La réaction inflammatoire post-ischémique est dominée par les cellules mononuclées phagocytaires : la microglie, cellules immunocompétentes du parenchyme cérébral, et les macrophages dérivant du sang et infiltrant le tissu cérébral lésé. L’imagerie cellulaire par IRM avec injection de nanoparticules superparamagnétiques d’oxydes de fer (USPIO) a contribué à la description dynamique de cette infiltration macrophagique tardive. Cependant, la séquence spatio-temporelle de l’activation microgliale et du recrutement macrophagique, intriqués avec des altérations de la barrière hématoencéphalique au cours des premières heures post-ischémie, reste mal élucidée. Nous avons tenté de mieux comprendre la relation entre les signaux IRM après injection d’USPIO et la réaction phagocytaire aux temps précoces post-ischémie dans un modèle d’accident vasculaire cérébral chez la souris. Nos résultats suggèrent que les modifications précoces de signal après injection d’USPIO reflètent principalement des mécanismes non spécifiques d’entrée des particules dans le tissu lésé. Pour étudier les interactions entre les cellules neurales et les macrophages périphériques au cours de la réaction inflammatoire post-ischémique précoce, nous avons développé un modèle in vivo d’ischémie globale chez la souris et un modèle in vitro d’hypoxie sur cultures organotypiques d’hippocampe. Ce dernier modèle nous a permis d’analyser les effets de co-cultures macrophagiques sur la survie des cellules neurales au sein du parenchyme cérébral ischémié et d’analyser les profils d’expressions cytokiniques impliqués dans ces interactions à médiation humorale. Nous avons observé un effet neuroprotecteur sur la perte neurale post-hypoxique des co-cultures macrophagiques. Cet effet à médiation humorale est associé à un profil d’activation macrophagique de type alternatif (M2). / Clinical outcome in cerebral ischemia may be influenced by innate immune cells of myeloid lineage : central nervous system (CNS)-infiltrating peripheral macrophages and CNS-resident microglia. Noninvasive monitoring of these cells may improve the understanding of postischemic inflammation. Accumulation of Ultrasmall Superparamagnetic Particles of Iron Oxide (USPIO) has been observed in infarcted areas at the subacute stage of experimental stroke. However, the exact route of USPIO uptake and early brain distribution remain elusive, hampering the interpretation of USPIO-relatedsignals. Therefore, we compared MRI signal changes after intravenous USPIO injection with the histological distribution of iron particles and macrophagic cells 6 to 24 hours after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Our results suggest that in this model, early USPIO-related MR signal changes are mainly related to passive diffusion of free USPIO through a damaged blood-brain barrier and to intravascular trapping rather than peripheral phagocyte infiltration. To understand the complex interactions between microglia, hypoxic neurons and CNS-infiltrating macrophages, we setup an in vitro model where primary macrophages were co-cultured with hippocampal slices submitted to hypoxia and glucose deprivation (OGD). Our results indicate that under these experimental conditions, cultured macrophages engage in a M2 activation pattern and afford partial protection from OGD-induced neuronal loss through paracrine mechanisms. We also conclude that microglia is susceptible to hypoxia-induced cell death in vitro and in vivo

Following traumatic brain injury, there is an enhanced cell proliferative and neurogenic response in the young adult hippocampus, which may be associated with innate cognitive recovery. However, in the aged brain, an increased level of inflammatory cell responses was observed following injury concomitant to decreased hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive recovery in the aging population. This suggests that excessive inflammation produced in the injured aging brain has a detrimental effect on neurogenesis and cognitive function. In this study, we examined the effect of anti-inflammatory treatment with minocycline on cell proliferation and generation of new neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus in both young and aged rats. Fisher 344 rats aged at 3 months and 20 months were subjected to a moderate lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) or cortical impact injury (CCI). Minocycline was administered intraperitoneally starting either at 30 minutes or 4 hours post-injury, thereafter twice daily for 2 days. BrdU was injected at 2 days post-injury to label injury-induced proliferating cells. To examine the effect of minocycline on cell proliferation, generation of new neurons, and inflammatory cell response at the acute stage post-injury, the rats were perfused 3 days post-injury. Brain sections were immunostained for BrdU and early neuronal marker doublecortin (DCX). The results show that short-term anti-inflammatory treatment with minocycline reduces the cell proliferative response, presumably inflammatory cell responses, in young and aged rats following LFPI and CCI injury, and enhances generation of new neurons in the hippocampus in both young and aged rats following LFPI and in aged rats following CCI injury. Therapies that enhance hippocampal neurogenesis may also have potential to improve cognitive recovery following TBI.

