Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-07-03T21:14:49Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Vanessa Fernandes Carvalho - 2017.pdf: 1530180 bytes, checksum: c6d17beae996f702776fe8cf31bc7025 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-07-10T13:58:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Vanessa Fernandes Carvalho - 2017.pdf: 1530180 bytes, checksum: c6d17beae996f702776fe8cf31bc7025 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T13:58:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Vanessa Fernandes Carvalho - 2017.pdf: 1530180 bytes, checksum: c6d17beae996f702776fe8cf31bc7025 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The strongyloidiasis is a neglected disease with prevalence underestimated, is caused mainly by the Strongyloides stercoralis species, is usually asymptomatic but potentially fatal in immunocompromised individuals. It is an infection difficult to diagnose due to low and irregular elimination of larvae, and with a high impact on public health. Among the drugs available for the treatment of strongyloidiasis are albendazole and ivermectin, but due to the side effects and the development of resistance has sought new therapeutic alternatives for the control of the genus Strongyloides sp are being studied. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic potential of the ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction, aqueous fraction, and essential oil rich in alpha bisabolol of S. guianensis as well as of the alpha bisabolol isolated in the control of S. venezuelensis. We carried out the Eggs Hatching Tests (EHT) and Larval Motility Tests (LMT) initially with ethanolic extract, essential oil and alpha bisabolol isolated at concentrations of 0.2 to 1.0 mg/mL, and finally fractionated ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of ethanolic extract at concentrations of 0.05 to 0.8 mg/mL were tested. We used as positive controls, albendazole in EHT and ivermectin in LMT and as negative controls, filtered water and DMSO 1%. Fresh feces of gerbils were used to perform the EHT and stool culture in vermiculite for LMT. Was incubated with 50μL of tested compounds with eggs or larvae containing approximately 50 specimens in eppendorf tubesfor TEO and TML. The tests were performed in duplicate with the reply, and after incubation at 28 °C for 48 hours was performed counting the specimens in the EHT, and LMT, counts were performed at intervals of 24, 48 and 72 hours. The counts in the two tests were perfomed under optical microscopy. All the substances tested showed positive ovicidal activity equivalent to the positive control, and caused changes in the morphology of eggs. Only ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions showed a concentration-dependent effect in egg assays. In the TML, there was no time dependent relationship, only the ethanolic extract and the aqueous fraction of S. guianensis presented efficiency equivalent to the positive control. With the exception of alpha bisabolol alone, the other compounds had a concentration-dependent effect on TML. The higher concentration of the ethanolic extract caused changes in the cuticle of the analyzed larvae. The phytochemical tests of the ethanolic extract showed the presence of phenolic compounds, tannins and flavonoids. It is suggested from the results that there is synergism between the chemical constituents of the different compounds analyzed in the TEO and TML, and the presence of tannins and flavonoids in the ethanolic extract and its fractions influenced the observed ovicidal and larvicidal activity. It is concluded that S. guianensis showed in vitro antiparasitic potential mainly of the ethanolic extract and its fractions in the different forms of S. venezuelensis. / A estrongiloidíase é uma doença negligenciada com prevalência subestimada ocasionada principalmente pela espécie Strongyloides stercoralis, geralmente é assintomática, mas potencialmente fatal em indivíduos imunocomprometidos. Trata-se de uma infecção de difícil diagnóstico devido a eliminação de larvas discreta e irregular, e com alto impacto em saúde pública. Dentre os medicamentos disponíveis para o tratamento da estrongiloidíase, estão o albendazol e ivermectina, mas devido aos efeitos colaterais e o desenvolvimento da resistência, tem-se buscado novas alternativas terapêuticas para o controle do gênero Strongyloides sp. Neste contexto, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o potencial anti-helmíntico do extrato etanólico, fração acetato de etila, fração aquosa e óleo essencial rico em alfa bisabolol de Siparuna guianensis bem como do alfa bisabolol isolado no controle de S. venezuelensis. Realizou-se Testes de Eclosão de Ovos (TEO) e Testes de Motilidade Larval (TML) inicialmente com o extrato etanólico, óleo essencial e alfa bisabolol isolado nas concentrações de 0,2 à 1,0 mg/mL e, por fim, foram testadas as frações acetato de etila e aquosa fracionadas do extrato etanólico nas concentrações de 0,05 à 0,8 mg/mL. Foram utilizados como controles positivos o albendazol no TEO e a ivermectina no TML e, como controles, água filtrada e DMSO 1%. Foram utilizadas fezes frescas de gerbilos para realização do TEO e cultura de fezes em vermiculita para o TML. Foi incubado 50 μL dos compostos testados com ovos ou larvas contendo aproximadamente 50 espécimes em tubos eppendorfs para o TEO e TML. Os testes foram feitos em duplicata com réplica, e após incubação à 28°C por 48 horas realizou-se a contagem dos espécimes no TEO, e no TML, as contagens foram realizadas em intervalos de 24, 48 e 72 horas. As contagens nos dois testes foram realizadas em microscopia óptica. Todas as substâncias testadas apresentaram atividade ovicida equivalente ao controle positivo e, provocaram alterações na morfologia dos ovos. Apenas as frações acetato de etila e aquosa apresentaram efeito concentração dependente nos ensaios com ovos. No TML, não houve relação tempo dependente, apenas o extrato etanólico e a fração aquosa de S. guianensis apresentou eficiência equivalente ao controle positivo. Com exceção do alfa bisabolol isolado, os demais compostos apresentaram efeito concentração dependente no TML. A maior concentração do extrato etanólico provocou alterações na cutícula das larvas analisadas. Os testes fitoquímicos do extrato etanólico mostraram a presença de compostos fenólicos, taninos e flavonoides. Infere-se a partir dos resultados que existe sinergismo entre os constituintes químicos dos diferentes compostos analisados no TEO e TML e, que a presença de taninos e flavonoides no extrato etanólico e em suas frações influenciou na atividade ovicida e larvicida observada. Conclui-se que S. guianensis apresentou in vitro potencialidade antiparasitária principalmente do extrato etanólico e suas frações nas diferentes formas de S. venezuelensis.

