Titel: “Jag hinner aldrig igenom min ‘to do’-lista” Undertitel: En dagboksstudie om hur heltidsanställda med flexibelt arbete använder sin tid Författare: Cecilia Bergqvist och Larglinda Sopaj Handledare: Jean-Charles Languilaire Nivå: Kandidatuppsats inom företagsekonomi, vårterminen 2019 (15 hp) Nyckelord: flextid, flexibelt arbete, övertid, work-life conflict, gränslöst arbete, time, time management Forskningsfråga: Hur använder heltidsanställda med flexibelt arbete sin tid? Syfte: Att beskriva hur heltidsanställda med flexibelt arbete använder sin tid. Metod: Studien bygger på ett praktiskt problem med begränsad tidigare forskning om ämnet. Därför tillämpades ett induktivt tillvägagångssätt för att svara på studiens syfte. Forskarnas vetenskapliga förhållningssätt är hermeneutiskt. Empiriska data samlades in genom kvalitativa och kvantitativa frågor och analyserades därefter på ett kvalitativt sätt som en tematisk analys. Empirisk insamling: Empiriska data samlades in genom en dagbok på 5-arbetsdagar, rapporterad av 15 deltagare. För att delta i dagbokstudien krävdes att individen uppfyllde två kriterier, att: 1) vara heltidsanställda och 2) ha flexibla arbetstider. Dagboken innehöll både kvalitativa och kvantitativa frågor. Resultat och slutsats: Eftersom resultatet visar på att 73,3% av deltagarna arbetade övertid, är det då rimligt att dra slutsatsen att flexibelt arbete kan leda till att individer arbetar övertid. På grund av att deltagarna arbetade övertid påverkades deltagarnas fritid ofta negativt. Många av deltagarna hade konflikter mellan arbetsrollen och privatrollen, vilket resulterade i att dessa roller var inkompatibla. Konflikterna visades ofta genom att deltagarna avbokade eller bortprioriterade fysiska aktiviteter på grund av övertid. Resultatet visade på att anställda hade god time management och använde sin tid effektivt, men obalans mellan inflöde och utflöde av arbetsuppgifter resulterade i att anställda ofta kände att de inte hann klart med sina arbetsuppgifter. Resultaten visade även ett svagt positivt samband mellan nöjdhet över dagens arbetsinsats och påverkat välmående. Deltagarna som hade barn som bodde hemma brukade ofta ha ett mer strukturerade arbetsrutiner, medan individer som inte var föräldrar eller barnen hade flyttat hemifrån, brukade ofta ha mindre strukturerade arbetsrutiner. / Title: “I never have enough time to finish my to-do list” Subtitle: A diary study showing how full-time employees with flexible working hours use their time. Authors: Cecilia Bergqvist and Larglinda Sopaj Advisor: Jean-Charles Languilaire Level: Bachelor thesis in Business Administration, Spring 2019 (15 credits) Keywords: flextime, flexible work, overtime, work-life conflict, boundaryless work, time, time management Question: How do full-time employees with flexible working hours use their time? Purpose: Describe how full-time employees with flexible working hours use their time. Method: The study is based on a practical problem with limited previous studies on the matter. Therefore, an inductive approach was implemented to answer the purpose of the study and the researchers’ scientific approach to data is hermeneutic. Empirical data was collected through qualitative and quantitative questions, and thereafter analyzed in a qualitative manner as a thematic analysis. Empirical framework: Empirical data was collected by a 5-workday diary reported by 15 participants. To participate in the diary study, an individual had to meet two criteria: (1) they must be full-time employee and (2) must have flexible working hours. The diary included both qualitative and quantitative-based questions. Results and conclusion: Since the results show that 73.3% of participants were working overtime, it is reasonable to conclude that flexible working hours can lead to individuals working overtime. Furthermore, due to the overtime, participants’ spare time was often affected negatively. Indeed, many participants had work-life conflicts, where the work-life and the private life were incompatible. This phenomenon is evident through reported cancelled or rebooked physical training due to extended working hours. Additionally, participants who had minor children usually had a more coherent and predictable working schedule. On the other hand, individuals who were not parents of minor children had less coherent and less predictable working schedule. The results from the study also showed that the participants had good time management and used their time effectively, but the consistent imbalance between ingoing work tasks and outgoing work tasks resulted in participants often felt like they never finished their task assignments. The results also showed a slight positive correlation between satisfaction over the work effort of the day and the impact on well-being