This thesis examines the utility of USPIO-MRI to provide a tool of tracking macrophage recruitment to sites of neuroinflammation within the CNS. Recruited macrophages and microglia resident in CNS tissue play a key role in the pathophysiology of a number of neuroinflammatory diseases such as neuropathic pain and multiple sclerosis. Under activated conditions, microglia and macrophages will phagocytose invading cells and CNS debris. It has been shown that ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (USPIO), such as Sinerem, injected systemically, are engulfed by macrophages, which in turn migrate to sites of tissue injury. USPIOs can be visualised as a distinct reduction in signal intensity on T2* weighted MR images. However, there are still some issues regarding the distinction between iron-laden recruited macrophages and the entry of free iron across a permeable blood brain barrier (BBB) in disease cases. Hence, it was shown that intravenously injected Sinerem is cleared from the peripheral circulation within 24 hours, indentifying this as a time point as suitable for MCP-1 injection. Data showed that free USPIO can be visualised in the brain and that there is a linear relationship between Sinerem concentration and T2* signal intensity changes. MCP-1 induces macrophage recruitment to the site of microinjection and causes BBB breakdown at between 3 and 4 hours. In particular it was shown that T2* signal intensity changes are seen, in the presence of an intact BBB, as a result of Sinerem laden macrophages. This finding was verified by the co-localisation of ED-1 positive cells and Prussian blue positive regions. It was demonstrated that there is a strong correlation between T2* signal changes and the number of macrophages. This demonstrates that USPIO-MRI can be used to characterise macrophage infiltration in neuroinflammation in the presence of an intact BBB.

La sclérose en plaques (SEP) est une maladie neuro-inflammatoire chronique, première cause de handicap chez le jeune adulte. Actuellement, aucun traitement ne freine l'aggravation des symptômes liée aux formes progressives. Bien que connue, l'implication des macrophages et de la microglie dans la démyélinisation et l'atteinte axonale doit être plus finement caractérisée. Ce d'autant plus que la plasticité fonctionnelle de ces cellules suggère une réponse spécifique selon la pathologie, la localisation des lésions et le stade évolutif de la maladie. Ce travail de thèse a consisté en une caractérisation moléculaire des programmes d'activation macrophagique/ microgliale dans deux types d'altérations tissulaires du système nerveux central des patients SEP : les zones partiellement démyélinisées bordant les plaques de la moelle épinière et les lésions corticales. Cette étude a été réalisée sur des tissus post-mortem de patients atteints de formes progressives, formes dans lesquelles les lésions médullaires et corticales sont nombreuses et impliquées dans le handicap progressif et irréversible. Nous avons identifié des spécificités moléculaires caractérisant l'activation macrophagique/microgliale au cours de la SEP en comparant, par une approche in silico, les profils caractérisés à ceux observés dans des pathologies neuro-dégénératives à composantes inflammatoires, la maladie d'Alzheimer et de Parkinson notamment. Dans l'ensemble, ces résultats suggèrent que l'activation chronique des macrophages/cellules microgliales contribue à l'extension à bas bruit des lésions médullaires et corticales pendant la phase progressive de la SEP et proposent de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques / Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuro-inflammatory disease and the most common cause of chronic neurological disability in young adults. No treatment is currently available to prevent the aggravation of symptoms in the progressive forms of the disease. The involvement of macrophages and microglia in demyelination and axonal injury is well known but need to be further characterized. Especially, the high level of functional plasticity harboured by macrophages/ microglia suggests that these cells engage specific activation programs depending on the disease, its evolution stage and the localization of lesions. In this context, this phD thesis was essentially aimed to characterize macrophage/microglia activation programs in two categories of tissue alterations observed in the post-mortem central nervous system from MS patients: 1) partially demyelinated areas at the border of spinal cord plaques and 2) cortical lesions. These two particular types of lesions are both highly frequent in progressive forms of MS and suspected to be involved in chronic and irreversible neurological disability. Using an in silico approach, the macrophage/microglia activation programs identified in MS were then compared to those observed in neurodegenerative and inflammatory disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Overall, our results suggest that the chronic activation of macrophages and microglia largely contributes to the slow and chronic expansion of MS lesions in progressive forms of the disease. Our work also proposes new therapeutic targets