Orientador: Luis Octavio Regasini / Resumo: Um dos maiores problemas sanitários encontrados pela pecuária são os nematoides gastrintestinais (NGIs), os quais causam perdas significativas aos pecuaristas de pequenos ruminantes. O controle de NGIs é realizado com base na administração repetida e imprópria dos anti-helmínticos (AHs) convencionais, havendo uma crescente presença de resíduos no meio ambiente ou em produtos de consumo. Acima de tudo, o desenvolvimento de resistência em populações de NGIs tornou-se um problema mundial. A fim de preservar a saúde dos hospedeiros, bem como retardar a resistência, torna-se necessário identificar métodos alternativos ao uso de AHs, tais como o uso de plantas, seus extratos e substâncias. Pterogyne nitens Tul. (Fabaceae), árvore nativa brasileira, apresenta indicações de uso popular como vermífugo, bem como de diversas substâncias bioativas, tais como: ácidos fenólicos, flavonoides, alcaloides guanidínicos, terpenos e esteróis. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos de extratos e substâncias de P. nitens em diferentes estágios do ciclo de vida de três isolados susceptíveis originários do Brasil e da França de duas espécies de NGIs, Haemonchus contortus e Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Foram preparados três extratos etanólicos a partir das folhas (EEL), frutos (EEFR) e flores (EEFL); e oito substâncias fenólicas isoladas [duas flavonas (sorbifolina e pedalitina), dois flavonóis (quercetina e rutina), um flavan-3-ol (ourateacatequina) e três ácidos fenólicos (ác... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: One of the considerable health problems encountered by livestock is gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs), as they cause significant losses to small ruminant breeders. The control of GINs is based on the repeated and improper administration of synthetic anthelmintics (AHs), causing an increase of environmental residues and in food. Furthermore, the development of resistance in GIN populations has become a worldwide problem. In order to preserve the health of the hosts, as well as reduce resistance, it became necessary to identify AH alternative methods, such as the use of medicinal plants and their extracts and compounds. Pterogyne nitens Tul. (Fabaceae), brazilian native tree, presents popular use as a vermifuge and several bioactive compounds, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, guanidine alkaloids, terpenes, and sterols. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of extracts and compounds from P. nitens against the different stages of the life cycle of three susceptible isolates from Brazil and France of two GIN species, Haemonchus contortus, and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Three ethanolic extracts were prepared from leaves (EEL), fruits (EEFR), and flowers (EEFL). Eight phenolic compounds were isolated [two flavones (sorbifolin and pedalitin), two flavonols (quercetin and rutin), one flavan-3-ol (ouratecatechin) and three phenolic acids (caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and gallic acid)]. In addition, two flavonoids (chrysin and morin) were obtained commercial... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

In many developing countries, farmers and pastoralists still rely on their indigenous knowledge, practices and locally available plants to control nematode parasitic infections, both in livestock and humans. The overall aim of my thesis was to undertake bioassay-guided phyto-chemical study of extracts and their constituents from Ethiopian anti-parasitic plants used by healers to control gastrointestinal nematode parasites in livestock to validate their ethno-medicinal use and to characterise and identify their active ingredients. As a first experiment (Chapter Three), four types of crude extracts (water, 70% methyl-alcohol, absolute methanol and acetone) of four indigenous Ethiopian medicinal plants (Adenia species, Cissus ruspolii, Ipomoea eriocarpa and Euphorbia thymifolia) were screened against Teladorsagia circumcincta egg hatching in vitro, not only as a first step to validate the traditional healers claim but also to choose the most promising plant extract(s) for further phyto-chemical studies. The egg hatching inhibition (EHI) test results revealed that the anti-parasitic properties of these plants depended on plant species, dose, and solvent polarity. The water extracts of both C. ruspolii and Adenia sp. exhibited largest, up to 100% EHI but also larval migration inhibition activities, and were selected for further studies. The second experiment (Chapter Four) assessed the nature of active constituents in these extracts by physico-chemical methods. It was observed that the major constituents of both plant extracts responsible for the EHI activities are likely highly polar, water-soluble, small and moderately heat-labile molecules. The third and fourth experiments (Chapters Five and Six) consisted of separating Cissus ruspolii and Adenia sp. water extracts into discrete fractions by gel-permeation chromatography, EHI tests of Bio-Gel P-2 fractions