Mit dem Einzug numerischer Verfahren zur Dimensionierung von Verkehrskonstruktionen, im Speziellen für Asphaltbefestigung, werden charakteristische Materialkenngrößen benötigt. Des Weiteren wird mit der fortschreitenden Entwicklung von FEM-Programmen, die in Zusammenhang mit Strukturanalysen und Simulationsrechnungen ihren Einsatz finden, die Kenntnis detaillierter Materialkennwerte essentiell. Dass Asphalte mit ihrem charakteristischen Materialverhalten eine Temperatur- und Frequenzabhängigkeit aufweisen, ist anerkannter Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik. In Bezug auf weitere Einflussgrößen existieren nur sehr begrenzte Erkenntnisse. Im Besonderen gilt dies für Abhängigkeiten der Materialkenngrößen von aus der äußeren Beanspruchung resultierenden Spannungszuständen in der Asphaltbefestigung. Ein wesentliches Ziel der Arbeit war die Untersuchung von möglichen Spannungsabhängigkeiten der charakteristischen Materialkenngrößen von Asphalt. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden auch Fragestellungen zu anisotropen Effekten im Materialverhalten aufgegriffen. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten an zwei ausgewählten Asphaltdeckschichtmaterialien, die sich in ihrer Zusammensetzung und granularen Struktur grundlegend voneinander unterscheiden. Zum einen wurden ein Splittmastixasphalt (SMA11S mit PmB 25/55-55A) und zum anderen ein offenporiger Asphalt (PA8 mit PmB 40/100-65A) in das Versuchsprogramm aufgenommen. Die Ansprache des Materialverhaltens erfolgte versuchstechnisch mittels uniaxialer und triaxialer Versuche. Im Ergebnis der Untersuchungen zur Anisotropie von Asphaltmaterialien konnte festgestellt werden, dass die in der Regel gerichtete Verdichtung von Asphalt anisotrope Materialeigenschaften nach sich zieht, unabhängig von der Kornform der verwendeten Gesteinskörnungen und der Ausprägung der Mörtelphase. Des Weiteren war ein wesentliches Ergebnis, dass Asphaltmaterialien in weiten Bereichen der Gebrauchstemperatur ein ausgeprägtes spannungsabhängiges Materialverhalten aufweisen. Erst bei sehr tiefen Temperaturen nähert sich das Materialverhalten von Asphalt einem linear elastischen Festkörperverhalten an. Die granulare Struktur des Asphaltmaterials sowie die Ausprägung der Mörtelphase und der damit verbundenen Bindemittelfilmdicken haben maßgebenden Einfluss auf die Art und Größe der charakteristischen Materialeigenschaften sowie auf die Auswirkungen der jeweiligen Spannungsabhängigkeiten. Als Schlussfolgerung bzw. Ausblick der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit durchgeführten Untersuchungen bleibt festzuhalten, dass für die Erweiterung der Kenntnisse des grundlegenden Materialverhaltens von Asphalt weiterführende Untersuchungen speziell in Bezug auf die Eigenschaften der Einzelbestandteile sowie deren Wechselwirkungen innerhalb der Asphaltstruktur essentiell sind. / Characteristic material parameters especially for asphalt pavements are required due to the introduction of numerical pavement design methods. Furthermore, the continuous development of FEM programs, which are used for structural analysis and simulation calculations, also requires the knowledge of detailed material properties. It is state of the art that asphalt shows a significant temperature and frequency dependent behavior. The knowledge regarding additional impact parameters is very limited. This is especially valid for the stress dependency of the material parameters resulting from the stress state within the asphalt pavement based on the external loads. The main aim of this work was the investigation of the possible stress dependencies of the characteristic material parameters of asphalt. In this context, questions related to the anisotropic effects of the material behavior have also been taken up. Two asphalt surface layer materials, which have significant differences in the material composition and the granular structure were investigated in this context. On the one hand a stone mastic asphalt (SMA11S with PmB 25/55-55A) and on the other hand a porous asphalt (PA8 with PmB 40/100-65A) were included in the testing scheme. Uniaxial and triaxial tests were selected to determine the material behavior at the laboratory. Within the determination of the anisotropic material behavior of asphalt, it could be proven that the usually vertical compaction direction during the compaction process effects anisotropic material properties. This behavior can be determined independent from the particle shape, the used aggregate material and the specification of the asphalt mastic. Another essential result is, that asphalt materials show a significant stress dependent material behavior in a wide range of the performance temperature. Only on very low temperatures the material behavior of asphalt can be assumed to be linear elastic. The granular structure of asphalt material as well as the specification of the asphalt mastic and the thickness of the binder between the particles have a significant influence on the type and size of the characteristic material properties and the effect of stress dependency. Finally, it can be concluded, that it is essential to investigate the material behavior of each ingredient and their interaction within the asphalt structure to expand the knowledge regarding the fundamental material behavior of asphalt.