Mikrogliazellen stellen die professionellen Phagozyten des zentralen Nervensystems dar und sind maßgeblich bei der Entfernung apoptotischer Neurone aus dem Gewebe beteiligt. Die Erkennungsmechanismen, die zu einer Erkennung und Phagozytose apoptotischer Neurone durch Mikrogliazellen führen, sind bisher unbekannt. In dieser Arbeit wurde mit Hilfe eines Kokulturmodells die Erkennungsmechanismen zwischen primären Mikrogliazellen und apoptotischen Kleinhirnneuronen untersucht. Der apoptotische Zelltod, charakterisiert durch Schrumpfung und Fragmentation der Neuron, durch Kondensation des Chromatins, durch Fragmentation der DNA und durch Präsentation von Phosphatidylserin auf der extrazellulären Seite der Plasmamembran, wurde in den Kleinhirnneuronen durch eine Behandlung mit 100 µM S-Nitrosocystein induziert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß apoptotische Neurone keine löslichen Substanzen sekretierten, die chemotaktisch auf Mikrogliazellen wirken. Dies zeigt, daß die Erkennung apoptotischer Neurone über Zell-Zell-Kontakte erfolgt. Zur Untersuchung der beteiligten Erkennungsmechanismen wurden Mikrogliazellen zwei Stunden nach der Induktion des apoptotischen Zelltods zu den Neuronen gegeben und für sechs Stunden in Gegenwart oder Abwesenheit von Liganden kultiviert, die mögliche Rezeptoren zur Erkennung von apoptotischen Neuronen inhibieren. Die Bindung/Phagozytose der apoptotischen Kleinhirnneurone durch Mikrogliazellen wurde mit einer kombinierten DAPI/Propidiumjodid (für apoptotische/nekrotische Zellen) und einer Lektin Färbung (für Mikrogliazellen) durch Auszählung bestimmt. Die Aufnahme apoptotischer Neurone durch Mikrogliazellen wurde durch Galaktose und N-Acetylglukosamin reduziert, was auf eine Erkennung apoptotischer Zellen durch Lektine hindeutet. Weiterhin weist der inhibitorische Effekt von RGDS-Peptiden auf die Bindung/Phagozytose von apoptotischen Neuronen durch Mikrogliazellen auf eine Erkennung durch ein Vitronektinrezeptor hin. Da Mikrogliazellen spezifisch Lipidvesikel, die mit Phosphatidylserin angereichert waren, binden und O-Phospho-L-Serin die Aufnahme von apoptotischen Neuronen durch Mikrogliazellen deutlich inhibierte, erfolgte die Erkennung apoptotischer Neurone hauptsächlich durch einen Phosphatidylserin Rezeptor. Die Expression des PS-Rezeptors auf Mikrogliazellen ist unabhängig vom Aktivierungszustand der Mikrogliazellen in vitro. Die Bindung von PS ist mit einem Anstieg der intrazellulären Kalziumkonzentration in der Mikrogliazelle verbunden und führt nicht zu einer sekretorischen Aktivierung der Mikrogliazelle. Da Astrozyten ebenfalls einen PS-Rezeptor exprimieren, könnten sie als semiprofessionelle Phagozyten ebenfalls eine Bedeutung bei der Aufnahme apoptotischer Neurone einnehmen. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß apoptotische Neurone ein komplexes Oberflächenmuster exprimieren, welches durch unterschiedliche Rezeptorsysteme der Mikrogliazelle erkannt werden kann. Die Erkennung von PS auf apoptotischen Neuronen durch Mikroglia scheint bei diesen untersuchten Rezeptorsystemen die wichtigste Rolle zu spielen. / Microglia are the professional phagocytes of the central nervous system and play a crucial role in removal of apoptotic neurons out offrom the tissue. The recognition mechanisms leading to the recognition and phagocytosis of these apoptotic neurons by microglia are not yet characterized. Here IIn the present work established a co-culture model was established to examine the receptor systems involved in the recognition of apoptotic cerebellar neurons by primary microglia. Treatment with 100 µM S-nitrosocysteine induced apoptosis of cerebellar neurons as indicated by condensation and fragmentation of the neurons, condensation of the chromatin, fragmentation of the DNA and phosphatidylserine exposure to the exoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane. It was shown that apoptotic neurons do not release soluble signals that serve to attract microglia. Consequently, contact-dependent interaction between the microglial cell and the apoptotic neuron is required for recognition. For the examination of the receptor systems involved in recognition, microglial cells were added to neurons 2 h after induction of apoptosis induction and co-cultured for 6 h in the presence of ligands that inhibit recognition by binding to their respective receptors. Binding/phagocytosis was determined after combined DAPI/propidium iodide (for apoptotic/necrotic neurons) and lectin staining (for microglia). Uptake of neurons was reduced by galactose or N-acetylglucosamine, suggesting that recognition involves lectins. Furthermore, the inhibition of microglial binding/uptake of apoptotic neurons by RGDS peptide suggesteds a rolethe involvement of a microglial vitronectin receptor. The selective Binding of phosphatidylserine-enriched lipid vesicles on microglial cells and the strong interference of O-phospho-L-serine with the uptake of apoptotic neurons was indicative of an important role for the phosphatidylserine receptor (PS-receptor)As microglia selectively bind lipid vesicles enriches in phosphatidylserine and O-phospho-L-serine interfered in a strong way with the uptake of apoptotic neurons, the recognition of apoptotic neurons is manly dependent on a phosphatidylserine receptor. The expression of the PS-receptor is independent of the activation state of the microglial cell in vitro. The bindigbinding of PS induces an elevation of the intracellular calcium concentration in the microglia but doesid not induce an activationsectretion of (Liste der getesteten Zytokine einsetzen) of the microglial cell in an secretory way. Because of the expression of a PS-receptor, Astrocytes could also play a role in the uptake of apoptotic neurons as semiprofessional phagocytes. In summaryCollectively, these results suggest that apoptotic neurons generate a complex surface signal recognized by different receptor systems on microglia. The recognition of PS on the surface of apoptotic neurons by microglial cells seems to play a major role in the recognition of these apoptotic neuronscells..

