A produção de mel no Brasil tem aumentado consideravelmente e vem ganhando destaque no mercado internacional, consequentemente muitas exigências passaram a fazer parte da cadeia produtiva apícola. Além das análises previstas na legislação brasileira, o mercado externo procura produtos que atendam aos mais rigorosos padrões de qualidade. O mel possui características interessantes devido a sua constituição, porém, existem problemas que podem alterar seu padrão de identidade e qualidade. A aplicação da radiação gama é uma proposta viável que promove a diminuição da carga microbiana sem alterar a constituição e as características físico-químicas, com perdas nutricionais menores quando comparada a outros tratamentos usados em alimentos. Neste estudo, além dos parâmetros físico-químicos exigidos pela legislação brasileira (MAPA), também foram incluídas outras análises pertinentes, inclusive a técnica de espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR-ATR). As análises microbiológicas foram realizadas nas amostras de méis puros, nas quais, posteriormente, foram inoculadas cargas microbianas conhecidas para avaliar a ação da radiação gama nas doses de 5 e 10 kGy. O teste triangular foi utilizado na análise sensorial para diferenciar as amostras não-irradiadas das irradiadas. As maiores modificações nas amostras de méis foram, principalmente, nas concentrações de HMF (hidroximetilfurfural) e na atividade diastásica, ocorrendo diminuição significativa em todas as amostras analisadas. Houve redução na carga microbiana a partir da aplicação da dose de 5 kGy, atingindo a ausência com a aplicação de 10 kGy de dose, com exceção do Paenibacillus larvae que mostrou ser mais resistente. A análise sensorial realizada nas amostras de mel e mel irradiado, com doses de 5, 10 e 15 kGy, apontou não haver diferença significativa (5%) entre as amostras controle e irradiadas. A aplicação da radiação gama em méis mostrou ser um método muito útil na descontaminação microbiológica, apresentando poucas alterações no produto com doses de até 10 kGy. / Honey production in Brazil has increased considerably and gaining proeminence on the international market, as a result many demands have become part of the productive honey chain. In addition to the analyses provided for the Brazilian legislation, international market demand products that meet the most stringent quality standards. Honey has interesting characteristics due to its constitution, but even so there are problems that can change some how your identity and quality. The application of gamma radiation is a viable proposal which promotes the reduction of bioburden without changing the constitution and most importantly the physicochemical properties, with smaller nutritional losses when compared to other treatments used in foods. This study beyond the physicochemical parameters required by Brazilian regulation also included other relevant analyses, including FT-IR ATR. Microbiological analyses were carried out on samples of pure honeys and subsequently inoculated microbial known loads to assess the action of gamma radiation in doses of 5 and 10 kGy. The triangular test was used to differentiate the irradiated and not irradiated. samples The major changes that have occurred in samples of honeys were mainly in concentrations of HMF (hydroxymethilfurfural) and diastase activity occurring a significant decrease in all analyzed samples. There was a reduction microbiological from the application of the 5 kGy, reaching absence with 10 kGy dose except Paenibacillus larvae. The sensory analysis conducted on samples of honey and honey irradiated with 5, 10 and 15 kGy doses, pointed out that there is no significant difference (5%) between irradiated and control samples. The application of gamma radiation in honeys proved a very useful method in microbiological decontamination, featuring few changes in the product at doses up to 10 kGy.

