Master of Science / Department of Entomology / Brian P. McCornack / Winter canola production in the south-central US is commonly threatened by a complex of aphid species that can cause up to 70% in yield loss. Aphid species vary in their life-history traits, performance (sequestration/excretion of secondary compounds; glucosinolates), vertical distribution within the plant, and temporal dynamics across the growing season. Colonizing behavior of these aphids may be affected by intrinsic characteristics of the host plant (bottom-up effects), such as nutritional value, secondary compounds, or plant architecture. Understanding bottom-up effects may enable the evaluation of plant-level interactions that are influencing predator-prey dynamics. The goal of my research project is to understand aphid population dynamics in different canola plant structures, assess whether aphid quality (sequestration/ excretion of glucosinolates) is influenced by feeding location on the canola plant, and if so, assess the impact on the existing predator communities, specifically the development and fitness of immature and adult Hippodamia convergens. A combination of filed and greenhouse experiments provided novel contributions that will help shape our understanding of key factors regulating aphid population growth in canola fields, which will lead to more judicious use of insecticides and better sampling strategies.

The complete sequence of mitochondrial DNA from Diuraphis noxia was obtained and characterized. The mitogenome contains a standard set of 13 protein-coding genes, 19 tRNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes. A+T-rich and ?repets? regions in the same order as those of the other analyzed aphids. Comparison to mtDNAs from other Sternorrhyncha species obtained from GenBank revealed possible markers for studies on population differentiation. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony and maximum likelihood confirmed the classification of Diuraphis noxia into the Aphididae.

The rosy apple aphid Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini) (Homoptera: Aphididae) is the most serious pest apple aphid in view of the scale of damages inflicted to the fruits by a small number of individuals. Although numerous natural enemies have been associated with D. plantaginea, they are unable to halt infestations soon enough in most commercial apple orchards obliging fruit growers to control it chemically to prevent severe economic losses. In order to reinforce the contribution of indigenous aphidophaga in regulating rosy apple aphids, the use of insectary plants selected to support two groups of specialist aphid antagonists, notably aphid parasitoids and aphidophagous monovoltine syrphids, was investigated. 1. A first step consisted in selecting appropriate plant species. The rowan tree Sorbus aucuparia L. and the common elder Sambucus nigra L. were selected for their ability to support substitute aphids for the rosy apple aphid parasitoid E. persicae Froggatt (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) and monovotine syrphids (Diptera: Syrphidae) respectively. 2. Next, trials were conducted to induce substitute aphid infestations on their host plants by introducing eggs of Dysaphis sorbi Kaltenbach on rowan and small colonies of Aphis sambuci L. on elder. The resulting aphid populations which developed on their respective host plants in spring proved to be exploited by the natural enemies expected, i.e. E. persicae and monovoltine syrphids of the genus Epistrophe. Besides, diapause mummies of E. persicae and diapausing last-instar Epistrophe larvac were recorded on rowan and in the elder litter respectively, indicating the successful settlement of the antagonists in the orchard environment. A complementary investigation devoted to syrphid adults indicated that females of all species recorded ovipositing on the eider shrubs, including Epistrophe spp. had consumed a large majority of apple pollen grains as a protein source required for egg maturation. 3. To comfort our choice in the two groups of aphidophaga considered, a study dedicated to their respective phenology versus the one of D. plantaginea showed that they could both potentially halt rosy apple aphid infestations by attacking the aphids while the latter still occupied the primary, fundatrix-induced rosette leaf colonies, i.e. a critical moment in rosy apple aphid control. 