Die Invasion von Leukozyten in das zentrale Nervensystem (ZNS) ist ein wesentlicher Bestandteil bei der Pathogenese von Hirnverletzungen sowie akuten und chronischen Entzündungsvorgängen im Gehirn. Mikrogliazellen, die überwiegende Population immunkompetenter Zellen des ZNS, stellen die erste Verteidigungslinie im Hinblick auf Verletzungen und Erkrankungen des Gehirns dar. Im Rahmen vieler neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen wird die Zerstörung von Neuronen, aber auch die kollaterale Gewebsschädigung auf die Aktivierung der Mikrogliazellen zurückgeführt. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt erstmalig einen regulatorischen Aktivierungszustand der Mikroglia (CD40dimCD86dimIL-10high), der zur Induktion regulatorischer Foxp3+ T-Zellen (Treg) führt. Die Stabilität und funktionelle Aktivität Mikroglia-induzierter Treg konnte sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo gezeigt werden. In vitro inhibierten sie die Proliferation antigen-spezifischer Effektorzellen, in vivo führte ein adoptiver Transfer der regulatorischen T-Zellen zur Abmilderung des Krankheitsverlaufes experimentell induzierter, autoimmuner Enzephalomyelitis (EAE). Mikrogliazellen unterstützten sowohl die Proliferation bereits ausgebildeter regulatorischer T-Zellen als auch deren Differenzierung aus naiven T-Zellen. Die Induktion regulatorischer T-Zellen durch Mikroglia war Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)-II-abhängig und antigenspezifisch. Für Untersuchungen zur in vivo Relevanz wurden MHC-II-chimäre Mäuse generiert und eine Läsion im entorhinalen Kortex gesetzt. Fehlte MHC-II in ZNS-residenten Zellen, wurden weniger regulatorische T-Zellen pro Leukozyt in die lädierten Hemispheren rekrutiert. Zusammenfassend demonstrieren diese Ergebnisse das Modulationspotential von Mikrogliazellen auf die CD4+ T-Zellantwort. Die Mikroglia-induzierte Differenzierung und Proliferation von Foxp3+ regulatorischen T-Zellen ist ein möglicher Mechanismus der Regulation von Entzündungsvorgängen im ZNS durch Mikrogliazellen. / The invasion of leukocytes into the central nervous system (CNS) is a key event in the pathogenesis of CNS injury and acute or chronic inflammatory neurological diseases. However, regulatory mechanisms of local innate immune responses that limit CNS inflammation are only poorly understood. Microglia are the predominant innate immune cells of the brain and present the first line of defence in CNS injury or disease. In the context of neurodegenerative disease, microglia activation accounts for collateral tissue damage and neurodestruction. This thesis for the first time describes a regulatory microglia phenotype (MHCII+CD40dimCD86dimIL-10high) that induced a strong Foxp3+ regulatory T cell (Treg) response. Microglia-induced Treg cells were stable and functionally active in vitro by inhibiting antigen-specific proliferation of effector T cells and in vivo, by attenuating experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) disease course after adoptive transfer. The data also suggested that regulatory microglia can mediate both, proliferation of Foxp3+ Treg cells and de novo differentiation from naive CD4+ T cells. Microglia-mediated Treg induction was proven to be MHCII and antigen-dependent. Using entorhinal cortex lesion (ECL) as a brain injury mouse model, diminished Foxp3+ Treg cell recruitment per infiltrated leukocyte in chimeric mice lacking MHCII specifically in the CNS was demonstrated, indicating in vivo relevance of antigen presentation by brain resident cells. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that microglial cells can directly modulate CD4+ T cell responses by regulating molecule levels for efficient antigen presentation and levels of secreted cytokines and chemokines. Microglia-mediated differentiation and proliferation of Foxp3+ Treg cells can be one of the mechanisms how microglia contribute to local immune homeostasis and limit CNS inflammation.