A produção de mel no Brasil tem aumentado consideravelmente e vem ganhando destaque no mercado internacional, consequentemente muitas exigências passaram a fazer parte da cadeia produtiva apícola. Além das análises previstas na legislação brasileira, o mercado externo procura produtos que atendam aos mais rigorosos padrões de qualidade. O mel possui características interessantes devido a sua constituição, porém, existem problemas que podem alterar seu padrão de identidade e qualidade. A aplicação da radiação gama é uma proposta viável que promove a diminuição da carga microbiana sem alterar a constituição e as características físico-químicas, com perdas nutricionais menores quando comparada a outros tratamentos usados em alimentos. Neste estudo, além dos parâmetros físico-químicos exigidos pela legislação brasileira (MAPA), também foram incluídas outras análises pertinentes, inclusive a técnica de espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR-ATR). As análises microbiológicas foram realizadas nas amostras de méis puros, nas quais, posteriormente, foram inoculadas cargas microbianas conhecidas para avaliar a ação da radiação gama nas doses de 5 e 10 kGy. O teste triangular foi utilizado na análise sensorial para diferenciar as amostras não-irradiadas das irradiadas. As maiores modificações nas amostras de méis foram, principalmente, nas concentrações de HMF (hidroximetilfurfural) e na atividade diastásica, ocorrendo diminuição significativa em todas as amostras analisadas. Houve redução na carga microbiana a partir da aplicação da dose de 5 kGy, atingindo a ausência com a aplicação de 10 kGy de dose, com exceção do Paenibacillus larvae que mostrou ser mais resistente. A análise sensorial realizada nas amostras de mel e mel irradiado, com doses de 5, 10 e 15 kGy, apontou não haver diferença significativa (5%) entre as amostras controle e irradiadas. A aplicação da radiação gama em méis mostrou ser um método muito útil na descontaminação microbiológica, apresentando poucas alterações no produto com doses de até 10 kGy. / Honey production in Brazil has increased considerably and gaining proeminence on the international market, as a result many demands have become part of the productive honey chain. In addition to the analyses provided for the Brazilian legislation, international market demand products that meet the most stringent quality standards. Honey has interesting characteristics due to its constitution, but even so there are problems that can change some how your identity and quality. The application of gamma radiation is a viable proposal which promotes the reduction of bioburden without changing the constitution and most importantly the physicochemical properties, with smaller nutritional losses when compared to other treatments used in foods. This study beyond the physicochemical parameters required by Brazilian regulation also included other relevant analyses, including FT-IR ATR. Microbiological analyses were carried out on samples of pure honeys and subsequently inoculated microbial known loads to assess the action of gamma radiation in doses of 5 and 10 kGy. The triangular test was used to differentiate the irradiated and not irradiated. samples The major changes that have occurred in samples of honeys were mainly in concentrations of HMF (hydroxymethilfurfural) and diastase activity occurring a significant decrease in all analyzed samples. There was a reduction microbiological from the application of the 5 kGy, reaching absence with 10 kGy dose except Paenibacillus larvae. The sensory analysis conducted on samples of honey and honey irradiated with 5, 10 and 15 kGy doses, pointed out that there is no significant difference (5%) between irradiated and control samples. The application of gamma radiation in honeys proved a very useful method in microbiological decontamination, featuring few changes in the product at doses up to 10 kGy.