This study assumes that time management may contribute to the personal strategic planning through optimization of its implementation in order to enhance the performance and results of people, both at work and in personal life. The main goal of this study is to propose a time management model that contributes to personal strategic planning. In order to achieve it, this study broaches strategic planning, personal strategic planning and time management. Thus, it was possible to create a methodological, theoretical and conceptual framework of reference. The models of personal planning that were described showed that time factor and time management are relevant. The adopted methodology consisted of a qualitative research of exploratory character, having bibliographical research as a technical procedure to collect the data. The literature review allowed us to identify key elements to the composition of the Time Management Model proposed. The results reveal a model of time management represented by a logical and sequential method, which involves important technical and behavioral factors detected in the bibliography. The proposed Model represents a continuous process described in two linked steps: planning and management. Planning involves three steps: time audit (real situation), time leverage (ideal situation) and time framing (weekly and daily planning and priorization). While the management involves two steps: execution, which involves technical and behavioral aspects to improve time use, dealing with environmental and information organization, delegation of duties, denial of tasks, procrastination and among other time wasters; and control, which consists of daily monitoring and weekly assessment. In conclusion, it can be inferred that time management can contribute to personal strategic planning since it systematizes its implementation and, therefore, it can provide benefits to people's lives in order to make better use of your time and achieve better results. It was noticed also that the theme is relevant and emergent as well as important for further investigations. / O presente estudo partiu do pressuposto de que a gestão do tempo pode contribuir com o planejamento estratégico pessoal, por meio da otimização de sua implementação, a fim de potencializar o desempenho e os resultados das pessoas, tanto no trabalho como na vida pessoal. O objetivo principal consiste em propor um modelo de gestão do tempo para contribuir com o planejamento estratégico pessoal. Para atingí-lo, o estudo abordou o planejamento estratégico, o planejamento estratégico pessoal e a gestão do tempo. Com isso, foi possível formar um quadro metodológico, teórico e conceitual de referência. Os modelos de planejamento pessoal descritos tornaram relevante o fator tempo e a gestão do tempo. A metodologia de trabalho adotada constituiu-se de pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter exploratório, utilizando como procedimento técnico para coleta de dados a pesquisa bibliográfica. A análise da literatura permitiu identificar elementos essenciais para a composição do Modelo de gestão do tempo proposto. Os resultados obtidos revelam um modelo de gestão do tempo representado por um método lógico e sequencial, envolvendo fatores técnicos e comportamentais importantes detectados na bibliografia. O Modelo proposto configura-se em um processo contínuo descrito em duas etapas interligadas: planejamento e gerenciamento. O planejamento é composto por três fases: auditoria do tempo (situação real), alavancagem do tempo (situação ideal) e enquadramento do tempo (planejamento semanal, planejamento diário e priorização). O gerenciamento constitui-se de duas fases: execução, que envolve aspectos técnicos e comportamentais para melhorar o aproveitamento do tempo, tratando sobre organização de ambientes e de informações, delegação de tarefas, negação de tarefas, procrastinação e outros desperdiçadores de tempo; e controle, composto por monitoramento diário e avaliação semanal. Como conclusão, é possível inferir que a gestão do tempo pode contribuir com o planejamento estratégico pessoal, pois sistematiza a sua implementação, e, consequentemente, pode propiciar benefícios à vida das pessoas no sentido de aproveitarem melhor o seu tempo e atingirem melhores resultados. Percebeu-se que a temática é relevante e emergente, havendo espaço para seu aprofundamento em futuras investigações.