Submitted by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2012-10-25T14:35:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_TratamentoMinociclinaTransplante.pdf: 3658779 bytes, checksum: 28f17dbb304cfd0250e561d21b289b3c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2012-10-25T15:06:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_TratamentoMinociclinaTransplante.pdf: 3658779 bytes, checksum: 28f17dbb304cfd0250e561d21b289b3c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-25T15:06:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_TratamentoMinociclinaTransplante.pdf: 3658779 bytes, checksum: 28f17dbb304cfd0250e561d21b289b3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Diversos estudos sugerem que a tetraciciclina semi-sintética minociciclina e o transplante de células mononucleares da medula óssea (CMMOs) induzem neuroproteção em modelos experimentais de acidente vascular encefálico (AVENC). No entanto, poucos investigaram, comparativamente, os efeitos destas duas abordagens terapêuticas após AVENC induzido por microinjeções de endotelina – 1 (ET -1). Nesta dissertação, objetivou-se comparar os efeitos do bloqueio microglial com minociclina com os obtidos pelo transplante intraestriatal de CMMOs na fase aguda após acidente vascular encefálico experimental, sobre a área de lesão, neuroproteção, apoptose de recuperação funcional. Ratos machos adultos, da raça Wistar, pesando entre 250 e 350g, foram distribuídos em quatro grupos experimentais: controle (chamado de Salina) - isquêmico tratado com salina (N=4), isquêmico tratado com minociclina (N=4), isquêmico tratado com CMMOs (N=3) e doador de CMMOs (N=2). Testes comportamentais foram realizados em 1, 3 e 7 dias pós-isquemia para avaliar a recuperação funcional entre os grupos. Animais tratados com minociclina receberam 2 doses diárias de 50mg/kg nos 2 primeiros dias, e 5 aplicações únicas de 25mg/kg (i.p) nos dias subsequentes até o sexto dia após a indução isquêmica. 1x106 de CMMOs foram obtidas de ratos da mesma linhagem e transplantadas diretamente no estriato, 24h após a lesão isquêmica. Todos os animais foram perfundidos 7 dias após a indução isquêmica. Secções coronais foram coradas por violeta de cresila para análise histopatológica geral, e por imunohistoquímica para a identificação de corpos neuronais (neuN), microglia/macrófagos ativados (ED1) e células apoptóticas (Caspase-3). A análise histopatológica geral mostrou grande palor, perda tecidual e intensa ativação microglial/ macrofágica no estriato de animais tratados com solução salina estéril. O tratamento com CMMO foi mais eficaz do que a minociclina (P<0,05, ANOVA-Tukey) na redução do número de microglia/macrófagos ativados (salina 276,3 ± 9,3); CMMOs 133,8 ± 6,8) e minociclina 244,6 ± 7,1). CMMOs e minociclina reduziram a área de lesão, em 67,75% e 69,1%, respectivamente. Os dois tratamentos promoveram o mesmo nível de preservação neuronal (p< 0,05) em relação ao controle, 61,3 ± 1,5); 86,8 ± 3,4) e 81 ± 3,4). As CMMOs reduziram de forma mais eficaz (p<0,01) o número de células apoptóticas em relação à minociclina e grupo controle (26,5 ± 1,6); 13,1 ± 0,7) e 19,7 ± 1,1). Ambas as abordagens terapêuticas promoveram recuperação funcional dos animais isquêmicos. Os resultados sugerem que o tratamento com CMMOs é mais eficaz na modulação da resposta microglial e na diminuição da apoptose do que o tratamento com minociclina, apesar de ambos serem igualmente eficazes para indução da neuroproteção. Estudos futuros devem investigar se o tratamento com minociclina associado ao transplante de CMMOs produzem efeitos sinérgicos, o que poderia amplificar os níveis de neuroproteção observados. / Several studies suggest that both the semi-synthetic tetracycline minocycline and mononuclear bone marrow cell (BMMCs) transplantation induce neuroprotection in experimental models of stroke. However, a few studies comparatively investigated the effects of these therapeutic approaches following endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced stroke. In this dissertation, we aimed at investigating the comparative effects of microglial inhibition with minocycline and BMMC transplantation in the acute phase of experimental stroke. Male adult Wistar rats were divided in four experimental groups: saline-treated (N=4), minocyclinetreated (N=4), BMMC-treated (N=4). Behavioral tests were performed at 1, 3 and 7 days post-ischemia to evaluate functional recovery between groups. Animals treated with minocycline received two 50mg/kg (i.p.) doses in the first two days plus five single 25mg/kg (i.p.) daily doses up to sixth days post-ischemia. 1x106 BMMCs were obtained from Wistar rats and directly transplanted into the striatum at 24h post-ischemia. Animals were perfused at 7 days after ischemia onset. Coronal sections were stained with cresyl violet for gross histopathological analysis and immunolabeled for identification of neuronal bodies (NeuN), activated microglia/macrophages (ED1) and apoptotic cells (active caspase-3). Gross histopathological analysis revealed pallor, tissue loss and intense microglial/macrophage activation in ischemic animals treated with sterile saline. BMMC transplantation induced a higher reduction (p<0.05, ANOVA-Tukey) in the number of ED1+ cells than (saline, 276, 3± 9,3;BMMCs, 133,8± 6,8; minocycline, 244,6 ± 7,1). BMMC transplantation and minocycline reduced the infarct area, compared to control, in about 67,75% and 69,1%, respectively, with no statistical differences between treatments (p>0.05). Both treatments afforded comparable levels (p>0.05) of neuronal preservation compared to control (61,3± 1,5; 86,8± 3,4; 81±3,4). BMMC treatment induce a higher decrease in the number of apoptotic cells compared to control and minocycline treatment (26,5± 1,6; 13,1± 0,7; 19,7± 1,1). Both therapeutic approaches improved functional recovery in the ischemic animals. The results suggest that BMMC transplantation is more effective in modulating microglial activation and reducing apoptic cell death than minocycline, although both treatments are equally efficacious on improving neuronal preservation. Future studies should investigate whether minocycline treatment concomitant with BMMC transplantation produces synergistic effects, which might improve neuroprotection.