4. Finally, marking methods were tested to label E. persicae internally and the egg load of gravid syrphids. These trials were intended to pave the way towards future mark-release-recapture experiments aimed to evaluate the antagonists’ activity range and thus strategically position the insectary plants for optimal aphid biological control in the whole orchard. The first step of new approach in the biological control of D. plantaginea has been set with this study. Its originality lies in the induction of economically indifferent aphid infestations on selected plants introduced in the orchard to encourage well-targeted groups of specialist aphid antagonists. Further trials are still needed to validate the field efficacy of the insectary plant systems developed and evaluate their possible integration within the whole array of pest management tools in both organic and integrated apple production. / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie animale / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Phloeomyzus passerinii est un important ravageur des peupleraies en Europe. Ce puceron se développe sur les troncs de peuplier, avec un mode nutrition mal connu, et présente des performances variables selon les génotypes de peuplier. Dans une optique de gestion de cet insecte, il était nécessaire de clarifier la nature de ses interactions trophiques avec son hôte. En complément, nous avons étudié comment la résistance de l’hôte et des facteurs environnementaux, comme la fertilisation et une contrainte hydrique, pouvaient affecter ces interactions. Des approches histologiques et biochimiques ont permis de mettre en évidence l’induction par l’insecte d’un tissu organise dans l’écorce d’un génotype sensible (I-214), qualifiable de pseudo-galle, où les composés phénoliques solubles disparaissent mais ou des acides aminés s’accumulent. Des approches complémentaires ont montré que le comportement de nutrition du puceron était optimisé sur ces tissus modifiés, et son développement larvaire amélioré. Concernant les mécanismes de résistance, dans un génotype très résistant (Brenta), la formation de la pseudogalle était totalement inhibée, suite à une lignification intense et étendue des tissus, empêchant l’installation du puceron. Dans un génotype de résistance intermédiaire (I-45/51), la formation était seulement partiellement inhibée, diminuant les performances démographiques et comportementales de l’insecte, et la capacité du tissu modifié à accumuler des acides aminés. Pour étudier l’impact environnemental, nous avons considéré les effets de trois niveaux de fertilisation et de trois niveaux d’irrigation du sol. La fertilisation n’a pas modifié les performances du puceron, probablement à cause d’une accumulation d’acides aminés par la pseudogalle d’autant plus forte que la fertilisation était faible. Le déficit hydrique a affecté les interactions, notamment au travers d’un effet génotype dépendant, favorisant le développement de l’insecte lors d’une contrainte intermédiaire chez le génotype résistant seulement et affectant négativement le développement chez les génotypes sensible et résistant lors d’une contrainte élevée. / Phloeomyzus passerinii is an important pest of cultivated poplar stands in Europe. It develops onpoplar trunks, thanks to an undefined feeding mode, and exhibits variable performances depending on poplargenotypes. To develop efficient management strategies, we have investigated the trophic interactions betweenthis pest and its host. In addition, we have studied how host resistance and environmental factors, like fertilizationand water deficit, could affect these interactions. Histological and biochemical approaches highlighted theinduction by the aphid of an organized tissue in the bark of a susceptible poplar genotype (I-214), considered as apseudogall, where soluble phenolic compounds disappear but amino acids accumulate. Behavioral andphysiological approaches showed that the aphid nutrition behavior is optimized on these modified tissues, andthat its nymphal development is improved. Regarding resistance mechanisms, on a highly resistant genotype(Brenta), pseudogall formation was totally inhibited, due to an intense and extended lignification, preventing aphidsettlement. On a moderately resistant genotype (I-45/51), pseudogall formation was only partially inhibited,reducing demographic and behavioral performances of the insect, and the ability of the pseudogall to accumulateamino acids. To study environmental impacts, we considered the effects of three soil fertilization levels and threeirrigation levels. Fertilization did not modify aphid performances, probably due to an increase in amino acidsaccumulation by the pseudogall when fertilization decreased. Water deficit affected the interactions, through agenotype dependant effect, favoring insect development under an intermediate deficit on the resistant genotypeonly, and negatively affecting the development on both susceptible and resistant genotypes during a severe waterdeficit.