The purpose of this study is to document how much time teachers in a large suburban school district expend on their professional responsibilities at home and at school. The study also documents the time usage and allocation through the relationships of teaching experience and teaching grade level assignment. Fairfax County Public Schools and all school systems are facing increasing demands for educational reform. Teacher responsibilities have continued to increase with many current reform initiatives. Consequently the associated time for reform implementation, with increased demands is not limitless. Current time usage documentation is important data needed in future educational reform decisions. Two hundred and thirty-one randomly selected teachers completed a questionnaire regarding the time spent working in an average week for Fairfax County Public Schools. The results of this study are reported in total time spent on tasks associated with their professional responsibility both at home and school; and time spent specifically on; individual planning, group/team planning, assessment, instructional contact, career and staff development and parent communication. The mean hours per week reported in this survey was fifty-nine hours per week. T-Tests comparisons revealed Significant differences in three categories at the .10 level of confidence; first year teachers spend less time in staff development, middle school teachers spend more time in team planning and elementary teachers spend less time in team planning. There were no significant findings in any other areas of data analysis. T-Tests were utilized to examine Significant differences in time distribution between means in the following demographic areas; years of teaching experience and grade level assignment. Reviews of literature reveal a few studies of teacher time documentation exist in England and West Germany. This study is one of the first in the United States documenting teacher time usage in a large suburban school district. The interpretive results from this study provide data for strategic planning for educational reform and suggest areas for further research in teacher time usage. / Ed. D.

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Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 C37 / Master of Science

The dissertation provides a consideration of the significance of choosing an appropriate post-graduate research methodology and application in higher education institutions. Research education has become a matter of concern as there are low completion rates of masters' students in South African universities. This study addresses the issue with the application of appropriate IS research methodologies of IT/IS masters' and MBA dissertations/theses at the NWU to determine whether the research approaches used in both disciplines were relevant to their studies. The choice of an appropriate research methodology is an arduous task with which many researchers are confronted during the research process. The problem is that IT/IS masters' and MBA students use particular research methodologies inappropriately but consider these to be the most appropriate methodologies for IS research for purposes of writing their dissertations. The primary research objective was to explore IT/IS and MBA students' ideological approach towards comprehending information and understanding dissertation requirements by preparing them to undertake sound research projects that culminate in masters' dissertations and improve research completion rates. Secondarily, it attempts to investigate the associated roles between students and supervisors, and to identify challenges encountered, specifically with IT MBA students that will force them to use particular research methods in their research dissertations. A quantitative research approach was adopted and a structured framework was used as an instrument for data-gathering. This structured framework was used randomly on all IT/IS masters' and MBA dissertations in the NWU library. The majority of IT/IS masters' dissertations were sourced through the Nexus Database to ensure a better return rate. The finding gathered from the use of a structured framework for purposes of investigating IT/IS masters' and MBA dissertations indicated that both disciplines, most especially the MBA dissertations, lack a conceptual matrix for research alignment, supervision guidance, and badly-structured research dissertations. There is a need for a graduate school and IT/IS department to introduce and encourage the use of an appropriate conceptual matrix underlying various research activities. / Thesis (M.Computer Sc & Information Systems) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2014