followed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) profiling of these fractions to detect separated spots (in day light, under UV-light or after staining with various staining reagents) and also to see how elution patterns of separated spots affected by column parameters. The EHI tests on the fractions obtained revealed that the active constituents of C. ruspolii and Adenia sp. water crude extracts were eluted into few fractions based on their molecular sizes. The TLC profilings of these fractions identified spot patterns of active and inactive fractions, which allowed pooling of active constituents based on their EHI and TLC profiling into three pools for each plant. The fifth experiment (Chapter Seven) was to isolate and purify compounds from these pools using various preparative planar and column chromatographic methods. Sequential applications of column chromatography followed by preparative thin layer chromatography isolated and purified five active compounds from C. ruspolii and two active compounds from Adenia sp. The sixth experiment (Chapter Eight) was to characterize and propose/elucidate structures of compounds from the active fractions using chromatographic, analytical and spectroscopic methods. In this regard, the structures of two oleanane type triterpenoid saponins isolated from one of active fractions of Adenia sp. were proposed based on their mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data with support of compounds property, TLC and literature. Similar outcomes for C. ruspolii were not achieved due to lack of sufficient sample to run 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT), contamination of some purified compounds with ill-characterised substance from the preparative TLC matrix and in some cases mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data did not support each other. The last experiment (Chapter Nine) was to assess anthelmintic efficacy and safety of C. ruspolii and Adenia sp. crude water extracts in Heligmosomoides bakeri infected mice. This in vivo test revealed that both plant extracts exhibited significant reduction in worm burdens and worm egg excretion, with moderate effects on haematology and organ weights at tolerated dosages. In conclusion, both in vitro and in vivo data revealed that Adenia sp. and C. ruspolii have anthelmintic properties, thus validating traditional healer claims and supporting ethno-medicinal use. The bioassay-guided phytochemical study resulted in the isolation of a number of active compounds from these plants, for some of which a structure has been proposed.

A total of 587 faecal samples were collected from 98 horses of different age from three farms with various breeding system (pasture, stable and combination) in the South Bohemia, Czech Republic during three consecutive years (from 2009 to 2011), and screened for the presence of endoparasites, especially these inhabiting gastrointestinal tract and lung, using standard parasitological methods including flotation, sedimentation and staining methods. Moreover presence of Encephalitozoon spp. was detected using genus specific nested PCR. Small strongyles were the most common nematodes among studied horses. The age of animals was evaluated as a risk factor in relation to Eimeria leuckarti, Strongyloides westeri and Parascaris equorum infection in foals. The resistance of small strongyles (Cyathostominae) to benzimidazol anthelmintics has been revealed only on one of the visited farm. Most of examined animals were mono-infected. The breeding of horses in the stable represent management system with lowest risk in relation to parasitic infection of animals. Molecular analysis revealed the presence of human pathogenic Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype I in horses.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A eficÃcia e a seguranÃa terapÃutica de um medicamento a base de piperazina hexahidratada associada com o extrato fluido de Rhamnus purshiana (DM IndÃstria FarmacÃutica) usada como tratamento anti-helmÃntico em pacientes no CearÃ, Brasil, foi testado em comparaÃÃo com o produto composto de piperazina sem qualquer associaÃÃo (DM IndÃstria FarmacÃutica). Um estudo prospectivo, randomizado, controlado e duplo cego, comparando taxas de cura para infecÃÃo por Ascaris lunbricoides. Amostras coprolÃgicas de 990 pacientes foram coletadas inicialmente e a prevalÃncia de infecÃÃes parasitÃrias intestinais foi examinada. 