Nous avons recherché des protéines toxiques pour les pucerons (Homoptères, insectes piqueurs-suceurs phloémophages) et étudié le mode d'action de certaines d'entre elles. Ce travail constitue une première étape d'un programme de création de plantes résistantes aux pucerons par génie génétique. <br />Les caractéristiques toxicologiques de nombreuses protéines sont évaluées par des tests d'ingestion sur milieux artificiels définis. Des lectines d'origine végétale se liant au mannose présentent des propriétés toxiques intéressantes. Notre étude porte sur la Concanavaline A (lectine de Canavalia ensiformis [L.] DC, ConA) qui est une lectine modèle très étudiée du point de vue biochimique, et la lectine du perce-neige (Galanthus nivalis L., GNA) dont les caractéristiques en font un bon candidat à l'application envisagée. <br />Nous mettons en évidence une variabilité de la toxicité des lectines à mannose chez six espèces de pucerons. La ConA est moins active sur les espèces polyphages. Elle n'est pas phagorépulsive pour notre puceron modèle, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) et agit en quelques heures aux doses moyennes, notamment en inhibant l'ingestion. Une adaptation comportementale à moyen terme (24 h-48 h) est également mise en évidence. Des techniques de marquage révèlent que la cible physiologique primaire de la ConA est la portion antérieure du mésentéron. Elle s'y fixe en très grande quantité. Après liaison aux cellules épithéliales, la lectine induit une hypertrophie de ces cellules et un détachement de leur membrane apicale. Des expériences de compétition lectines/mannosides indiquent que la liaison toxine-épithélium ne semble pas dépendre uniquement d'une interaction sucre-lectine. Nous observons également une forte perturbation du métabolisme des acides aminés des pucerons. Le mode d'action de la ConA et de la GNA diffèrent sensiblement sur ce point. <br />Les premiers tests biologiques effectués sur des pommes de terre transgéniques exprimant de manière constitutive le gène de la GNA sont variables mais prometteurs.

Pest control of cultivated plant species has been usually performed by insecticides, which is undesirable because of economical and environmental concerns, since successive applications affect natural enemies and increase the possibility of development of resistant population toward insecticides. These problems can be minimized with alternative control methods as the use of resistant varieties, use of substances that induce resistance and biological control. Those studies involving the interaction of plant, pest and natural enemies are of fundamental importance. Thus, this study aimed: a) to study the effect of volatile organic compounds in tritrophic interactions between pepper Capsicum spp., the aphid Aphis gossypii and its parasitoid Aphidius colemani; b) to study the role of cis-jasmone in the tritrophic interaction between the pepper, the aphid A. gossypii and the parasitoid A. colemani and its role in activating the defense mechanism of the plant. Pepper varieties were evaluated for resistance to the aphid A. gossypii and their volatiles were collected before and after infestation. Volatiles compounds were tentatively identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Olfactometry bioassays were performed with volatile regarding the behavior of A. gossypii and A. colemani. The main conclusions obtained in this work were: a) there is genetic variability among genotypes of Capsicumin relation to the release of volatile compounds and in the susceptibility toward A. gossypii; b) genotype Cambuci can be used in breeding programs aiming Capsicum cultivars more resistant to A. gossypii; c) there were significant differences between the effects of volatiles from the two cultivars on behavior of A. gossypii and A. colemani; d) the volatiles emitted by Cambuci cultivar after infestation produced repellent effect on A. gossypii and were attractive to A. colemani; e) the cis-jasmone applied to pepper plants provided emission of volatiles that had repellent action on the A. gossypii and attractive one to A. colemani; f) the genetic variability between genotypes, after infestation indicates that volatile organic compounds present as variables can be used for selection and development of bell pepper cultivars resistant to the aphid A. gossypii. / O controle de pragas das espécies vegetais cultivadas tem sido normalmente realizado por meio de inseticidas, o que é indesejável tanto por motivos econômicos quanto ambientais, já que as aplicações sucessivas afetam os inimigos naturais e aumentam a possibilidade de desenvolvimento de populações da praga