L'effondrement des populations d'abeilles domestiques, observé à l'échelle mondiale depuis une vingtaine d'années, est particulièrement alarmant, provoquant le déclin de la filière apicole mais également celui d'un pollinisateur essentiel en milieu agricole. La conservation de l'abeille domestique et de l'apiculture en paysage agricole est donc actuellement un enjeu majeur pour de nombreux acteurs. L'intensification de l'agriculture, insufflée par la politique agricole européenne, est désignée comme une cause majeure dans le déclin de la biodiversité, dont les abeilles sauvages. De nombreuses études ont révélé que le manque de ressources florales est une cause majeure de ce déclin généralisé, mais de façon surprenante, cette cause n'est que très peu investiguée à l'heure actuelle pour l'abeille domestique. Plus généralement, l'écologie de l'abeille domestique en paysage agricole est mal connue. A l'interface entre écologie comportementale, évolutive et paysagère, l'objectif général de cette thèse est d'étudier l'influence conjuguée de l'intensification de l'agriculture et de la dynamique spatio-temporelle des ressources florales en paysage agricole sur (i) leur utilisation et (ii) l'histoire de vie des abeilles. L'originalité de cette étude provient de l'envergure spatiale et temporelle des données empiriques collectées à l'aide de vastes dispositifs de suivis tant au niveau individuel qu'au niveau des colonies. Les résultats obtenus confirment l'influence négative de l'intensification de l'agriculture sur l'écologie de l'abeille domestique. En effet, la dynamique des ressources dominées par trois cultures majeures que sont le colza, le tournesol et le maïs, provoque l'apparition d'une déplétion d'approvisionnement en pollen et nectar. Des ressources aujourd'hui marginalement présentes en paysage agricole intensif telles que les zones boisées et les adventices jouent un rôle prépondérant dans le régime alimentaire des abeilles, pouvant contrer l'intensité de cette déplétion d'approvisionnement. Par des mécanismes a priori adaptatifs, les colonies et les individus adaptent leurs omportements et histoire de vie en réponse à la déplétion d'approvisionnement. Cependant, ces mécanismes de compromis d'allocation des ressources ont un coût important et aboutissent à un affaiblissement des colonies, qui se traduit par la mortalité hivernale des colonies d'abeilles domestiques. Cette étude révèle empiriquement l'importance de la dynamique des ressources dans les causes du déclin de l'abeille domestique, et évoque la présence d'une disette alimentaire en céréaliculture intensive. Ces résultats sont discutés dans l'optique de concevoir des mesures de conservation de l'abeille domestique, de l'apiculture et du service de pollinisation en paysage agricole intensif, afin de limiter les stress environnementaux pour les abeilles tels que le manque de ressources florales et l'exposition aux pesticides.

Diss. (sammanfattning)--Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksUniversity, 2001. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-10T17:30:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ANDERSON BRUNO ANACLETO DE ANDRADE - DISSERTAÇÃO ACADÊMICO PPGSA 2018..pdf: 1240770 bytes, checksum: 119674fa698d8029c51b559658032d0a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-10T17:30:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANDERSON BRUNO ANACLETO DE ANDRADE - DISSERTAÇÃO ACADÊMICO PPGSA 2018..pdf: 1240770 bytes, checksum: 119674fa698d8029c51b559658032d0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-09 / Objetivou-se estudar o potencial toxicológico do pólen de plantas consideradas apícolas presentes na caatinga sob as abelhas operarias Apis mellifera, em condições de laboratório, avaliando a toxicidade aguda frente a Artemia salina, e toxicidade de componentes alimentares in vitro sob comportamento de sobrevivência de A. mellifera na presença do pólen de Mimosa tenuiflora, Piptadenia stipulacea e Anadenanthera colubrina. No bioensaio para determinação da toxicidade aguda dos pólens frente a A. salina, em que, separados em grupos de 10 naupilos utilizando-se tubos de ensaio preparados com a solução contendo 5000 μg.ml-1 de água do mar e diferentes concentrações do extrato de pólen (31,25; 62,5; 125; 250; 500; 750; 1000; 1250; 1500 e 3000 μg.mL-1) em triplicata. Após 24 horas de exposição, foi realizada a contagem dos náuplios vivos e mortos. Os valores de CL50 foram estimados a partir da regressão linear obtida da correlação entre a porcentagem de indivíduos mortos e a concentração dos compostos testados. No bioensaio de tocixidade com A. mellifera, abelhas operárias recém emergidas foram mantidas em gaiolas de madeira, e foram fornecida a base alimentar, uma mistura de açúcar de confeiteiro e mel (3:1), e adicionados concentrações do pólen das plantas estudadas nas doses 0,25%, 0,50%, 0,75% e 1,00% em relação ao peso do alimento base. Foram utilizadas 4 repetições com 20 abelhas. O levantamento da quantidade de abelhas mortas foi registrado diariamente. A análise de sobrevivência das abelhas foi realizada usando o método de Kaplan-Meier e aplicação do