130 pacientes com amostras fecais positivas para Ascaris lumbricoides foram incluÃdos nos ensaios clÃnicos, no intuito de ser comprovada a eficÃcia e a seguranÃa terapÃutica. InformaÃÃes sobre dados socioeconÃmicos e de saneamento foram coletas a partir de questionÃrio prÃprio. Mais da metade dos pacientes mostrou taxa de monoparasitismo (60%) e prevalÃncia de Ascaris lumbricoides de 29%. Taxa positiva para helmintÃase intestinal e infecÃÃes por protozoÃrios atingiram Ãndice de 48,38% (tricurÃase 04%, ancilostomÃase 0%, amebÃase 04%, giardÃase 10%). Taxa de cura da piperazina associada com extrato fluido de Rhamnus purshiana foi de 93,33% e para a piperazina sem associaÃÃes foi de 96,36%, portanto nÃo apresentou diferenÃa estatisticamente significante em relaÃÃo Ãs taxas de cura dos medicamentos em estudo (P = 0,6809). NÃusea (13,84%) e vÃmito (11,53%) foram os eventos adversos mais prevalentes. NÃo foi evidenciada diferenÃa estatisticamente significante em relaÃÃo à ocorrÃncia de eventos adversos nas duas formulaÃÃes (P = 0,2348). Dados socioeconÃmicos e de saneamento mostraram Ãntima relaÃÃo com a ocorrÃncia infecÃÃo por Ascaris lumbricoides. Piperazina associada com extrato fluido com Rhamnus purshiana mostrou-se eficaz e segura no tratamento da ascaridÃase, na populaÃÃo estudada / The efficacy and the therapeutic security of a manufactured piperazina associated with the extract fluid of Rhamnus purshiana (DM IndÃstria FarmacÃutica) used for deworming patients in CearÃ, Brazil, were tested against the product composed by piperazina without any association (DM IndÃstria FarmacÃutica). A prospective, randomized, controlled and double blind clinical trial, comparing cure rates for Ascaris lumbricoides infections. Stool samples from 990 volunteers were collected at baseline and the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections were viewed. 130 patients with faecal sample positive for Ascaris lumbricoides were included on the clinical trial, to assess the efficacy and therapeutic security. Socio-economic and sanitation information was obtained by an oral questionnaire. More than half of the patient showed monoparasitism (60%) and prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides was (29%) in the study population. Intestinal helminth and protozoon infections egg positive rate was 48.38% (trichuriasis 4%, ancylostomiasis 0%, amebiasis 04%, giardiasis 10%). Cure rate for piperazine associated with the extract fluid of Rhamnus purshiana was 93.33% and piperazine without any association was 96.36%, so there was no significant difference in the cure rates (P = 0.6809). The most prevalent side effects were nausea 13.84% and vomit 11.53%. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of side effects (P = 0.2348). Socio-economic and sanitation dates showed narrow relation with Ascaris lumbricoides. Piperazine associated with the extract fluid of Rhamnus purshiana was efficient and insurance in the treatment of Ascaris lumbricoides in the studied population

No description available.

Ancylostoma caninum, un nématode parasite, présente une prévalence élevée chez les chiens dans le monde. L'ankylostomiase canine peut être diagnostiquée à l'aide de tests coprologiques qui détectent les œufs ressemblant à des ankylostomes, ainsi que la présence de symptômes tels que l'anémie et les selles noires. Ces dernières années, le nombre de rapports établissant une résistance aux anthelminthiques chez A. caninum aux États-Unis d’Amérique a considérablement augmenté. Cette tendance émergente a incité notre enquête sur la possibilité qu’un scénario similaire se produise au Canada. L'objectif de cette étude était d'étudier la survenue d'une infection à A. caninum chez un groupe de chiens de refuge au Québec ayant préalablement reçu un traitement anthelminthique. De plus, l'étude visait à évaluer l'établissement potentiel d'une résistance anthelminthique contre ce parasite en employant des approches modifiées pour détecter les infections à faible prévalence. La procédure d'examen a été réalisée dans deux groupes distincts : un groupe local et un groupe composé de trois chiens des États-Unis d'Amérique (groupe USA). Le test coprologique a été réalisé avant et après un traitement anthelminthique incluant les benzimidazoles. De plus, la présence d'A. caninum a été confirmée par une amplification PCR précise du gène ITS-2. Le groupe local a montré un effet thérapeutique significatif après avoir reçu du fenbendazole. L'identification d'une mutation hétérozygote au niveau du codon 167 du gène de l'isotype 1 de la β-tubuline dans le groupe américain a été réalisée par analyse moléculaire. Ainsi, en évaluant les résultats thérapeutiques du fenbendazole, nous pouvons confirmer son efficacité variable comme anthelminthique contre A. caninum. De plus, des preuves moléculaires indiquent la présence d'isolats résistants dans le pays, ce qui pourrait potentiellement constituer un défi important pour contrôler les nématodes gastro-intestinaux chez les animaux de compagnie / Ancylostoma caninum, a parasitic nematode, exhibits a high prevalence in dogs globally. Canine ancylostomiasis can be diagnosed using coprological tests that detect hookworm-like eggs, as well as the presence of symptoms such as anaemia and dark stool. In recent years, there has been a significant rise in the number of reports establishing anthelmintic resistance in A. caninum within the United States of America. This emerging trend has prompted our investigation on the possibility of a similar scenario occurring in Canada. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of A. caninum infection in a group of shelter dogs in Quebec who had previously received anthelmintic treatment. Additionally, the study aimed to assess the potential establishment of anthelmintic resistance against this parasite by employing modified approaches to detect infections with a low prevalence. The examination procedure was carried out in two distinct groups: a native group and a group consisting of three dogs from the United States of America (USA group). The coprological test was undertaken both prior to and following anthelmintic treatment, which included the benzimidazoles. Moreover, A. caninum presence was confirmed via precise PCR amplification of the ITS-2 gene. The native group showed a significant treatment effect after receiving fenbendazole. The identification of a heterozygous mutation at codon 167 on the β-tubulin isotype-1 gene in the USA group was achieved through molecular analysis. Thus, by assessing the therapeutic outcomes of fenbendazole, we can confirm its varying effectiveness as an anthelmintic against A. caninum. Additionally, molecular evidence indicates the presence of resistant isolates in the country, which could potentially pose a significant challenge for controlling gastrointestinal nematodes in companion animals.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-21T18:34:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MarisaBatista.pdf: 12168457 bytes, checksum: 713e23639a20220c99636f8a2b8cd14d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-21T18:34:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarisaBatista.pdf: 12168457 bytes, checksum: 713e23639a20220c99636f8a2b8cd14d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPQ) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) / One of the main barriers to creation of goats and sheep are gastrointestinal parasites, which represent the largest and most serious health problem, reaching economically derail the creation, due to the resistance of parasites to anthelmintic drugs. Natural products, especially geopropolis produced by stingless bees of the genus Melipona, especially Melipona fasciculata Smith (tiúba) is an alternative for treatment of these diseases. Data in the literature on anthelmintic activity with geopropolis are scarce in this way, we aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of geopropolis of different phytogeographical regions, antioxidant activity and anthelmintic activity in sheep and goats, in order to obtain an anthelmintic product. The samples of geopropolis were collected in the municipalities of Palmeirândia and Fernando Falãao, MA and subjected to extraction to obtain the hydroalcoholic extracts of geopropolis. Geopropolis extracts obtained from the municipalities of Palmeirândia and Fernando Falcão, MA, were determined the total phenolic content by the Folin-Ciocalteu and antioxidant activity using the in vitro assay with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Extracts were derivatized and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC/MS) to identify the chemical constituents. Samples of geopropolis of different phytogeographical regions showed variations in the total phenolic content (126.60 – 847.50 mgGAE/g), and antioxidant activity antioxidante for DPPH (IC50 4.24 – 44.44 µg/mL) and FRAP (1.29 – 18.42 mmol FeII/g), the geopropolis from Fernando Falcao, showed better levels. On geopropolis from municipality of Palmeirândia were identified triterpenes cicloartane type, ursane and oleanane and phenolic acids (gallic acid and protocatechuic acid), whereas in geopropolis from Fernando Falcão, phenolic acids, gallic acid and ellagic were the main constituents. Besides the chemical identification extracts were subjected to anthelmintics in vitro larval exsheathment inhibition assay with Haemonchus contortus, with activity only the extract originating from the municipality of Fernando Falcão, and gotten a bioproduct (patent filed) when tested under the same conditions also presents action anthelmintic. This same sample from municipality of Fernando Falcão was subjected to a new extraction to obtain a higher yield, fractioned and, biomonitoring by liquid/liquid partition with solvents of different polarities, yielding fractions: hexane (HFG), chloroform (CFG), ethyl acetate (EAFG) and hydroalcoholic (HAFG). The extract and fractions were evaluated with anthelmintics in vitro assays larval exsheathment inhibition and egg hatch of Haemonchus contortus. New spectrophotometric analyzes were conducted to determine the polyphenol contents, in vitro antioxidant activity on DPPH and FRAP and chromatographic profile by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV detector (HPLC/UV) and identification of the chemical components of the active fractions was performed by highperformance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS). For the egg hatch test EC50% ranged from 2.01 to 3.73 mg/ml to extract and fractions being the most active fraction EAFG with EC50 2.01 mg/ml, and exsheathment larval varied with EC50 0.12 - 0.55 mg/ml, most active fraction HAFG EC50 0.12 mg/ml. The extract and fractions showed high levels of polyphenols (64.50 - 650.19 mgGAE/g) and antioxidant activity (IC50 6.50 – 29.80 µg/mL) and FRAP (6.91 -17.19 mM Fe2+/g). The hexane fraction had low income in this way was not subject to anthelmintics tests did not show antioxidant and had