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_InfluenciaTamanhoNinhada.pdf: 1712678 bytes, checksum: 20ff9d3d23dbf3106b406a77b22971f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Tem sido proposto que o envelhecimento está associado à alteração inflamatória no sistema nervoso central de roedores, mas não se sabe se as mudanças microgliais induzidas pelo envelhecimento são afetadas pelo ambiente pós-natal associado ao tamanho da ninhada. Por outro lado a camada molecular do giro denteado tem sido reconhecida como o alvo principal do input da via perfurante cuja integridade sináptica é essencial para formação de memória da identidade e da localização espacial de objetos. No presente trabalho investigamos se as mudanças morfológicas microgliais induzidas pelo envelhecimento são influenciadas por mudanças no tamanho da ninhada no início da vida. Para avaliar essas questões, ratos da variedade Wistar amamentados em ninhadas de 6 ou 12 filhotes por nutriz foram mantidos sedentários em grupos de 2-3 do 21o dia pós-natal em diante. Aos 4 (adulto) ou aos 23 (velho) meses de idade, os animais foram submetidos a testes de memória espacial e de reconhecimento da forma de objetos, sacrificados, perfundidos com fixador aldeídico e tiveram seus cérebros processados para imunomarcação seletiva para microglias/macrófagos com anticorpo anti Iba-1. A seguir uma fração representativa das células imunomarcadas da camada molecular do giro denteado foi reconstruída em três dimensões usando o programa Neurolucida e as características morfológicas de cada célula foram quantificadas com o software Neuroexplorer. Foi encontrado que os animais mantidos em gaiolas padrão de laboratório durante toda a vida apresentaram déficits de memória espacial independente da idade e não importando o tamanho da ninhada. Por outro lado todos os indivíduos idosos não importando o tamanho da ninhada tiveram sua memória de reconhecimento de objeto prejudicada. A análise da morfologia microglial revelou que a área e o perímetro do corpo celular e o volume dos ramos parecem ser afetados mais intensamente pelo envelhecimento e que essa alteração é mais acentuada nos animais de ninhada grande. Além disso, observou-se retração e espessamento dos ramos nos animais velhos em maior proporção nos animais de ninhadas grandes. Tomados em conjunto os resultados sugerem que a memória espacial parece ser mais suscetível ao processo de envelhecimento do que a memória de reconhecimento de objeto e que essas mudanças estão associadas a efeitos distintos sobre o soma e o padrão de ramificação das microglias da camada molecular dos animais maduros e idosos. / It has been proposed that aging is associated with neuroinflammation in the central nervous system but it is not known whether microglial changes induced by aging are affected by early in life effects of litter size. On the other hand the molecular layer of dentate gyrus has been recognized as the main target of the perforant pathway, whose synaptic integrity is essential for the recognition memories of identity and spatial location. In the present report we investigated if aging cognitive decline and microglial morphological changes in the molecular layer are influenced by litter size changes early in life and aging. To assess these questions Wistar rats suckled in litters of six or 12 pups/mother were raised sedentarily in groups of 2-3 from the 21st post-natal day onwards. At four (mature adult) or 23 (aged) months of age were submitted to spatial memory and object identity recognition tests, sacrificed, perfused with aldehyde fixatives and had their brains processed for selective microglia/macrophages immunolabeling with anti-IBA-1 antibodies. A representative sample of the immunolabeled cells in the molecular layer of dentate gyrus was analyzed after three-dimensional reconstruction with Neurolucida software (Microbright Field Inc.) and morphological features of each cell were quantified by Neuroexplorer (Microbright Field Inc.). It was found that Wistar rats maintained all life in standard laboratory cages showed spatial memory deficits in both mature and aged subjects no matter the litter size. On the other hand all aged subjects independent of the litter size had their object recognition identity memory impaired. Microglial morphological analysis revealed that cell soma area and perimeter and branches volume seem to be more intensely affected by aging and that these changes are mainly associated with animals from large litters. In addition it was observed important shrinkage and thickening of the microglial branches in aged individuals in higher proportion in the group from large litters. Taken together the results suggest that spatial memory seems to be more susceptible to the aging process than object recognition and that these changes are associated with distinct effects on the soma and branching patterns of microglia of molecular layer from young and aged subjects.

Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-06-26T12:59:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_InfluenciasTamanhoNinhada.pdf: 7061769 bytes, checksum: c700c3851bd6127e32c00a9484622ce9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-07-30T13:47:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_InfluenciasTamanhoNinhada.pdf: 7061769 bytes, checksum: c700c3851bd6127e32c00a9484622ce9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-30T13:47:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_InfluenciasTamanhoNinhada.pdf: 7061769 bytes, checksum: c700c3851bd6127e32c00a9484622ce9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Estudos anteriores demonstraram efeitos importantes do estresse perinatal no desempenho cognitivo na vida adulta e durante o envelhecimento. Entretanto permanece por ser estudado em detalhe como o exercício físico em diferentes fases da vida contribui para reduzir esses déficits. Isso é particularmente verdadeiro quando se trata de documentar as alterações da matriz extracelular e das células da glia, largamente ignoradas nesses estudos. Assim o objetivo geral do presente trabalho é o de investigar as possíveis influências do tamanho da ninhada e da atividade física sobre a memória de reconhecimento de objetos na vida adulta e possíveis alterações associadas à plasticidade glial e da matriz extracelular da formação hipocampal em modelo murino. Para alcançar esses objetivos alteramos o tamanho da ninhada de ratos Wistar de modo a acentuar o grau de competição entre os filhotes por tetas funcionais e diminuir a quantidade de cuidado materno por indivíduo. Durante o período de aleitamento quantificamos o cuidado materno em ninhadas de diferentes tamanhos. Em várias janelas temporais submetemos grupos selecionados de sujeitos ao exercício em esteira durante 5 semanas adotando o mesmo protocolo de treinamento. Após o exercício alguns grupos de animais adultos e senis foram submetidos ao teste de memória de reconhecimento de objetos que é dependente do hipocampo, sendo sacrificados e processados para imunohistoquímica seletiva para micróglia. Outros grupos de animais adultos não submetidos aos testes comportamentais foram igualmente sacrificados sendo um dos hemisférios empregado para registro de parâmetros difusionais no hipocampo enquanto que o outro foi empregado para imunohistoquímicas seletivas para astrócitos, células NG2 e reelina. Encontramos que o aumento do tamanho da ninhada está relacionado à redução do cuidado materno, ao declínio cognitivo, à proliferação e alteração da morfologia microglial, astrocitária e de células NG2 positivas, assim como às alterações nos padrões de difusão encontradas no tecido hipocampal. Além disso que tais alterações podem ser revertidas pelo menos de forma parcial pela atividade física e que esse efeito é tanto maior quanto mais jovem é o sujeito. O envelhecimento agrava as alterações morfológicas microgliais induzidas pelo aumento do tamanho da ninhada e reduz o desempenho nos testes de memória de reconhecimento de objeto. Os mecanismos moleculares associados a esses efeitos permanecem por ser investigados. / Previous studies have shown significant effects of perinatal stress on cognitive performance in adulthood and during aging. However remains to be studied in detail as exercise at different stages of life helps to reduce these deficits. This is particularly true if we consider previous descriptions of extracellular matrix and glial cell changes, largely ignored in these studies. Thus, the aim of the present report is to investigate possible influences of litter size and physical activity on object recognition memory at adulthood and whether or not these influences affect glial plasticity and extracellular matrix of the hippocampal formation. To that end, we changed the litter size of Wistar rats to accentuate the degree of competition among siblings by functional teats and decrease the amount of maternal care per individual. During the suckling period, we have quantified the maternal care in litters of different sizes. At various time windows we submitted selected subjects to physical exercise on a treadmill, for 5 weeks, adopting the same training protocol. After exercise, some groups of adults and senile animals were submitted to the hippocampal-dependent object recognition memory test, sacrificed, and processed for selective microglia immunolabeling. Other groups of adult animals not subjected to behavioral tests were also euthanized and had one hemisphere used to record diffusional parameters in the hippocampal parenchyma while the other was used for selective immunolabeling to detect astrocytes, NG2 cells and reelin.We found that an increase in litter size was related to the reduction of maternal care, cognitive decline, altered morphology and proliferation of microglia, astrocytes and NG2 cells, as well as to a change in diffusion patterns in the hippocampal stroma. We also demonstrated that these changes may be reversed, at least partially, by physical activity and the extent of these beneficial effects are more pronounced in younger subjects. Finally, we demonstrated that ageing exacerbates microglial morphological changes induced by increased litter size and reduces memory performance.The molecular mechanisms associated to these effects remain to be investigated.