teste não paramétrico Log-Rank Test na comparação das curvas. No bioensaio de toxicidade aguda, os pólen testados não são tóxicos, pois apresentaram CL50 acima de 1000 µg.mL-1. Na avaliação da toxicidade sob abelhas, o pólen de M. tenuiflora não apresenta riscos de toxicidade. O pólen de P. stipulacea e A. colubrinano apresentam baixo potencial toxico na alimentação das abelhas. O pólen das plantas da caatinga estudadas representam pouca ameaça para as abelhas (A. mellifera), pois é improvável a exposição desses insetos as concentrações que podem provocar altos efeitos tóxicos. / The objective of this study was to study the toxicological potential of pollen bee plants found in the caatinga under laboratory conditions of Apis mellifera under laboratory conditions, evaluating the acute toxicity to Artemia salina, and toxicity of in vitro food components under the survival behavior of A. mellifera in the presence of pollen of Mimosa tenuiflora, Piptadenia stipulacea and Anadenanthera colubrina. In the bioassay to determine the acute toxicity of pollens against A. salina, where, separated into groups of 10 naupils using test tubes prepared with the solution containing 5000 μg.ml-1 of sea water and different concentrations of the extract of pollen (31,25; 62,5; 125; 250; 500; 750; 1000; 1250; 1500 e 3000 μg.mL-1) in triplicate. After 24 hours of exposure, the count of live and dead nauplii. The LC50 values were estimated from the linear regression obtained from the correlation between the percentage of killed individuals and the concentration of the compounds tested. In the tocixity bioassay with A. mellifera, freshly emerged bees were kept in wooden cages, and was added to the feed base, a mixture of confectioner's sugar and honey (3:1), which added the pollen concentrations of the plants studied at the doses of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.00% with respect to the weight of the base food. Four replicates were used with 20 bees. The number of dead bees was recorded daily. Bees' survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and the non-parametric Log-Rank Test applied in the comparison of the curves. In the acute toxicity bioassay, the pollen tested is non-toxic, as they presented LC50 above 1000 μg.mL-1. In the evaluation of toxicity under bees, M. tenuiflora pollen presents no risk of toxicity. Pollen from P. stipulacea and A. colubrinane present low toxic potential in bee feeding. Pollen from the studied caatinga plants pose little threat to bees (A. mellifera), since insects are unlikely to exhibit concentrations that can cause high toxic effects.

Les Cévennes sont depuis des siècles connues pour être des « terres de miel ». L'apiculture y est caractérisée par lo brusc, une ruche traditionnelle construite avec un tronc de châtaignier évidé, couvert d'une lauze de schiste. Les ruchers-troncs constituent une forme d'apiculture très ancienne et rustique, qui a contribué à l'histoire de l'occupation humaine et à la dynamique des paysages en Cévennes. Les ruches étaient à l'origine exclusivement sédentaires et peuplées d'abeilles noires (Apis mellifera mellifera), présentes en Cévennes bien avant l'arrivée des humains. Aujourd'hui, l'apiculture cévenole se fait principalement en ruches à cadres. Les pratiques apicoles actuelles — achat d'abeilles, transhumance, sélection, etc.— ont conduit à la diminution des populations de sous-espèces d'abeilles locales et à leur homogénéisation génétique. Afin de mieux connaître et de préserver ce patrimoine apicole naturel et culturel exceptionnel, le Parc national des Cévennes a initié cette étude pluridisciplinaire à travers le financement d'une thèse CIFRE. Ce travail est composé de trois parties.(I) L'objet de la première partie est l'habitat, la ruche. Les documents d'archives permettent d'affirmer que les ruches-troncs sont apparues en Cévennes à la fin du Moyen Âge, puis se sont développées et maintenues jusqu'à la première moitié du XXe siècle. Le passage de la ruche-tronc à la ruche à cadres moderne s'est réalisé progressivement au cours du siècle dernier. Les témoignages des anciens Cévenols ont permis d'appréhender les pratiques, les savoirs et les savoir-faire associés à ces ruchers traditionnels. Enfin, le micro-environnement des ruchers a été caractérisé grâce à des analyses spatiales qui viennent corroborer le discours local sur l'emplacement idéal d'un rucher.