the lowest concentrations of polyphenols. The active fractions were identified phenolic acid (ellagic acid and derivatives, and brevifolin carboxilate, caftaric acid), hydrolyzable tannins (gallotannins and ellagitannins). The anthelmintic activity of geopropolis of Melipona fasciculata (tiúba) is probably related to the antioxidant activity and the presence of phenolic compounds mainly phenolic acids and hydrolyzable tannins, also plant sources used by bees to produce the geopropolis contribute to the composition chemical and bioactivity of the product. / Um dos principais entraves ao crescimento da caprinovinocultura são as parasitoses gastrintestinais, que representam o maior e mais grave problema sanitário, chegando a inviabilizar economicamente a criação, em função da resistência dos parasitos aos fármacos anti-helmínticos. Os produtos naturais, especialmente a geoprópolis produzida por abelhas sem ferrão do gênero Melipona, com destaque para Melipona fasciculata Smith (tiúba) surge como uma alternativa para tratamento dessas enfermidades. Dados na literatura sobre atividade anti-helmíntica com a geoprópolis são escassos, desta forma, objetivamos avaliar a composição química da geoprópolis de diferentes regiões fitogeográficas, atividade antioxidante e atividade anti-helmíntica em caprinos e ovinos, visando a obtenção de um produto anti-helmíntico. As amostras de geoprópolis foram coletadas nos municípios de Palmeirândia e Fernando Falcão, MA e submetidas a extração para obtenção dos extratos hidroalcoólicos da geoprópolis. Dos extratos obtidos das geoprópolis oriundas dos municípios de Palmeirândia e Fernando Falcão, MA, foram determinados os teores de fenólicos totais pelo reagente de Folin−Ciocalteu, e atividade antioxidante utilizando o ensaio in vitro com o 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) e capacidade redutora do ferro (FRAP). Os extratos foram derivatizados e analizados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrômetro de massas (CG/EM), para identificação dos constituintes químicos. As amostras da geoprópolis oriundas das diferentes regiões fitogeográficas apresentaram variações no teor de fenólicos totais (126,60 – 847,50 mgEAG/g), atividade antioxidante para DPPH (IC50 4,24 - 44,44 µg/mL) e FRAP (1,29 – 18,42 mmol FeII/g) no entanto, as geoprópolis de Fernando Falcão, apresentaram melhores teores. Nas geoprópolis do município de Palmeirândia foram identificados, triterpenos do tipo cicloartano, ursano e oleanano e ácidos fenólicos (ácido protocatecuico e ácido gálico), enquanto que na geoprópolis de Fernando Falcão, ácidos fenólicos, ácido gálico e elágico foram os principais constituintes. Além da identificação química os extratos foram submetidos a teste anti-helmínticos in vitro de desembainhamento larvar com Haemonchus contortus, apresentando atividade apenas o extrato oriundo do município de Fernando Falcão, sendo obtido um bioproduto (patente depositada) que quando testado nas mesmas condições também apresenta ação anti-helmíntica. Essa mesma amostra oriunda do município de Fernando Falcão foi submetida a uma nova extração para obtenção de um maior rendimento, fracionada por biomonitoramento, por partição líquido/líquido com solventes de diferentes polaridades, obtendo-se frações: hexânica (HFG), clorofórmica (CFG), acetato de etila (EAFG) e hidroalcoólica (HAFG). O extrato e frações foram avaliados com testes anti-helmínticos in vitro de desembainhamento larvar e inibição da eclodibilidade de ovos de Haemonchus contortus. Novas analises espectrofotométricas foram realizadas a para determinação dos teores polifenois totais, atividade antioxidante in vitro com DPPH e FRAP e perfil cromatográfico por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada a detector de ultravioleta (CLAE/UV) e a identificação dos componentes químicos das frações ativas foi realizada por cromatografia liquída de alta eficiência acoplada a espectrômetro de massas (CLAE/EM). Para o teste de eclodibilidade de ovos a CE50 variou de 2,01 – 3,73 mg/mL, para extrato e frações sendo a fração mais ativa EAFG com CE50 2,01 mg/mL, e o teste de desembainhamento larvar variou com CE50 de 0,12 – 0,55 mg/mL, a fração mais ativa HAFG com CE50 0,12 mg/mL. O extrato e frações apresentaram altos teores de polifenóis totais (64,50-650,19 mgEAG/g) e atividade antioxidante para DPPH (IC50 6,50 – 29,80 µg/mL) e FRAP (6,91 -17,19 mM Fe2+/g). A fração hexânica apresentou baixo rendimento desta forma não foi submetida a testes anti-helmínticos, não apresentou ação antioxidante e apresentou as menores concentrações de polifenóis. Nas frações ativas foram identificados ácido fenólicos (ácido elágico e derivados, brevifolin e ácido caftárico), taninos hidrolisáveis (galotaninos e elagitaninos). A atividade anti-helmíntica da geoprópolis de Melipona fasciculata (tiúba) provavelmente está relacionada com a atividade antioxidante e à presença de compostos fenólicos principalmente ácidos fenólicos e taninos hidrolisáveis, além disso, as fontes vegetais utilizadas pelas abelhas para a produção da geoprópolis contribuem para a composição química e bioatividade deste produto.