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study describes a process used to determine critical success factors that are felt to be predictive of timely completion of projects within Kumba Resources. A comprehensive literature review and the knowledge of full time line and project managers who have had experience with projects were used to generate critical success factors that was felt to be crucial to timely completion of projects within Kumba Resources. Eleven items were discovered within Kumba Resources that relate well to the available literature on the subject. These were the personal skills of the project manager, project management skills, overly optimistic estimates to obtain project approval, organisational culture, vague and conflicting scope definition, no proper project planning, project control and visibility, no proper risk management communication management not up to standard, changes to orders and contracts took longer than planned and delays caused by poor project integration. In addition, these eleven items have been reduced to six factors with the use of factor analysis. The six factors found were (1) Organisational culture, (2) Technology management, (3) Contract management, (4) Autocratic behaviour, (5) Project design and development and (6) Role clarification. Of these six factors, only technology management proofed to be well managed within Kumba Resources. This study has provided the basis for developing an intervention through which the performance on project management within Kumba Resources will be improved. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie beskryf die proses wat gevolg is om die kritieke suksesfaktore vir tydige voltooiïng van projekte binne Kumba Resources uit te lig. 'n Omvattende literatuurstudie en die kennis van voltydse projekbestuurders en lynbestuurders, wat ondervinding in projekbestuur het, is gebruik om die vraelys saam te stel. Hieruit is die kritieke suksesfaktore vir tydige voltooiïng van projekte binne Kumba Resources geïdentifiseer. Elf items het na vore gekom uit die studie wat baie goed vergelyk met die literatuur beskikbaar. Die elf items gevind in Kumba Resources is die persoonlike vaardighede van die projekbestuurder, die projekbestuur vaardighede van die projekbestuurder, oor optimistiese beramings om projekgoedkeuring te verkry, organisasie kultuur, 'n vaag of swak definisie van die omvang wat die projek behels, geen ordentlike risiko analises word gedoen, die bestuur van kommunikasie is nie op standaard nie, veranderings aan kontrakte en bestellings neem langer as beplan en vertragings word veroorsaak deur swak bestuur van projekintegrasie. Hierdie elf items is daarna saamgevoeg in ses faktore deur gebruik te maak van faktoranalise. Die ses faktore wat gevind is, is (1) Organisasie kultuur, (2) Tegnologie bestuur, (3) Kontrak bestuur, (4) Outokratiese gedrag, (5) Projek ontwerp en ontwikkeling en (6) Roluitklaring. Van die ses faktore blyk dit dat slegs tegnologie bestuur baie goed gedoen word binne Kumba Resources. Hierdie studie verskaf dus die basis en motivering vir die ontwikkeling van 'n interfensie om die prestasie in terme van projekbestuur binne Kumba Resources te verbeter.

The purpose of this research was to determine if evening meal patterns and meal management decisions are related to the marital and employment status of mothers. Two hundred eighty-two usable questionnaires were completed by mothers who attended elementary school parent-teacher meetings in a suburban city in North Texas. The questionnaire gathered data about family demographics, family evening meal patterns, and factors affecting meal management decisions. Little difference was found between meal patterns of employed and nonemployed mothers in single and two-parent households. Factors found to affect meal pattern decisions were values, traditions, time, energy, nutrition, and family influence. A traditional family evening meal was important to the families studied.

Introdução: A formação médica é um processo complexo que envolve a aquisição de diversas competências. Este processo desenvolve-se durante a graduação e tende a consolidarse na residência médica. Embora seja uma forma reconhecida de capacitação profissional, críticas são feitas em relação à sobrecarga de trabalho, carga horária excessiva e privação de sono. Objetivo: Descrever e analisar estratégias de gestão do tempo no cotidiano de médicos residentes de Clínica Médica em um hospital universitário de São Paulo, Brasil. Métodos: Na 1° fase foram realizadas 8 entrevistas com médicos residentes abordando aspectos de vida pessoal, familiar, empregos, estudo teórico e atividades práticas. Realizada análise de conteúdo com auxílio do programa MaxQDA. Na 2° fase foram preenchidos protocolos de atividades diárias por 7 residentes, 5 no estágio de avaliação pré-operatória e 2 no estágio do pronto-socorro de clínica médica. Calculadas médias individuais e em grupo destes dados. Resultados: Após análise de conteúdo 5 categorias foram selecionadas: a) Organização do trabalho durante as atividades práticas da residência; b) Atividade para aprendizado ou atividade profissional?; c) Moradia, planejamento financeiro e atividades domésticas; d) Tempo para lazer e relacionamentos interpessoais; e) Planejamento familiar / filhos; f) Repouso / Sono. Há relatos de atividades remuneradas não