(II) L'abeille noire est au cœur de la deuxième partie. De l'abeille commune à l'abeille « noire agressive », les considérations du milieu apicole sur l'abeille locale ont évolué au cours du siècle écoulé. Un état des lieux de la population d'abeilles a été réalisé en utilisant la morphométrie géométrique, puis l'ADN mitochondrial. La morphométrie permet de dire que les 2/3 de la population d'abeilles des Causses et des Cévennes sont constitués d'abeilles noires. L'étude de l'ADN mitochondrial nous alerte néanmoins sur le taux élevé d'introgression dans ces populations. Cette introgression touche autant les populations d'abeilles élevées en ruches à cadres que celles maintenues en ruches-troncs. Ces populations ne se démarquent pas génétiquement l'une de l'autre.(III) La dernière partie de ce travail concerne la conservation du patrimoine apicole par l'établissement public du Parc national des Cévennes. Elle détaille les moyens et actions passés, présents, ainsi que les difficultés et les perspectives de conservation pour la ruche-tronc et l'abeille noire en contexte d'aire protégée. Cette partie met en exergue l'impérieuse nécessité d'une concertation multi-acteurs, axée sur une intégration de plusieurs types de savoirs — local, scientifique, d'expert — qui tienne compte des changements sociaux, économiques et écologiques auxquels la région des Cévennes est soumise. / For several centuries, the Cévennes region in Southern France has been renowned as a “land of honey”. Beekeeping in Cévennes is characterized by lo brusc, a traditional hive that is made of a hollowed chestnuts log which is covered with a schistous stone slab called “lauze”. Log hive apiaries are a very old and rustic form of beekeeping, which was a major driver of human occupation history and landscape dynamics throughout the Cévennes. From their origins, log hives were home most exclusively to black bees (Apis mellifera mellifera) that were settled in the region far before the rise of humankind. Nowadays, beekeeping in Cévennes is mainly carried out in frame hives. Current beekeeping practices — purchase of bees, transhumance, queen selection… — have led to a drastic decrease in populations of local bee subspecies, and to their genetic homogenization. In order to better understand and preserve this remarkable natural and cultural beekeeping heritage, the Cévennes National Park implemented a multidisciplinary study, through the funding of a CIFRE (Industrial contract for training through research) doctoral research.1- The first part of the study is dedicated to the hive. Archive documents strongly support the assertion that the very first log hives that were established in Cévennes date back to the end of the Middle Age. Afterwards they expanded and were maintained until the middle of the 20th century. The shift from log hive to frame hive occurred progressively throughout the past century. Testimonies by old Cévennes inhabitants helped assessing local practices, knowledge and know-how related to these traditional apiaries. Furthermore, spatial analyses were undertaken to characterize the micro-environment surrounding apiaries. These analyses corroborate local discourses about where an apiary should ideally be set up.2- The black bee is the epicenter of the second part of the study. From the common bee to the “black and aggressive” bee, views by the beekeeping community concerning the local bee in Cévennes have evolved over the past century. Genetic analyses using geometrical morphometry and mitochondrial DNA were successively implemented to establish a state of the art of local bee populations. Morphometric data tell us that nearly 2/3rd of the bee populations of Causses and Cévennes are composed of black bees. However, mitochondrial DNA data alert us on the high level of introgression within these populations. Such introgression equally affects bees kept in frame hives and those kept in log hives.3- The third part of the study addresses the sensitive issue of a conservation strategy of local beekeeping patrimony that is carried out by the public development agency of the Cévennes National Park. Past conservationist resources and actions are described and so are the perspectives and obstacles to a valuable conservation strategy of black bees and log hives in a context of protected area. In conclusion, the study advocates for an indispensable multi-stakeholder conciliation and a necessary integration of several types of knowledge — local ecological knowledge, knowledge from learned experts, scientific knowledge — that takes into consideration the social, economical and ecological changes affecting the overall Cévennes region.