resistentes aos inseticidas. Esses problemas podem ser minimizados com métodos alternativos de controle como o emprego de variedades resistentes, o uso de substâncias indutoras e o controle biológico. Para isso, estudos envolvendo a interação planta, praga e inimigo natural são de fundamental importância. Dessa forma, este trabalho teve como objetivos: a) Estudar a ação dos compostos orgânicos voláteis na interação tritrófica entre o pimentão Capsicum spp., o pulgão Aphis gossypiie seu parasitóide Aphidiuscolemani; b) Estudar a ação da cis-jasmona na interação tritrófica entre o pimentão, o pulgão A. gossypii e o parasitóide A. colemani e seu papel na ativação do mecanismo de defesa do vegetal. Variedades de pimentão foram avaliadas em relação à resistência ao pulgão A. gossypii e os seus compostos voláteis foram coletados antes e após a infestação. Os compostos voláteis foram tentativamente identificados por cromatografia gasosa/espectrometria de massas. Bioensaios de olfatometria foram realizados com os compostos voláteis em relação ao comportamento de A. gossypii e A. colemani. As principais conclusões obtidas neste trabalho foram: a) Existe variabilidade genética entre os genótipos de Capsicum em relação à emissão de compostos voláteis e em relação à susceptibilidade ao A. gossypii; b) O genótipo Cambuci poderá ser utilizado em programas de melhoramento genético visando cultivares de Capsicum mais resistentes ao A. gossypii; c) Houve diferenças significativas entre os efeitos dos compostos voláteis das duas cultivares sobre os comportamentos de A. gossypii e de A. colemani; d) Os compostos voláteis emitidos pela cultivar Cambuci após a infestação proporcionaram efeito repelente a A. gossypii e atrativo a A. colemani; f) A cis-jasmona aplicada sobre plantas de pimentão induziu a emissão e/ou produção de compostos voláteis que teve ação de repelência a A. gossypii e ação atraente para A. colemani; i) A variabilidade genética entre os genótipos, após a infestação, indica que os compostos orgânicos voláteis apresentam-se como variáveis que podem ser utilizadas para seleção e desenvolvimento de cultivares de pimentão resistente ao pulgão A. gossypii.

[EN] Aphis spiraecola Patch. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a key pest of clementines. Biological control of A. spiraecola is still poorly known and efforts were based on the use and conservation of parasitoids but it did not success. With all this said, the aims of this thesis were: i) to disentangle the reasons behind the low parasitism of A. spiraecola; ii) to determine when and how predators can control A. spiraecola populations; and, finally, iii) to evaluate whether a ground cover of Poaceae plants can enhance the biological control of this aphid in clementines by improving the establishment of its predators. In the first objective we sampled four orchards and determine the parasitoid complex and parasitism (and hyper-) rates weekly. Binodoxys angelicae Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was the unique primary parasitoid emerged from mummies of A. spiraecola. At least six hymenopteran hyperparasitoid species were identified attacking this primary parasitoid: Syrphophagus aphidivorus (Mayr) (Encyrtidae), Alloxysta sp. (Forster) (Figitidae), Asaphes sp. (Walker) (Pteromalidae), Pachyneuron aphidis (Bouché) (Pteromalidae), Dendrocerus sp. (Ratzeburg) (Megaspilidae) and Phaenoglyphis villosa (Hartig) (Figitidae). We developed a DNA-based approach to untangle the structure of the aphid-parasitoid food web in citrus. This methodology confirmed that all six species hyperparasitized B. angelicae And they dominated this food web and they were abundant from the beginning of the season. Thus, hyperparasitism probably explains the low impact of B. angelicae on A. spiraecola populations. For the second objective we sampled three clementine orchards to determine the effect of aphid predators on A. spiraecola colonies over a three-year period. Life parameters of A. spiraecola colonies varied among the orchards over the three years. The maximum number of aphids and the longevity of A. spiraecola colonies were negatively correlated with the time of first attack by predators. More importantly, the percentage of shoots occupied by A. spiraecola (damages) remained below or close to the intervention threshold when colonies were attacked prior to ~200 degree days (DD) since the beginning of the aphid colonization. These results suggest that: i) the presence of predators at the beginning of the season should be considered to develop new intervention thresholds and ii) biological control programs should promote the early presence of