Submitted by Hellen Luz (hellencrisluz@gmail.com) on 2017-09-22T16:45:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_CineticaInfeccaoArbovirus.pdf: 1663059 bytes, checksum: 7d2fa792bd8036013ffb7d0bf979223a (MD5) / Rejected by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br), reason: on 2017-10-10T17:01:00Z (GMT) / Submitted by Hellen Luz (hellencrisluz@gmail.com) on 2017-10-17T18:43:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_CineticaInfeccaoArbovirus.pdf: 1663059 bytes, checksum: 7d2fa792bd8036013ffb7d0bf979223a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-11-24T15:23:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_CineticaInfeccaoArbovirus.pdf: 1663059 bytes, checksum: 7d2fa792bd8036013ffb7d0bf979223a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-24T15:23:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_CineticaInfeccaoArbovirus.pdf: 1663059 bytes, checksum: 7d2fa792bd8036013ffb7d0bf979223a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-30 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / No presente estudo, um membro do grupo das RNA viroses Sul Americanas encontrado no Brasil, que causa doença febril em humanos e encefalite em camundongos adultos e neonatos, foi selecionado como um modelo para estudar as consequências das encefalites por arbovírus. Em camundongos mantidos em condições padronizadas com acesso livre a água e comida, induziu-se encefalite por via intranasal empregando homogenado cerebral infectado pelo vírus Piry, correlacionando a resposta inflamatória celular quantitativa do hospedeiro na região septal, com os sinais clínicos e a neuroinvasão, utilizando como controle animais que receberam homogenado cerebral não infectado. Animais com três meses de idade receberam volume igual de homogenado cerebral infectante ou de homogenado cerebral normal nas narinas. Em cada um dos oito dias após a infecção, cinco sujeitos da colônia infectada foram sacrificados, perfundidos e processados para detecção dos antígenos virais e microglia. Sujeitos controle foram sacrificados no 5º dia após a inoculação do homogenado cerebral normal para os mesmos marcadores. A encefalite viral induziu ativação microglial e neuroinvasão das células gliais e neurônios, principalmente nas vias olfatórias nas fases iniciais (2 - 4 dpi), mas também incluiu o hipocampo, o cerebelo e núcleos do tronco cerebral mais tarde (5 - 8 dpi). A correlação das estimativas do número de microglias na área septal com os sinais clínicos e a neuroinvasão revelaram que o número e a morfologia daquelas mudou antes da neuroinvasão ter alcançado a região septal e os sinais clínicos aparecerem. Grande variabilidade na intensidade dos sintomas clínicos e na taxa de sobrevivência foi encontrada na variedade de camundongos albinos suíços quando comparados com o previamente descrito na variedade C57Bl6 sugerindo um background genético mais heterogêneo para aquela variedade. Tomados em conjunto nossos resultados prévios e atuais dedicados a investigar a progressão da encefalite induzida pelo vírus Piry no camundongo albino suiço pode abrir um novo campo de investigação das bases genéticas, anatômicas e imunes acerca das encefalites sub-letais tropicais. / In the present report, a member of a group of RNA South American viruses found in Brazil, that causes febrile disease in humans and encephalitis in neonate and adult murine models, was selected as a model to study encephalitis outcomes in adult albino Swiss mice. In mice housed under standard conditions with free access to water and food, we induced viral encephalitis by intranasal inoculation of Piry virus–infected brain homogenate and correlated neuropathological features. We quantified the cellular inflammatory response in the septal region using a stereologically based unbiased method with clinical signs and neuroinvasion, comparing the outcomes with those of animals inoculated with uninfected brain homogenate. Three-month-old female mice maintained in standard environment received an equal volume of Piry virus infected or normal brain homogenates into the nostrils. From the 1st to 8th days post-instillation (dpi), five subjects from the infected colony were fixed and processed to detect viral antigens and microglia. Control subjects were sacrificed in the 5th dpi and processed for the same markers. After Piry virus encephalitis induced microglial activation and neuroinvasion of glial cells and neurons mainly in the olfactory pathways early in the disease (2 – 4 dpi), but also included hippocampus, cerebellum and brain stem nuclei later on (5 - 8 dpi). The correlation of the host cellular inflammatory quantitative response in the septal area with clinical signs and neuroinvasion, revealed that the number and the morphology of microglias changed early in the disease before neuroinvasion had reached the septal region and clinical signs had appeared. Great variability in clinical symptoms intensity and survival rate were found in the outbred albino Swiss mice strain as compared with previous report in the inbred C57Bl6 strain suggesting less isogenic background. Taken together, our previous and present report dedicated to investigate Piry virus encephalitis progression in the outbred albino Swiss mice strain may open a new field of investigation of the genetics, anatomical and immune substrates of tropical sublethal arbovirus encepahlitis.