Mit dem Einzug numerischer Verfahren zur Dimensionierung von Verkehrskonstruktionen, im Speziellen für Asphaltbefestigung, werden charakteristische Materialkenngrößen benötigt. Des Weiteren wird mit der fortschreitenden Entwicklung von FEM-Programmen, die in Zusammenhang mit Strukturanalysen und Simulationsrechnungen ihren Einsatz finden, die Kenntnis detaillierter Materialkennwerte essentiell. Dass Asphalte mit ihrem charakteristischen Materialverhalten eine Temperatur- und Frequenzabhängigkeit aufweisen, ist anerkannter Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik. In Bezug auf weitere Einflussgrößen existieren nur sehr begrenzte Erkenntnisse. Im Besonderen gilt dies für Abhängigkeiten der Materialkenngrößen von aus der äußeren Beanspruchung resultierenden Spannungszuständen in der Asphaltbefestigung. Ein wesentliches Ziel der Arbeit war die Untersuchung von möglichen Spannungsabhängigkeiten der charakteristischen Materialkenngrößen von Asphalt. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden auch Fragestellungen zu anisotropen Effekten im Materialverhalten aufgegriffen. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten an zwei ausgewählten Asphaltdeckschichtmaterialien, die sich in ihrer Zusammensetzung und granularen Struktur grundlegend voneinander unterscheiden. Zum einen wurden ein Splittmastixasphalt (SMA11S mit PmB 25/55-55A) und zum anderen ein offenporiger Asphalt (PA8 mit PmB 40/100-65A) in das Versuchsprogramm aufgenommen. Die Ansprache des Materialverhaltens erfolgte versuchstechnisch mittels uniaxialer und triaxialer Versuche. Im Ergebnis der Untersuchungen zur Anisotropie von Asphaltmaterialien konnte festgestellt werden, dass die in der Regel gerichtete Verdichtung von Asphalt anisotrope Materialeigenschaften nach sich zieht, unabhängig von der Kornform der verwendeten Gesteinskörnungen und der Ausprägung der Mörtelphase. Des Weiteren war ein wesentliches Ergebnis, dass Asphaltmaterialien in weiten Bereichen der Gebrauchstemperatur ein ausgeprägtes spannungsabhängiges Materialverhalten aufweisen. Erst bei sehr tiefen Temperaturen nähert sich das Materialverhalten von Asphalt einem linear elastischen Festkörperverhalten an. Die granulare Struktur des Asphaltmaterials sowie die Ausprägung der Mörtelphase und der damit verbundenen Bindemittelfilmdicken haben maßgebenden Einfluss auf die Art und Größe der charakteristischen Materialeigenschaften sowie auf die Auswirkungen der jeweiligen Spannungsabhängigkeiten. Als Schlussfolgerung bzw. Ausblick der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit durchgeführten Untersuchungen bleibt festzuhalten, dass für die Erweiterung der Kenntnisse des grundlegenden Materialverhaltens von Asphalt weiterführende Untersuchungen speziell in Bezug auf die Eigenschaften der Einzelbestandteile sowie deren Wechselwirkungen innerhalb der Asphaltstruktur essentiell sind. / Characteristic material parameters especially for asphalt pavements are required due to the introduction of numerical pavement design methods. Furthermore, the continuous development of FEM programs, which are used for structural analysis and simulation calculations, also requires the knowledge of detailed material properties. It is state of the art that asphalt shows a significant temperature and frequency dependent behavior. The knowledge regarding additional impact parameters is very limited. This is especially valid for the stress dependency of the material parameters resulting from the stress state within the asphalt pavement based on the external loads. The main aim of this work was the investigation of the possible stress dependencies of the characteristic material parameters of asphalt. In this context, questions related to the anisotropic effects of the material behavior have also been taken up. Two asphalt surface layer materials, which have significant differences in the material composition and the granular structure were investigated in this context. On the one hand a stone mastic asphalt (SMA11S with PmB 25/55-55A) and on the other hand a porous asphalt (PA8 with PmB 40/100-65A) were included in the testing scheme. Uniaxial and triaxial tests were selected to determine the material behavior at the laboratory. Within the determination of the anisotropic material behavior of asphalt, it could be proven that the usually vertical compaction direction during the compaction process effects anisotropic material properties. This behavior can be determined independent from the particle shape, the used aggregate material and the specification of the asphalt mastic. Another essential result is, that asphalt materials show a significant stress dependent material behavior in a wide range of the performance temperature. Only on very low temperatures the material behavior of asphalt can be assumed to be linear elastic. The granular structure of asphalt material as well as the specification of the asphalt mastic and the thickness of the binder between the particles have a significant influence on the type and size of the characteristic material properties and the effect of stress dependency. Finally, it can be concluded, that it is essential to investigate the material behavior of each ingredient and their interaction within the asphalt structure to expand the knowledge regarding the fundamental material behavior of asphalt.

