are shaped and used. The thesis has a qualitative approach, consisting of six semi-structured interviews with professionals that were analyzed using a thematic interpretation. To interpret the results obtained, the theoretical outset of scope of action, stigma and the normalization process have been used. Two themes were identified based on the results: the interventions design and limitation, where knowledge in both youths and adults proved to be important, followed by the role treatment have, where a good treatment proved to be of great importance to create good conditions to help youths in the best way. Factors such as norms and the help-seeker's feelings of shame, affect the receptivity of interventions and the response from the professional can be debt-relieving and confidence-building. This promotes cooperation and receptivity to the interventions. Collaboration between different societal actors and showing their activities to the outside world are two components that can create good conditions for the intervention’s accessibility and knowledge for youths about where help is available.

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Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur skolkuratorer bedriver stödsamtal med elever som går i grundskolan upp till gymnasiet i Stockholm. Ett kvalitativt angreppssätt har använts i forskningen, genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med aktiva skolkuratorer. Tidigare forskning visar att skolkuratorerna har fria händer när det kommer till utformningen av stödsamtalen. Studien framför centrala metoder och teorier som är gemensamt för skolkuratorerna i sitt arbete. Det som framgår av studien är att skolkuratorerna har ett brett handlingsutrymme, vilket gör att ingen dag är den andra lik. Dessutom finns det ett tydligt mönster för hur skolkuratorerna väljer att arbeta med elever under stödsamtalet. Det vanligaste för skolkuratorerna i denna studie är hur de tillämpar olika typer av metoder såsom känslokort, KBT och skalfrågor som är anpassade utefter situation och elev. Studien visar också vad som anses viktigt för utformningen av stödsamtal. Det vanligaste för skolkuratorerna är att vara en god lyssnare, skapa en stark relation till eleven med strävan om att eleven får möjlighet att uttrycka sig. Slutligen presenteras de utmaningar som finns kring skolkuratorns arbetsroll. Mest betydelsefullt för skolkuratorerna är att hitta en sund balans mellan organisationens policy och viljan av att finnas tillgänglig för varje elev. / The purpose of the study has been to research how school counsellor’s run counselling sessions with students starting in elementary school up to high school in Stockholm. A qualitative approach has been applied in the research, through semi-structured interviews with active school counsellor’s. Previous research shows that school counsellors have a free hand when it comes to the design of the sessions. However, there are several common methods and approaches that are used. The study presents methods and theories that are universal to school counsellor’s in their work. What emerges from the study is that school counsellor’s have a wide scope of action, making everyday different. Furthermore, there is a clear pattern for how school counsellor’s choose to work with students during counselling. Most common for school counsellor’s of this studie is the way they are applaying different kinds of methods such as emotional cards, CBT and scale questions that’s adapt for each sitaution and student. The study also shows what is considered important for the sessions. Most common for the school counsellor’s is to be a good listener, creating an strong relationship to the student with an aim of making the student express themselfes. Lastly it presents the challenges that exist around the school counsellor's work role. Most significant is for the school counselers to find an healthy balance between the organisations policy and the desire to help each one of the students.

Considering the rapid increase in the ICT (Information & Communication Technology) products in use, there is a risk of an increase in GHG emissions and electronic waste accumulation in the ICT sector. Therefore, it becomes important to account for the emissions in the ICT sector in order to take steps to mitigate them. There are several methods put forward under ETSI, ITU-T, GHG protocol, etc., which can be used to measure the emissions in the ICT sector. Two such methods are Product Life Cycle Assessment (PLCA) and Spend-based, which are used in this study to account for scope 3, category 1 emissions in the ICT sector. Scope 3, category 1 emissions are released during the raw material acquisition and part production phase of the ICT product’s life cycle and account for a major portion of the overall emissions. As the ICT sector is a very huge field of study in itself, two ICT products, namely smartphones and laptops, are considered in this study to calculate their overall scope 3, category 1 emissions. A list of influential components in smartphones and laptops is defined to be included in the Excel Management Life Cycle Assessment (EMLCA) tool to calculate the scope 3, category 1 emissions. A comprehensive comparison between PLCA and Spend-based methods is also studied during the process of calculating their emissions. These observations are then used to make critical analyses and compare the two methods under results and discussions based on various parameters described under them. Both the methods were found to be suitable for calculating the emissions, with some uncertainty, although the Spend-based method was a quicker approach to do so. The PLCA method, although more complex, was found to be more suitable for ICT product eco-design. Both methods required a different set of primary data and were sensitive to various components in smartphones and laptops. This study illustrates the parameters that affect PLCA and Spend-based methods and discusses the pros and cons of them depending on the situations they are used in.

Nursing specialization involves focusing on nursing practice in an identified specific area within the entire field of professional nursing. A defined specialty scope of practice statement and standards of professional practice, with accompanying competencies, are unique to each nursing specialty. These documents help assure continued understanding and recognition of nursing’s diverse professional contributions. The purpose of this article is to demystify the process for specialty nurses who are creating or revising their specialty nursing scope and standards of practice. We provide best practices for the developmental process based on our recently published scope and standards of specialty nursing practice. The conclusion provides strategies to disseminate scope and standards documents to appropriate stakeholders.