predators in clementine orchards. To promote the early presence of predators in clementine orchards, in the third objective we evaluated ground cover management. This ground cover management may provide alternative preys to natural enemies. The effect of a sown ground cover (based on Poaceae plants) on the biological control of A. spiraecola was evaluated in four orchards with ground cover management compared with four orchards with bare soil management. This sown Poaceae cover coexists with a complex of wild plants that might also affect biological control of A. spiraecola. Finally, we compared the presence of A. spiraecola and its natural enemies in these orchards. While Poaceae plants represented ~66% of the ground cover, the rest of the cover comprised mainly Malva sp. (13%), Oxalis sp. (5%) and Sonchus sp. (2%). Poaceae plants harbored aphids which appeared sooner in the system than citrus aphids. These aphids serve as alternative prey/hosts for natural enemies. By contrast, Malva sp. and Sonchus sp. harbored aphids with potential to become citrus pest. Although these wild plants may act as reservoirs for A. spiraecola as well as other aphid species that can disrupt the biocontrol services of natural enemies, overall, the sown cover was effective in terms of biological control of A. spiraecola in the citrus canopy. It promoted the early presence of predators in citrus canopies. These attacks resulted in satisfactory aphid control, because citrus orchards with ground cover never exceeded the aphid economic threshold. / [ES] Aphis spiraecola Patch. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) es una de las plagas claves en el cultivo de clementinos. Los esfuerzos realizados hasta la fecha se han centrado en el uso y conservación de parasitoides aunque se desconocen las causas de su baja eficacia. Por todo ello, los objetivos de esta tesis han sido i) desentrañar las razones por las que se dan bajos niveles de parasitismo de A. spiraecola ii) determinar cuándo y cómo los depredadores pueden controlar las poblaciones de A. spiraecola y finalmente iii) determinar si una cubierta de poáceas puede mejorar el control biológico de este pulgón en clementinos mediante la mejora en el establecimiento de sus depredadores. En el primer objetivo se muestrearon semanalmente cuatro parcelas y se identificó el complejo de parasitoides y las tasas de parasitismo (e hiperparasitismo). Los porcentajes de parasitismo fueron bajos (~menos del 5%) y Binodoxys angelicae Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) fue el único parasitoide primario emergido de las momias de A. spiraecola. Se identificaron al menos seis especies de hiperparasitoides atacando este parasitoide primario: Syrphophagus aphidivorus (Mayr) (Encyrtidae), Alloxysta sp. (Forster) (Figitidae), Asaphes sp. (Walker) (Pteromalidae), Pachyneuron aphidis (Bouché) (Pteromalidae), Dendrocerus sp. (Ratzeburg) (Megaspilidae) y Phaenoglyphis villosa (Hartig) (Figitidae). Se desarrolló un método basado en la detección de ADN con el cual se confirmó que todas las especies de hiperparasitoides hiperparasitan B. angelicae. Los hiperparasitoides dominaron esta red trófica y fueron abundantes desde el inicio de la estación. De este modo, el hiperparasitismo probablemente explica el bajo impacto que B. angelicae tiene sobre las poblaciones de A. spiraecola. Para el segundo objetivo se muestrearon tres campos de clementinos donde se determinó el efecto de los depredadores en las colonias de A. spiraecola. Los parámetros de vida de las colonias de A. spiraecola variaron entre los diferentes cultivos los tres años. El máximo número de pulgones y la longevidad de las colonias de A. spiraecola se correlacionaron negativamente con el momento del primer ataque del depredador a la colonia. Cabe destacar que el porcentaje de brotes ocupados por A. spiraecola permaneció por debajo o cerca del umbral de tratamiento cuando las colonias fueron atacadas antes de los 200 grados días (GD) desde el inicio de formación de la colonia. Estos resultados sugieren: i) la presencia de depredadores al inicio de la temporada de pulgón debes ser considerado para el desarrollo de nuevos umbrales de tratamiento y ii) los programas de control biológico deben promover el adelanto de la presencia de depredadores en los campos de clementinos. Para promover la presencia anticipada de depredadores en los campos de clementinos, como tercer objetivo se evaluó el manejo de cubiertas vegetales a base de poáceas. Con este manejo se persigue aportar presas alternativas para los enemigos naturales de A. spiraecola. Para ello, se compararon cuatro campos de cítricos con cubierta