vinculadas a residência, diminuindo o tempo previsto para repouso, estudo ou lazer. Nos períodos de plantões noturnos há uma piora do convívio social e familiar devido ao deslocamento do repouso para o período diurno. O grupo no estágio de avaliação pré-operatório, em dias de atividade na residência, apresentou mediana de tempo diário em atividade de 7,5h; em repouso noturno 6,7h; em estudo teórico 2,2h e no repouso diurno 0h. Para o grupo no estágio do prontosocorro de clínica médica, nos dias de atividades diurnas esses tempos foram 13,0h; 7,0h; 0h e 0h, respectivamente. Para os dias de atividades noturnas, foram 12,5h; 0h; 0h e 7,1h, respectivamente. Discussão: Há diferenças entre trabalho prescrito e real pois a duração da jornada é superior ao previsto em alguns estágios, devido a intercorrências e visitas em enfermarias. O aumento do período da residência permitiria diminuição da carga horária diária, mas impactaria no planejamento pessoal destes médicos. Há uma privação parcial de sono que piora em estágios com plantões, interferindo inclusive em relacionamentos sociais, principalmente fora do ambiente de trabalho. Durante plantões noturnos há um pior desempenho das atividades, incluindo incidentes como interpretação errônea de exames e erros de prescrição médica. Conclusões: Os residentes vivenciam um período de aprendizado intenso, mas que exige uma carga horária elevada e trabalho complexo, com períodos de plantões noturnos e em fins de semana. Optam por adiar o momento da maternidade /paternidade para centrar a atenção nos estudos, seja para a prova de título da especialidade, quanto para um novo concurso de residência. Há diversas estratégias adotadas para gestão do tempo: residir próximo ao hospital; auxílio das atividades domésticas por diaristas; realizar refeições nos restaurantes do hospital; adiamento da maternidade / paternidade; apoio social centrado no convívio com outros residentes e supervisores. / Introduction: Medical education concerns in a complex process which involves acquisition of a wide range of skills. This process develops from undergraduate education to medical residency, when it consolidates. As long as it is a recognized way of training, criticisms are made due to work overload, excessive working hours, and sleep deprivation. Objective: To describe and analyze strategies of time management in the daily life of Internal Medicine residents in a university hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: In the first phase, 8 interviews were conducted with resident physicians addressing aspects of personal and family life, jobs, theoretical study and practical activities. Data analysis was carried out using the MaxQDA program. In the second phase, protocols of daily activities were filled by 7 residents, 5 in the preoperative evaluation internship and 2 in the adult emergency room internship. Individual and group averages of the time spent with residency activities, rest, leisure, study and other jobs were performed. Results: After data analysis, 5 categories were selected: a) Organization of work during the practical activities of the residence; b) Activity for learning or professional activity?; c) Housing, financial planning and domestic activities; d) Time for leisure and interpersonal relationships; e) Family planning / children; f) Rest / Sleep. Paid activities beside the residency program were reported and responsible for decreasing the rest, study and leisure time. During the night shifts was noticed a decrease of social and family ties due to the change of resting hours towards the daytime. For the group in the preoperative evaluation internship, were identified the median daily time in activity of 7,5h of working time, 6,7h of night rest, 2,2h of internal medicine theory study and 0h of daytime rest. For the adult emergency room internship group, the activities hours were 13,0h; 7,0h; 0h and 0h, respectively. Lastly, for night shifts routines, the activities hours were 12,5h; 0h; 0h and 7,1h respectively. Discussion: There are differences between described and factual work since the working shift length is higher than anticipated in some internships, due to intercurrences and medical visits in wards. Increasing the duration of residency programs would let a decrease of daily working hours, but would impact in the personal planning of resident doctors. Sleep deprivation gets worse in internships composed by shift hours, impacting in social relationships outside work. During working shifts is notable a worse performance, being reported incidents such as lab tests misreading and prescription mistakes. Conclusions: Resident physicians experience a period of intense learning that requires a high and complex workload with night and weekend shifts. For that, maternity/paternity is postponed to aim studies for board or fellowship exams. There are various strategies used to improve time management: housing around hospital, support of maid services at home, oncampus feeding and social support centered on other residents and medical staff.