Le Québec a connu de multiples réformes au système de santé au cours des dernières années. Face à cette restructuration et réorganisation de soins, à la pénurie du personnel infirmier et aux demandes grandissantes des soins liées au vieillissement de la population et aux maladies chroniques, les infirmières gestionnaires sont interpellées à trouver des solutions novatrices et concrètes pour répondre de manière efficace et efficiente aux besoins de la population tout en offrant des soins et de services sécuritaires et de qualité optimale. À cet effet, plusieurs écrits sont d’avis que l’optimisation de l’étendue de pratique infirmière (ÉPI) et du champ d’exercice infirmier sont un levier essentiel pour répondre de façon efficace et efficiente aux besoins de la population en vue d’atteindre la performance du système de santé. Certes, les études réalisées au Québec ont démontré que l’ÉPI est déployée de manière insuffisante en raison des facteurs individuels et organisationnels qui l’influencent. Considérant que les infirmières gestionnaires exercent un rôle crucial pour soutenir le déploiement de l’ÉPI et qu’une sous-utilisation de l’éventail des activités professionnelles des infirmières constitue à la fois des enjeux professionnels, organisationnels et systémiques, il est opportun d’examiner et d’identifier les interventions favorables qui permettent à ces infirmières gestionnaires de contribuer à actualiser l’ÉPI optimalement. Suivant ces constats et dans une perspective de l’administration des soins infirmiers, ce projet d’étude avait pour but de d’identifier et de décrire les interventions émises aux infirmières gestionnaires afin de soutenir le déploiement optimal de l’ÉPI. Pour répondre à ce but, un rapid review selon les cinq principales étapes de Dobbins (2017) a été utilisé. Cette méthode a permis d’obtenir une synthèse des connaissances issues des écrits scientifiques et de la littérature grise systématiquement recueillie, évaluée et analysée afin de recommander des interventions prometteuses aux infirmières gestionnaires. Le modèle d’utilisation des ressources infirmières (MURI) de Dubois et al. (2012) a servi comme trame de fond tout au long de ce processus méthodologique. Au terme de cette étude, six recommandations et 38 pistes d’interventions prometteuses pour optimiser l’ÉPI ont été identifiées selon le type d’infirmières gestionnaires afin de répondre aux enjeux d’ordre professionnels, organisationnels et systémiques reliés à une sous-utilisation de l’ÉPI et du champ d’exercice infirmier constatés au sein du système de santé au Québec. Ces recommandations et ces pistes d’interventions à caractère systémique, organisationnel et individuel qui sont proposées aux infirmières gestionnaires permettraient d’optimiser l’ÉPI et en conséquence, d’améliorer la sécurité, la qualité des soins et les services à la population ainsi que de valoriser l’expertise infirmière. / Quebec has undergone multiple reforms to the health care system in recent years. Faced with this restructuring and reorganization of care, the shortage of nursing staff and the growing demands for care related to the aging of the population and chronic diseases, nurse managers are challenged to find innovative and concrete solutions to respond effectively and efficiently to the needs of the population while providing safe and optimal quality care and services. To this end, several writings are of the opinion that the optimization of the scope of nursing practice (SNP) and the field of nursing practice are an essential lever to respond effectively and efficiently to the needs of the population in order to achieve the performance of the health system. Some studies conducted in Quebec have shown that SNP is deployed insufficiently because of the individual and organizational factors that influence it. Considering that nurse managers play a crucial role in supporting the deployment of SNP and that an underutilization of the range of nurses' professional activities constitutes both professional, organizational and systemic issues, it is appropriate to examine and identify the favorable interventions that allow these nurse managers to contribute to the optimal updating of SNP. Based on these findings and from a nursing administration perspective, this study project aimed to identify and describe interventions addressed to nurse managers to support the optimal deployment of SNP. To meet this goal, a rapid review according to the five main steps of Dobbins (2017) was used. This method provided a synthesis of knowledge from scientific literature and grey literature systematically collected, evaluated and analyzed to recommend promising interventions to nurse managers. The Nursing Resource Utilization Model (MURI) by Dubois and al. (2012) had served throughout this methodological process. At the end of this study, six recommendations and 38 promising interventions to optimize SNP were identified according to the type of nurse managers in order to respond to professional, organizational and systemic issues related to an under-use of the SNP and the field of nursing practice observed within the health system in Quebec. These recommendations and these systemic, organizational and individual interventions that are addressed to nurse managers would make it possible to optimize SNP and consequently, to improve safety, quality of care and services to the population as well as to enhance nursing expertise.

As CO2 emissions increase, so does the average temperature, leading toenvironmental consequences such as rising sea levels, drought, and starvation.Therefore, it is essential to act towards the reduction of the CO2 emissionsto counteract these dire consequences. The Science Based Target initiative(SBTi) which is a non-governmental organization has created a framework fororganisations to set net-zero targets for 2050. The goals are accompanied byguidelines, demands and recommendations for how to measure and reportemissions across a supply chain. There are challenges and problems attached to measuring CO2 emissions formultinational companies (MNC). The emissions are divided into three scopes.Scope 3 which consists of indirect emissions coming from up- anddownstream of the focal companies has proven to be challenging to gatherdata for due to lack of proper company capabilities. This thesis aims toidentify challenges related to measuring and reporting the emissions caused bythe use of sold products, which is one of the 15 categories of Scope 3.Moreover, this study aims to create a standardized framework for MNCs byaddressing the necessary steps for collecting data for developing an emissionscalculation tool and to suggest how to properly calculate and illustrateemissions ty the focal company. Lastly, the implementability of the frameworkwill be assessed. The research methods include a case study with a set of unstructuredinterviews of nine participants. These includes engineers, innovationmanagers, sustainability managers and product managers. Moreover, aniterative process for developing a calculation tool was performed includingtesting of the tool as it was developed. The case study identified challenges of calculating emissions from soldproducts. These were of lack of IT infrastructure, insufficient data forcalculating emissions, high uncertainties of how the organization shouldconduct measuring of emissions and how to allocate resources in the SBTiimplementation. Moreover, the risks of interpreting calculated dataincorrectly were identified. Lastly, a framework was created consisting of aseven-step process including: communicating transition, assembling projectteams, covering emission, mapping data, creating the tool, task delegation andeducation and standardization.