No description available.

No description available.

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No description available.

Estruturas aeronáuticas são em sua grande parte fabricadas em material compósito para que sejam atendidas as especificações de projeto. Entre essas estruturas destaca-se a estrutura sanduíche. A utilização desse tipo de estrutura requer estudos extensos em novos materiais, bem como na aplicação dos mesmos. Uma atenção especial para o núcleo dessas estruturas é necessária, pois este material é na verdade uma estrutura celular, como as espumas poliméricas. Esta dissertação busca concatenar a literatura com a prática ao estudar a calibração de modelos de material para descrever o comportamento mecânico de espumas poliméricas, bem como avaliar suas potencialidades e limitações. Estas espumas são estruturas celulares cujos mecanismos de falha consistem em respostas micro e macroscópicas. A identificação e quantificação desses comportamentos podem ser feitas através da investigação de modelos de material micro-mêcanicos ou fenomenológicos (macro-mecânicos) associados a ensaios e análises experimentais tanto do material celular quanto da estrutura na qual este material é utilizado. Cada abordagem, micro ou macro-mecânica, possui vantagens e desvantagens que no presente trabalho são discutidas para o material estudado (espuma polimérica rígida de PVC, poli-cloreto de vinila, com estrutura de células fechada e densidade de 60kg/m³). Uma série de ensaios experimentais com bases em normas é realizada e os dados coletados são comparados com dados obtidos simultaneamente através de uma técnica de correlação de imagens. Todas as informações experimentais são confrontadas e associadas aos mecanismos de falha da espuma polimérica. Finalmente, os dados experimentais são utilizados nas identificações de parâmetros de modelos de material disponíveis em um programa comercial de elementos finitos - ABAQUS. Com os modelos de material calibrados, o presente trabalho investiga a representatividade e as limitações dos mesmos quando aplicados a estruturas aeronáuticas submetidas a cargas localizadas, monotônicas ou não. Observou-se que há uma forte dependência da resposta macroscópica da espuma com sua estrutura celular quando submetida a cargas localizadas e/ou não-monotônicas. Ademais, o uso de modelos de material simplificados, e/ou com hipóteses de implementação, gera resultados duvidosos quando estes modelos são aplicados a materiais celulares com respostas complexas (mecanismos micro-mecânicos, anisotropia, viscosidade, etc.). Todavia, o presente trabalho mostra que uma calibração estratégica relevando as hipóteses de implementação e as limitações do modelo de material, fornece bons resultados macroscópicos que são fortemente influenciados pelos mecanismos de falha micro-mecânicos. / Aircraft structures are mostly made of composite material in order to achieve the specifications of a project. Among these structures one highlights the sandwich structure. The usage of this structure requires extensive studies on new materials as well as on the application of these very materials. A special attention for the cores material of these structures is needed because it is in fact a cellular structure, as the polymeric foams. This dissertation seeks to concatenate the literature and practice, studying the calibration of material models to describe the mechanical behavior of polymeric foams, as well as to analyse their potentials and limitations. These foams are cellular structures whose failure mechanisms comprise micro and macro responses. The identification and quantification of these behaviors can be done through micro-mechanical or phenomenological (macro-mechanical) material models along with experimental tests and analyses of both the cellular material and the structure in which this material is used. Each approach, micro or macro, has advantages and disadvantages that in the present work are discussed for the studied material (PVC, poly-vinyl-chloride, rigid closed-cell polymeric foam with a density of 60kg/m³). A series of experimental tests based on standard procedures are carried out and the data collected are compared with data obtained simultaneously through an image correlation technique. All the experimental information are confronted and associated to the failure mechanisms of the polymeric foam. Finally, the experimental data are used for the identification of material models parameters, currently available in the commercial finite elements software - ABAQUS. With the material models calibrated, the present work investigates the representativeness and the limitations of these very models when applied to aircraft structures submitted to monotonic or not localized loads. One has observed that there is a strong dependence of the foams macroscopic response with its cellular structure when it is submitted to localized and/or non-monotonic loads. Moreover, the usage of simplified material models, and/or with some implementation hypotheses, renders doubtful results when these models are applied to cellular materials with complex responses (micro-mechanical mechanisms, anisotropy, viscosity, etc.). Nevertheless, the present work shows that a strategic calibration taking into account the implementation hypotheses and the limitations of the material model, yields good macroscopic results that are strongly influenced by the micro-mechanical failure mechanisms.