Les invasions biologiques font partie des changements globaux qui contribuent à la perte de biodiversité. Les plantes invasives peuvent aussi provoquer des pertes économiques, notamment d'importants coûts pour leur contrôle. Dans l'archipel des Mascareignes plusieurs programmes de gestion ont été mis en place pour contrôler les espèces invasives. La perception du public sur les espèces invasives varie fortement entre les parties prenantes. En raison d'opinions divergentes sur la gestion des invasions, les travaux de recherche et de mise en œuvre de programme de lutte ont récemment généré des conflits d'usage. Ce travail de thèse a permis de conduire une étude pluridisciplinaire sur les dimensions socio-écologiques et économiques de la gestion de Rubus alceifolius, objet d'un programme de contrôle biologique à l'île de La Réunion. Nous avons mené une analyse économique des différentes options de gestion de R. alceifolius et des coûts futurs de son invasion. Nous avons évalué l'impact de la lutte biologique sur le rétablissement des espèces indigènes dans une aire protégée. Le succès économique et écologique du programme de contrôle biologique de R. alceifolius a été démontré dans les habitats d'altitude < 800 m. Afin de comprendre la raison des conflits entre les parties prenantes nous avons parallèlement développé un travail de recherche socio-anthropologique. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence des faiblesses dans le processus de prise de décision et de mise en œuvre collective de ce programme de lutte. Ces travaux de thèse mettent en exergue le besoin crucial d'identifier et d'impliquer les parties prenantes à toutes les étapes du programme de contrôle biologique. / Biological invasions contribute to the degradation of biodiversity globally. Invasive alien plants have impacted on natural resources management and have generated substantial costs of control and economic loss. Various management options have been put in place to control the level of invasions of targeted species. The public’s perception of invasive species varies among stakeholders. Controversies and conflicts emerged as a consequence of diverging opinions on the management of invasions. We conducted an inter-disciplinary study on the socio-ecological and economic dimensions related to the management of the invasive Rubus alceifolius, following a biological control programme in Réunion Island (France). Firstly, we carried out an economic analysis of the management options for R. alceifolius with future scenario on the cost of invasion. Secondly we assessed the impact of the recovery of native species post biological control. Thirdly a socio-anthropological investigation to understand the rationale behind controversies amongst stakeholders, was investigated. Lastly, a gap-analysis of the policy framework corresponding to a biological control programme was conducted. We found that the biological control programme of R. alceifolius was successful within the elevation limit of 800 m, from both an economic and ecological perspective. Given the shortfall in the decision-making process and implementation, this study demonstrated the crucial need to identify and involve stakeholders in all stages of a biological control programme. We concluded with key recommendations for successful biological programmes.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-28T14:40:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CAETANO JOSÉ DE LIMA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2014..pdf: 1709679 bytes, checksum: eb558d2b1e1c08df89639102577925f9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-28T14:40:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CAETANO JOSÉ DE LIMA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2014..pdf: 1709679 bytes, checksum: eb558d2b1e1c08df89639102577925f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-27 / A bucha vegetal é uma planta da família cucurbitácea do gênero Luffa Cylíndrica também conhecida como esfregão ,esponja , maxixe do mato é originária da Ásia trazida pelo escravo para o Brasil .A bucha vegetal é muito utilizada na higiene pessoal, artesanato, industria etc. É uma cultura de fácil exploração e adaptou se muito bem no semiarido. No entanto pouco se sabe a respeito biologia flora dessa cultura.Esse trabalho teve por objetivo estudar aspecto da biologia floral de Luffa cylíndrica cidade de Sousa PB e contribuir com informações sobre pastagem apícola na caatinga. O trabalhos foram no Instituto de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba IFPB campus Sousa-PB localizado no perímetro Irrigado de São Gonçalo no período de dezembro a junho de 2013. Foram investigados os seguintes pontos: investigar e os diferentes horários de coleta de néctar e sua influenciam no volume e concentração de açúcar por suas flores no momento da antese ate a , bem como verificar possíveis alterações nas