vegetal frente a cuatro con suelo desnudo. En los campos con cubierta sembrada apareció además de las poáceas sembradas, un complejo de plantas salvajes que podrían afectar también el control biológico de A. spiraecola. Las poáceas representaron un 66% de la cubierta vegetal. Las poáceas y Oxalis sp. albergaron respectivamente pulgones estenófagos de plantas poáceas y Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Estas especies de pulgones aparecieron más pronto en el ecosistema que los pulgones de cítricos y sirvieron como presas/hospederos alternativos para los enemigos naturales. Al contrario, Malva sp. y Sonchus sp. albergaron especies de pulgón que podrían ser potenciales plagas de cítricos. El efecto total de la cubierta sembrada resultó positivo para el control de A. spiraecola. Por lo tanto, las parcelas de cítricos con cubierta vegetal tendieron a no / [CAT] Aphis spiraecola Patch. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) és una de les plagues clau en el cultiu de clementins. Els esforços realitzats fins ara s'han centrat en el us i conservació de parasitoids encara que es desconeix les causes de la seua baixa eficàcia. Tenint en compte estos antecedents, els objectius d'esta tesis foren: i) desentrampar les raons per les quals els parasitoids no són efectius; ii) determinar quan i com els depredadors poden controlar les poblacions d'A. spiraecola; i finalment iii) determinar si una coberta de poàcies pot millorar el control biològic d'este àfid en clementins mitjançant la millora en el establiment del seus depredadors. En el primer objectiu es van mostrejar setmanalment quatre parcel·les i s'identificà el complex de parasitoids i les taxes de parasitisme (i hiperparasitisme). Binodoxys angelicae Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) va ser l'únic parasitoid primari emergit de les mòmies d'A. spiraecola. Se van identificar al menys sis especies d' hiperparasitoids atacant este parasitoid primari: Syrphophagus aphidivorus (Mayr) (Encyrtidae), Alloxysta sp. (Forster) (Figitidae), Asaphes sp. (Walker) (Pteromalidae), Pachyneuron aphidis (Bouché) (Pteromalidae), Dendrocerus sp. (Ratzeburg) (Megaspilidae) i Phaenoglyphis villosa (Hartig) (Figitidae). Se desenvolupà un mètode basat en la detecció de DNA amb el que es confirmà que totes les especies d'hiperparasitoids hiperparasiten B. angelicae. Els hiperparasitoids dominaren aquesta xarxa tròfica i foren abundants a l'inici de l'estació. Per tant, l'hiperparasitisme podria explicar el baix impacte que B. angelicae té sobre les poblacions d'A. spiraecola. Per al segon objectiu es mostrejaren tres camps de clementins on es determinà l'efecte dels depredadors en les colònies d'A. spiraecola. Els paràmetres de vida de les colònies d'A. spiraecola variaren entre les tres parcel·les els tres anys. El màxim número d'àfids i la longevitat de les colònies d'A. spiraecola es correlacionaren negativament amb el moment del primer atac del depredador a la colònia. Caldria destacar que el percentatge de brots ocupats per A. spiraecola es mantingué per baix o prop del llindar de tractament quan les colònies foren atacades abans dels ~200 graus dia (GD) des de l'inici de formació de la colònia. Estos resultats sugereixen que: i) la presència de depredadors a l'inici de la estació de l'àfid podria ser considerada per al desenvolupament de nous llindars de tractament i ii) els programes de control biològic deurien promoure l'avançament de la presència de depredadors en els camps de clementins. Per promoure la l'avançament de la presència de depredadors en els camps de clementins, com tercer objectiu s'avaluà el maneig de cobertes vegetals basades en poàcies. Amb aquest maneig es persegueix aportar preses alternatives per als enemics naturals d'A. spiraecola. Se compararen quatre camps de clementins amb coberta vegetal front a quatre amb sol nu. En els camps amb coberta sembrada creix, junt a les Poáceas sembrades, un conjunt de plantes salvatges que podrien afectar també el control biològic d'A. spiraecola. S'investigà quines especies de plantes componien la coberta vegetal així com les especies d'àfids que les habitaven. Les poàcies representaren un 66% de la coberta vegetal, sent les plantes salvatges més abundants Malva sp. (13%), Oxalis sp. (5%) i Sonchus sp. (2%). Les poàcies hostejaren àfids estenòfags de poàcies. Estes espècies d'àfid aparegueren més prompte en l'ecosistema que aquells àfids associats a cítrics. Al contrari, Malva sp. i Sonchus sp. hostejaren especies d'àfids que podrien ser potencials plagues de cítrics. Este últim grup pot atenuar l'atac dels enemics naturals a les poblacions d'A. spiraecola que habiten les copes. Encara així, l'efecte total de la coberta sembrada a base de poàcies va resultar positiu per al control d'A. spiraecola. En conseqüència les parcel·les de cítrics am / Gómez Marco, F. (2015). Integrated Pest Management of Aphis spiraecola (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in clementines: enhancing its biological control [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/53732 / TESIS