Estruturas aeronáuticas são em sua grande parte fabricadas em material compósito para que sejam atendidas as especificações de projeto. Entre essas estruturas destaca-se a estrutura sanduíche. A utilização desse tipo de estrutura requer estudos extensos em novos materiais, bem como na aplicação dos mesmos. Uma atenção especial para o núcleo dessas estruturas é necessária, pois este material é na verdade uma estrutura celular, como as espumas poliméricas. Esta dissertação busca concatenar a literatura com a prática ao estudar a calibração de modelos de material para descrever o comportamento mecânico de espumas poliméricas, bem como avaliar suas potencialidades e limitações. Estas espumas são estruturas celulares cujos mecanismos de falha consistem em respostas micro e macroscópicas. A identificação e quantificação desses comportamentos podem ser feitas através da investigação de modelos de material micro-mêcanicos ou fenomenológicos (macro-mecânicos) associados a ensaios e análises experimentais tanto do material celular quanto da estrutura na qual este material é utilizado. Cada abordagem, micro ou macro-mecânica, possui vantagens e desvantagens que no presente trabalho são discutidas para o material estudado (espuma polimérica rígida de PVC, poli-cloreto de vinila, com estrutura de células fechada e densidade de 60kg/m³). Uma série de ensaios experimentais com bases em normas é realizada e os dados coletados são comparados com dados obtidos simultaneamente através de uma técnica de correlação de imagens. Todas as informações experimentais são confrontadas e associadas aos mecanismos de falha da espuma polimérica. Finalmente, os dados experimentais são utilizados nas identificações de parâmetros de modelos de material disponíveis em um programa comercial de elementos finitos - ABAQUS. Com os modelos de material calibrados, o presente trabalho investiga a representatividade e as limitações dos mesmos quando aplicados a estruturas aeronáuticas submetidas a cargas localizadas, monotônicas ou não. Observou-se que há uma forte dependência da resposta macroscópica da espuma com sua estrutura celular quando submetida a cargas localizadas e/ou não-monotônicas. Ademais, o uso de modelos de material simplificados, e/ou com hipóteses de implementação, gera resultados duvidosos quando estes modelos são aplicados a materiais celulares com respostas complexas (mecanismos micro-mecânicos, anisotropia, viscosidade, etc.). Todavia, o presente trabalho mostra que uma calibração estratégica relevando as hipóteses de implementação e as limitações do modelo de material, fornece bons resultados macroscópicos que são fortemente influenciados pelos mecanismos de falha micro-mecânicos. / Aircraft structures are mostly made of composite material in order to achieve the specifications of a project. Among these structures one highlights the sandwich structure. The usage of this structure requires extensive studies on new materials as well as on the application of these very materials. A special attention for the cores material of these structures is needed because it is in fact a cellular structure, as the polymeric foams. This dissertation seeks to concatenate the literature and practice, studying the calibration of material models to describe the mechanical behavior of polymeric foams, as well as to analyse their potentials and limitations. These foams are cellular structures whose failure mechanisms comprise micro and macro responses. The identification and quantification of these behaviors can be done through micro-mechanical or phenomenological (macro-mechanical) material models along with experimental tests and analyses of both the cellular material and the structure in which this material is used. Each approach, micro or macro, has advantages and disadvantages that in the present work are discussed for the studied material (PVC, poly-vinyl-chloride, rigid closed-cell polymeric foam with a density of 60kg/m³). A series of experimental tests based on standard procedures are carried out and the data collected are compared with data obtained simultaneously through an image correlation technique. All the experimental information are confronted and associated to the failure mechanisms of the polymeric foam. Finally, the experimental data are used for the identification of material models parameters, currently available in the commercial finite elements software - ABAQUS. With the material models calibrated, the present work investigates the representativeness and the limitations of these very models when applied to aircraft structures submitted to monotonic or not localized loads. One has observed that there is a strong dependence of the foams macroscopic response with its cellular structure when it is submitted to localized and/or non-monotonic loads. Moreover, the usage of simplified material models, and/or with some implementation hypotheses, renders doubtful results when these models are applied to cellular materials with complex responses (micro-mechanical mechanisms, anisotropy, viscosity, etc.). Nevertheless, the present work shows that a strategic calibration taking into account the implementation hypotheses and the limitations of the material model, yields good macroscopic results that are strongly influenced by the micro-mechanical failure mechanisms.