características do néctar ao longo do tempo e discutir as conseqüências no potencial apícola das áreas do plantio de bucha vegetal. A produção no volume de néctar por flor da cucurbitácea luffa cylindrica foi em média de 2,12 μl e o tendo média de brix de 20,1 %. A visitação floral da apís mellifera teve media geral de 1,89 minutos. A bucha vegetal é uma cucurbitácea Luffa cilíndrica e uma é uma planta monóica, o que significa que suas flores são tanto masculinas como femininas, não havendo tipos diferentes; sua densidade floral por m² foi em média 3,52 flores m2. Foi constatado que a antese floral da bucha ocorreu entre 4:30 e 5:30 horas e do fechamento teve inicio de 14:00 horas e completando a 16:00 horas. / The loofah is a cucurbit family plan of Luffa cylindrica genre also known as mop, sponge, gherkin the bush is native to Asia brought by slaves to Brazil .The loofah is widely used in toiletries, crafts, industry etc. . It is a culture of easy operation and adapted very well in the semiarid. However little is known about biology flora cultura.Esse this work aimed to study aspect of the floral biology of Luffa cylindrica city of Sousa PB and contribute information on beekeeping in the grassland savanna. The meeting was at the Institute of Education Science and Technology of Paraíba IFPB campus Sousa-PB located in the Irrigated Perimeter of São Gonçalo in the period from December to June 2013. The following points were investigated: research and the different nectar collection schedules and their influence the volume and concentration of sugar for its flowers at the time of anthesis up to and verify changes in Nectar characteristics over time and discuss the potential consequences in beekeeping areas of planting vegetable fodder. Production in flower for nectar volume of cucurbit luffa cylindrica averaged 2.12 � and having average brix of 20.1%. The floral visitation of Apis mellifera had overall average of 1.89 minutes. The plant is a cylindrical bushing and a cucurbit Luffa is a monoecious plant, which means that the flowers are both male and female, having no different types; its floral density per square meter averaged 3.52 m2 flowers. It was found that the floral anthesis bushing occurred between 4:30 and 5:30 and began closing in from 14:00 hours and supplementing 16:00.

Les abeilles et les parasitoïdes de pucerons courent le risque d'exposition à des insecticides qui ne leur sont pas destinés. Nos objectifs consistent à évaluer ce risque sur le terrain et à contribuer à mettre au point des tests de toxicité létale et sublétale en laboratoire pour les deux types d'insectes. <br />A Madagascar, nous avons mené une enquête pour déterminer l'impact de pratiques paysannes en matière de protection de cultures d'agrumes sur les abeilles, et une expérimentation en parcelle de choux pour évaluer les effets de traitements insecticides sur les Hyménoptères parasites de pucerons. En France, nous avons déterminé en laboratoire les toxicités aiguës de la deltaméthrine, de la lambda cyhalothrine, du chlorpyriphos éthyle et du pyrimicarbe, pour les abeilles et le parasitoïde de pucerons, Aphidius ervi. Nous avons analysé, chez l'abeille, certaines causes de variabilité des doses létales à 50%. Nous avons également déterminé les effets d'insecticides sur le comportement d'orientation olfactive en olfactomètre chez l'abeille et A. ervi. <br />A Madagascar, le traitement pendant la floraison existe et les apiculteurs constatent des effets négatifs sur leurs ruches. L'expérimentation en parcelle de chou montre que le traitement insecticide contribue à retarder l'action des Hyménoptères parasites de pucerons. <br />En laboratoire, la toxicité varie en fonction du mode de pénétration et de la nature des matières actives. Chez l'abeille, les toxicités par ingestion collective et individuelle ne sont pas toujours comparables. L'importance du phénomène de trophallaxie dans cette différence a été précisée. Ainsi, la valeur de DL50 exprimée en ng/abeille dépend des conditions expérimentales. Les abeilles et A. ervi ayant survécu aux traitements insecticides et testés en olfactomètre, ne montrent pas ou peu de changement de comportement d'orientation vis-à-vis de l'odeur utilisée. Par contre, les abeilles recevant des DL20 et DL50 de deltaméthrine ont une capacité locomotrice réduite. Cette perturbation pourrait avoir des effets non négligeables sur les insectes auxiliaires dans un environnement pollué par les insecticides