This thesis was conducted to evaluate important epidemiological features of Gastro-Intestinal Nematode (GIN) infections in Ontario sheep flocks; namely, the PeriParturient Egg Rise (PPER), overwintering of GIN free-living stages on pasture, and Anthelmintic Resistance (AR). Three main studies were carried out: a longitudinal study was conducted on six sheep farms to evaluate the PPER in ewes lambing in different seasons and to determine whether total plasma protein (TPP) levels and packed cell volume (PCV) were associated with increased fecal GIN-egg shedding. Secondly, a pilot-study was conducted on three farms to describe pasture-level environmental conditions and over-wintering survival and infectivity of free-living GIN larvae, especially Haemonchus contortus. Lastly, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 47 sheep farms in Ontario, to evaluate the frequency of AR, compare different diagnostic tests for AR, and evaluate management practices associated with AR. In the longitudinal study, the PPER was observed in winter, spring and autumn lambing ewes, though the magnitude and distribution of the PPER varied with season. Lower TPP and PCV values were associated with increased fecal GIN-egg counts. The pilot-study suggested that H. contortus larvae did not overwinter successfully on pasture, while other GINs, such as Teladorsagia sp., Trichostrongylus spp. and Nematodirus spp., were able to overwinter on pasture, and were infective the following spring. Resistance to ivermectin, fenbendazole and levamisole was demonstrated on 97% (28/29), 95% (19/20) and 6% (1/17) respectively of the farms tested; most of the resistance observed was found in Haemonchus sp. The Fecal Egg Count Reduction percentage following treatment was influenced by which mean (i.e. arithmetic vs. geometric) was used in the formula; use of pre-treatment in addition to post-treatment faecal egg counts was not influential. Both the fecal egg count reduction test and the larval development assay diagnosed resistance, but there was poor agreement between the two tests, as indicated by the Kappa test. The prior use of benzimidazoles on farms was associated with higher levels of fenbendazole resistance. The information generated in this thesis will be used to develop a parasite control program for sheep flocks in Ontario and to guide future research on GIN parasitism. / New Directions - Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs; Ontario Sheep Marketing Agency; Ontario Agriculture Centre Canada; Merial; Animal Health Strategic Initiative - University of Guelph Partnership; Undergraduate Research Assistantship; Gartshore Memorial Sheep Scholarship;

Submitted by Renorbio (renorbioba@ufba.br) on 2018-04-26T15:58:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE DE DOUTORADO_GLÁUCIO BARROS SALDANHA.pdf: 4782886 bytes, checksum: 5487ab253c7be5687d66ef5f9581108e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Delba Rosa (delba@ufba.br) on 2018-05-04T14:06:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE DE DOUTORADO_GLÁUCIO BARROS SALDANHA.pdf: 4782886 bytes, checksum: 5487ab253c7be5687d66ef5f9581108e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-04T14:06:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE DE DOUTORADO_GLÁUCIO BARROS SALDANHA.pdf: 4782886 bytes, checksum: 5487ab253c7be5687d66ef5f9581108e (MD5) / Os neoflavonoides compreendem compostos que possuem um esqueleto básico de carbono (C6-C3-C6) e que podem ser sintetizados ou ser encontrado naturalmente em plantas superiores como das famílias Clusiaceae, Leguminosae, Rubiaceae e Rutaceae. Os neoflavonoides têm atraído grande interesse devido às suas propriedades farmacológicas e bioquímicas apresentadas em estudos in vitro e in vivo. Em relação às doenças tropicais negligenciadas (DTNs), os neoflavonoides demonstraram ser promissoras moléculas bioativas no tratamento da leishimaniose, tripanossomose americana e malária. Sendo assim, estudos adicionais são necessários para dar uma maior ênfase a sua ação farmacológica em outras doenças negligenciadas como a causada por vermes do gênero Schistosoma. Neste contexto farmacológico, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o potencial quimioterapêutico do composto 7-acetoxi-4-aril-3,4-di-hidrocumarina, classificado como neoflavonoide, em um modelo experimental contra o Schistosoma mansoni. Além do estudo do potencial antiprotozoário, estudos não clínicos de segurança farmacológica foram realizados pela avaliação da toxicidade em dose única (14 dias) e em doses repetidas (28 dias) em camundongos Swiss fêmeas. O perfil de toxicidade aguda (300 e 2000 mg/kg) e em doses repetidas (250, 500 e 1000 mg/kg) foram realizados em camundongos Swiss fêmeas de acordo com a diretriz 423 e 407 da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OECD), respectivamente, pelos parâmetros relacionados às alterações do peso corporal, consumo de alimento e água, parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos. Na avaliação farmacológica do 7-acetoxi-4-aril-3,4-di-hidrocumarina (6,25, 12,5, 25, 50 e 