simulationsunterstützte Weiterentwicklung eines Produktes mit dem Ziel der Material- sowie Energieeinsparung während des Herstellungsprozesses; konstruktive und simulative Optimierung des Kunststoff-Spritzgieß-Bauteils (Gewichtsreduktion, Einsparung von Zykluszeit) bei gleichzeitigem Erhalt der Funktion und mechanischen Eigenschaften; durch gekoppelte Simulation des Herstellungsprozesses und der Strukturmechanik konnten Herstellungskosten, Materialkosten sowie der Energieaufwand im Herstellungsprozess deutlich reduziert werden. / Simulation-supported further development of a product with the aim of saving material and energy during the manufacturing process; constructive and simulative optimisation of the plastic injection moulding component (weight reduction, saving of cycle time) while at the same time maintaining the function and mechanical properties; through coupled simulation of the manufacturing process and the structural mechanics, manufacturing costs, material costs and the energy input in the manufacturing process could be significantly reduced.

In dieser Arbeit untersuchen wir mehrere Anwendungen von photonischen und plasmonischen Nanostrukturen unter Verwendung zweier verschiedener numerischer Methoden: die Fourier-Moden-Methode (FMM) und ein unstetiges Galerkin-Zeitraumverfahren (discontinuous Galerkin time-domain method, DGTD method). Die Methoden werden für vier verschiedene Anwendungen eingesetzt, die alle eine Materialmodellerweiterung in der Implementierung der Methoden erfordern. Diese Anwendungen beinhalten die Untersuchung von dünnen, freistehenden, periodisch perforierten Goldfilmen. Wir charakterisieren die auftretenden Oberflächenplasmonenpolaritonen durch die Berechnung von Transmissions- und Elektronenenergieverlustspektren, die mit experimentellen Messungen verglichen werden. Dazu stellen wir eine Erweiterung der DGTD-Methode zur Verfügung, die sowohl absorbierende, impedanzangepasste Randschichten als auch Anregung mit geglätteter Ladungsverteilung für materialdurchdringende Elektronenstrahlen beinhaltet. Darüber hinaus wird eine Erweiterung auf nicht-dispersive anisotrope Materialien für eine Formoptimierung einer volldielektrischen magneto-optischen Metaoberfläche verwendet. Diese Optimierung ermöglicht eine verstärkte Faraday-Rotation zusammen mit einer hohen Transmission. Zusätzlich untersuchen wir abstimmbare hyperbolische Metamaterialresonatoren im nahen Infrarot mit Hilfe der FMM. Wir berechnen deren Resonanzen und vergleichen sie mit dem Experiment. Zum Schluss wird die Implementierung eines nichtlinearen Vier-Niveau-System-Materialmodells in der DGTD-Methode verwendet, um die Laserschwellen eines Mikroresonators mit Bragg-Spiegeln zu berechnen. Bei Einführung eines Silbergitters mit variablen Spaltgrößen wird eine defektinduzierte Kontrolle der Laserschwellen ermöglicht. Die Berechnung der vollständigen, zeitaufgelösten Felddynamik innerhalb des Resonator gibt dabei Aufschluss über die beteiligten Lasermoden. / In this thesis, we study several applications of photonic and plasmonic nanostructures by employing two different numerical methods: the Fourier modal method (FMM) and discontinuous Galerkin time-domain (DGTD) method. The methods are used for four different applications, all of which require a material model extension for the implementation of the methods. These applications include the investigation of thin, free-standing periodically perforated gold films. We characterize the emerging surface plasmon polaritons by computing both transmittance and electron energy loss spectra, which are compared to experimental measurements. To this end, we provide an extension of the DGTD method, including absorbing stretched coordinate perfectly matched layers as well as excitations with smoothed charge distribution for material-penetrating electron beams. Furthermore, an extension to non-dispersive anisotropic materials is used for shape optimization of an all-dielectric magneto-optic metasurface. This optimization enables an enhanced Faraday rotation along with high transmittance. Additionally, we study tuneable near-infrared hyperbolic metamaterial cavities with the help of the FMM. We compute the cavity resonances and compare them to the experiment. Finally, the implementation of a non-linear four-level system material model in the DGTD method is used to compute lasing thresholds of a distributed Bragg reflector microcavity. Introducing a silver grating with variable gap sizes allows for a defect-induced lasing threshold control. The computation of the full time-resolved field dynamics of the cavity provides information on the involved lasing modes.