L'effondrement des populations d'abeilles domestiques, observé à l'échelle mondiale depuis une vingtaine d'années, est particulièrement alarmant, provoquant le déclin de la filière apicole mais également celui d'un pollinisateur essentiel en milieu agricole. La conservation de l'abeille domestique et de l'apiculture en paysage agricole est donc actuellement un enjeu majeur pour de nombreux acteurs. L'intensification de l'agriculture, insufflée par la politique agricole européenne, est désignée comme une cause majeure dans le déclin de la biodiversité, dont les abeilles sauvages. De nombreuses études ont révélé que le manque de ressources florales est une cause majeure de ce déclin généralisé, mais de façon surprenante, cette cause n'est que très peu investiguée à l'heure actuelle pour l'abeille domestique. Plus généralement, l'écologie de l'abeille domestique en paysage agricole est mal connue. A l'interface entre écologie comportementale, évolutive et paysagère, l'objectif général de cette thèse est d'étudier l'influence conjuguée de l'intensification de l'agriculture et de la dynamique spatio-temporelle des ressources florales en paysage agricole sur (i) leur utilisation et (ii) l'histoire de vie des abeilles. L'originalité de cette étude provient de l'envergure spatiale et temporelle des données empiriques collectées à l'aide de vastes dispositifs de suivis tant au niveau individuel qu'au niveau des colonies. Les résultats obtenus confirment l'influence négative de l'intensification de l'agriculture sur l'écologie de l'abeille domestique. En effet, la dynamique des ressources dominées par trois cultures majeures que sont le colza, le tournesol et le maïs, provoque l'apparition d'une déplétion d'approvisionnement en pollen et nectar. Des ressources aujourd'hui marginalement présentes en paysage agricole intensif telles que les zones boisées et les adventices jouent un rôle prépondérant dans le régime alimentaire des abeilles, pouvant contrer l'intensité de cette déplétion d'approvisionnement. Par des mécanismes a priori adaptatifs, les colonies et les individus adaptent leurs comportements et histoire de vie en réponse à la déplétion d'approvisionnement. Cependant, ces mécanismes de compromis d'allocation des ressources ont un coût important et aboutissent à un affaiblissement des colonies, qui se traduit par la mortalité hivernale des colonies d'abeilles domestiques. Cette étude révèle empiriquement l'importance de la dynamique des ressources dans les causes du déclin de l'abeille domestique, et évoque la présence d'une disette alimentaire en céréaliculture intensive. Ces résultats sont discutés dans l'optique de concevoir des mesures de conservation de l'abeille domestique, de l'apiculture et du service de pollinisation en paysage agricole intensif, afin de limiter les stress environnementaux pour les abeilles tels que le manque de ressources florales et l'exposition aux pesticides. / The collapse of honey bee populations, described around the world for twenty years, is particularly alarming because it causes the decline of beekeeping and of an essential pollinator in agricultural habitats. The conservation of honey bees and beekeeping in agricultural landscape is currently a major challenge for many operators. The agricultural intensification, instilled by the (European) Common Agricultural Policy, is considered as a major cause in the decline of biodiversity, including wild bees. Many studies have shown that lack of floral resources is a major cause of this widespread, but surprisingly, this cause of decline is very few investigated actually to honey bees. More generally, the honey bee ecology in agricultural landscapes is poorly understood. At the interface between behavioral, evolutionary and landscape ecology, the overall objective of this PhD thesis was to study the combined influences of agricultural intensification and the spatio-temporal dynamics of floral resources on (i) the use of this resource and (ii) the life history of honey bees. The originality of this study comes from its large spatial and temporal scale as well as its joint approach at individual and colony levels. The results confirm a negative impact of agricultural intensification on the honey bee. Indeed, three major crops i.e. rapeseed, sunflower and maize have created a temporal resource dynamic which causes a strong food supply depletion in pollen and nectar. Some resources more marginally represented in intensive agricultural landscapes such as wood and weeds play an important role in the honey bee diet, being able to restrict the intensity of food supply depletion. By adaptive mechanisms, colonies and individuals adapt their behavior and life history in response to the food supply depletion. However, these trade-off mechanisms in resource allocation have a significant cost and generate a weakening of colonies that increases overwintering mortality of honey bee colonies. This study shows empirically the importance of the resource dynamic in the causes of honey bee decline, and highlights the presence of a food-shortage period in cereal farming systems. These results are discussed so as to build conservation measures on the honey bee, beekeeping and pollination service in intensive agricultural landscapes, in order to limit environmental stress for honey bees such as lack of floral resources and pesticide exposure.