100 μg/mL) contra o S. mansoni, os parâmetros analisados foram a taxa de mortalidade, redução na atividade motora, número de ovos e alterações tegumentares. De acordo com experimentos realizados, foi demonstrado que o 7-acetoxi-4-aril-3,4-di-hidrocumarina a partir da concentração de 12.5 μg/mL induziu a mortalidade dos vermes S. mansoni, redução na atividade motora, mudanças na morfologia tegumentar e inibição na produção de ovos pela separação de todos os casais de vermes adultos tratados. A capacidade do 7-acetoxi-4-aril-3,4- di-hidrocumarina de manter os vermes adultos machos e fêmeas separados demonstra ser a principal justificativa para elevada redução na oviposição de S. mansoni. Além da atividade quimioterapêutico, os resultados da toxicidade aguda e em doses repetidas de 7-acetoxi-4-aril- 3,4-di-hidrocumarina demonstraram ausência de sinais clínicos adversos (contorções abdominais, reflexo de endireitamento, irritabilidade, piloereção), mortalidade, alterações significativas no peso corporal e dos órgãos internos, consumo de alimento e água. Os parâmetros hematológicos (eritrócitos, plaquetas e leucócitos) e bioquímicos (glicose, ureia, creatinina, ácido úrico, alanina aminotrasaminase, aspartato aminotrasaminase, colesterol, triglicerídeos) também não apresentaram alterações significativas quando comparado com os grupos controles dos estudos de toxicidade em dose única (aguda) e em doses repetidas. Em conclusão, os resultados do presente estudo demonstraram atividade anti-helmíntica do 7- acetoxi-4-aril-3,4-di-hidrocumarina e fornecem uma importante compreensão do perfil de toxicidade deste neoflavonoide, no qual pode ser considerado como sendo um composto com toxicidade superior a 2000 mg/kg em camundongos Swiss fêmeas. / The neoflavonoid group comprise compounds that have a basic carbon skeleton (C6-C3-C6) and that can be synthesized or be naturally found in families of higher plants such as the Clusiaceae, Leguminosae, Rubiaceae and Rutaceae families. Neoflavonoids have attracted great interest because of their pharmacological and biochemical properties presented in the in vitro and in vivo studies. In relation to neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), the neoflavonoids have been shown to be promising bioactive molecules in the treatment of leishmaniasis, American trypanosomiasis and malaria. Thus, additional studies are needed to give greater emphasis to their pharmacological action in other neglected diseases such as that caused by worms of Schistosoma genus. In this pharmacological context, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the chemotherapeutic potential of the 7-acetoxy-4-aryl-3,4- dihydrocoumarin, classified as neoflavonoid, using an experimental model against Schistosoma mansoni. In addition to study the antiprotozoal potential, non-clinical pharmacological safety studies were performed by evaluating single dose (14 days) and repeated doses (28 days) toxicity in female Swiss mice. The acute toxicity profile (300 and 2000 mg/kg) and repeated doses (250, 500 and 1000 mg / kg) were performed in female Swiss mice according to guidelines 423 and 407 of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), respectively, by the parameters related to changes in body weight, food and water consumption, as well as hematological and biochemical parameters. In the pharmacological evaluation of 7-acetoxy-4-aryl-3,4-dihydrocoumarin (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μg/ml) against S. mansoni, the parameters analyzed were the mortality rate, reduction in motor activity, number of eggs and tegumentary changes. According to experiments performed, it was demonstrated that the 7-acetoxy-4-aryl-3,4- dihydrocoumarin from the concentration of 12.5 μg/mL induced the mortality of S. mansoni worms, the reduction in motor activity and, changes in tegumentary morphology and inhibition in egg production by separation of all couples of adult worms treated. The capacity of 7-acetoxy-4-aryl-3,4-dihydrocoumarin to maintain separate male and female adult worms is shown to be the main justification for high reduction in S. mansoni oviposition. In addition to chemotherapeutic activity, the results of acute toxicity and repeated doses of 7-acetoxy-4- aryl-3,4-dihydrocoumarin demonstrated no clinical adverse symptoms (abdominal contortions, righting reflex, irritability, piloerection), mortality, significant changes in body weight and internal organs, food and water consumption. The hematological parameters (analysis of erythrocyte, platelets and leukocytes) and biochemical parameters (glucose, urea, creatinine, uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, cholesterol, and triglycerides) also showed no significant changes when compared to the control groups. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated in vitro anthelmintic activity of 7- acetoxy-4-aryl-3,4-dihydrocoumarin and provide an important understanding of the toxicity profile of this neoflavonoid, in which it can be considered as a compound with toxicity greater than 2000 mg/kg in female Swiss mice.