Cette thèse porte sur l’analyse des dimensions spatiale et temporelle du fonctionnement et de la diversité taxonomique et fonctionnelle d’une guilde. Au sein d’une guilde, les espèces exploitent un même type de ressources; pour cette raison, les niches écologiques fondamentales des membres d’une guilde sont similaires et une relation de compétition interspécifique se met en place si la ressource partagée est limitante. Quatre questions principales sur le fonctionnement d’une guilde ont été abordées : (1) à quelles échelles spatio-temporelles se structurent la guilde et les ressources exploitées, (2) quelles sont les influences respectives des filtres environnementaux et des interactions interspécifiques sur les traits fonctionnels des membres de la guilde, (3) quelle est la stratégie d’exploitation de ressources d’un membre de la guilde face à une faible disponibilité de ressources et (4) quel est l’impact du contexte climatique sur la structure d’une guilde et de son réseau trophique, et sur le degré de spécialisation écologique des espèces de la guilde sur la ressource. Le modèle biologique de cette étude a été une guilde de parasitoïdes de pucerons de céréales (Hymenoptera : Braconidae : Aphidiinae). Ces parasitoïdes s’attaquent aux pucerons (Homoptera : Aphididae) inféodés aux céréales dans les agroécosystèmes. Les variations d’abondance relative des parasitoïdes et de leurs hôtes ont été importantes aux échelles interrégionale et interannuelle, mais très faibles à l’échelle intra-régionale. La divergence des traits fonctionnels des parasitoïdes s’est maintenue sur trois régions et deux années, et le contexte local a influencé les traits de la guilde dans son ensemble. Pendant la saison hivernale, une période marquée par une faible densité de pucerons, le parasitoïde Aphidius rhopalosiphi a présenté des stratégies contrastées pour maximiser sa fitness en exploitant les hôtes Sitobion avenae et Rhopalosiphum padi, mais une forte spécialisation écologique sur le terrain a été observée en présence d’une espèce compétitrice : Aphidius avenae. Cette présence a pu être corrélée à une hausse des températures hivernales. / This thesis is an analysis of the spatial and temporal dimensions of the functioning and taxonomic and functional diversity of a guild. In a guild, species exploit the same type of resources; consequently, fundamental ecological niches of guild members are similar and an interspecific competitive relationship is established if shared resources are limiting. Four main questions on the functioning of a guild are addressed: (1) the spatiotemporal scales to which guilds the guild and its exploited resources are structures, (2) the respective weight of environmental filtering and interspecific interactions on the configuration of realized niches of guild members, (3) the strategy of resource exploitation in a guild member facing low resource availability and (4) the impact of climatic context on the structure of a guild and its food web, and the degree of specialisation on resources. The biological model chosen in this study was a cereal aphid parasitoid guild (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae). Those parasitoids attack aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in agroecosystems, which are anthropised environments marked by high disturbance rates and in which host resources are variable in density and in quality. Relative abundance variations in parasitoids and in their hosts were considerable at interregional and interannual scales, but weak at the intra-regional scale. Functional trait divergence in parasitoids was maintained across three regions and two years, and regional and annual environmental contexts influenced guild traits as a whole. In winter, a period marked by low aphid density, the parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi presented contrasted strategies to maximise fitness whilst exploiting Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi hosts, but a high degree of ecological specialisation in the field was observed in the presence of a competitive species, Aphidius avenae. This presence was correlated to an increase in winter temperatures.

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