Recent scholarly interest in Elizabeth von Arnim has related Elizabeth and Her German Garden and The Solitary Summer to the New Woman and Female Aesthete movements, concluding that von Arnim does not align herself with any movement per se. Rather, in these early works, Elizabeth advocates and adamantly defends her right to time in her garden, which becomes her sanctuary for reading and thinking. Little critical attention has been paid to von Arnim's later works; however, many of the themes established in von Arnim's early works can be traced through her later novels. In The Enchanted April Lady Caroline retreats to the garden at San Salvatore in order to escape the attention of others and discover who she really is and what she wants out of life. Because she follows the early von Arnim model by defending her garden sanctuary, she is able to find the strength to insist on being treated as a person rather than a beautiful object. Additionally, Lucy Enstwhistle's interrupted time in the garden in Vera demonstrates the importance of the role of von Arnim's garden in forming an identity and developing the ability to make decisions for oneself. Because Lucy allows Everard Wemyss to rob her of these opportunities, she loses the opportunity to create her identity. She soon becomes the second Mrs. Wemyss, realizes that she is abject, and begins taking on first wife Vera's attributes and passions to cope with Everard's constant demands. Because Lucy has forfeited the formative experiences the garden space can provide, Lucy is left to take up Vera's identity and tragic fate.

The Egyptian 2011 revolution is presented in media - as well as statements made by organisations participating in the overthrowing of Hosni Mubarak's regime - as a social media revolution. Despite the fact that internet has been shut down on the government's order on 28th January, just after three days of street protests, therefore forcing the social media revolution to go offline. This paper describes the role of social media in the events of the beginning of the revolution via qualitative content analysis. It focuses on the official Facebook communication of two prominent anti-Mubarak organisations - We Are All Khaled Said and April 6th Youth Movement - in the period between 9th January and 11th February, from the day of first invitation to a 25th January protest to the day Hosni Mubarak resigned. I have identified following sub-themes in the revolution-themed posts: 25th January - the nature of the event, the role of the activist group, organisation, internet shutdown, safety measures, propagation, news reporting, Facebook and event evaluation. The result of my research is that Facebook - albeit important - was only one of the tools of communication, propagation and organization actively employed by both of the anti- Mubarak groups. While useful - and actually promoted as a tool to save Egypt by...

The Egyptian 2011 revolution is presented in media - as well as statements made by organisations participating in the overthrowing of Hosni Mubarak's regime - as a social media revolution. Despite the fact that internet has been shut down on the government's order on 28th January, just after three days of street protests, therefore forcing the social media revolution to go offline. This paper describes the role of social media in the events of the beginning of the revolution. It focuses on the official Facebook communication of two prominent anti-Mubarak organisations - We Are All Khalid Said and April 6th Youth Movement - in the period between 1st January and 11th February, the day when Hosni Mubarak resigned. The result of my research is that Facebook was only one of possible tools of communication actively employed by both of the organisations. While We Are All Khalid Said used Facebook not only to spread information but also to coordinate demonstrations - as well as constantly promoting Facebook as the tool that ignited the revolution, the activist group wasn't able to breach the internet blockade, and after the renewal of internet connection, it started using its Facebook account mainly as an information platform - which was the role that Facebook played for April 6th Youth Movement throughout...

Submitted by Programa de Pós-Graduação em Mídia e Cotidiano (ppgmc@vm.uff.br) on 2017-06-27T18:40:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariana Pitasse_ dissertação de mestrado.pdf: 2131174 bytes, checksum: 5d75a4c2849e9d5ec3860a378e733987 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jussara Moore (jussaramoore@id.uff.br) on 2017-07-12T14:11:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariana Pitasse_ dissertação de mestrado.pdf: 2131174 bytes, checksum: 5d75a4c2849e9d5ec3860a378e733987 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-12T14:11:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariana Pitasse_ dissertação de mestrado.pdf: 2131174 bytes, checksum: 5d75a4c2849e9d5ec3860a378e733987 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-27 / Neste trabalho refletimos sobre a comunicação produzida nos movimentos de ocupação urbana e sobre o processo de legitimação movido por ela dentro desses espaços. Nosso objeto de estudo é a Ocupação Contestado, organizada pelas Brigadas Populares em São José, região metropolitana de Florianópolis, e a Ocupação 06 de abril de 2010, estruturada pelo Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Teto (MTST), em Niterói, no Rio de Janeiro. Nessas ocupações, inúmeros produtos de comunicação são desenvolvidos pelas organizações políticas afim de apresentar os objetivos dos grupos, pedir socorro em momentos de emergência ou rememorar a trajetória das famílias que compõe os movimentos afim de retomar laços perdidos ao longo dos anos. A partir de um mapeamento da comunicação produzida pelas Brigadas Populares e MTST dentro desses movimentos, esta pesquisa discute suas estratégias e efeitos a partir do referencial teórico e de entrevistas com membros das ocupações e das organizações políticas. A análise revela que a comunicação legitima no discurso os movimentos de ocupação e as organizações políticas. Os depoimentos e a forma como a comunicação é estruturada reiteram que esse processo de legitimação acontece através do enquadramento da memória e da divulgação do conteúdo produzido a uma comunidade de interesses comuns, que está estabelecida além do território. Dessa forma, a pesquisa aponta que mais importante do que procurar definições para enquadrar a comunicação produzida nas ocupações urbanas em alternativa, popular ou comunitária, é mostrar sua contribuição para legitimação desses movimentos e apresentar distintas formas de organizar comunicação em espaços periféricos / This study reflects on the urban occupation movements communication and on the legitimation process moved by those movements within the occupied space. Our study objects are the Contestado Occupation, organized by Brigadas Populares, in São José, metropolitan region from Florianópolis, and also April 06, 2010 Occupation, structured by Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Teto (MTST), in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Several communication's products are developed by the political organizations in these spaces, in order to present their goals, ask for help in emergency moments, or to remind the trejectory of the families that make the movement. From a mapping of the communication produced by Brigadas Populares and MTST within the occupied spaces, this research discusses the communication strategies and effects, using a theoretical referential and interviews with members of the occupations and the political organizations.The analysis reveals that communication legitimizes through discourse occupational movements and political organizations.The statements and the way that communication is structured reiterate that this process of legitimation happens through the framing of memory and the dissemination of content produced to a community of common interests, which is established beyond the territory. In this way, the study shows that more important than searching for definitions to frame the communication produced in urban occupations as alternative, popular or community, is to expose its contribution to the legitimation of those movements and to present different ways to organizing communication in peripheral spaces

This thesis attempts to critically and comparatively analyse the issues relating to the passing of property and risk under the United Nations Convention on the Contract for International Sale of Goods (CISG) and English Law (SGA). The passing of property and risk plays a central role in the area of international legislation in relation to sales contracts. These elements can be the most significant components in contracts of sale between parties, whether in the international or domestic field. The reason is founded on their legal nature and the close relationship between them. The passing of property and risk has been a central issue for practitioners, judges and lawyers dating back to the Roman period and several ideas have been proposed to resolve it. Where the situation is different for contracts of sale in relation to the passing of property and risk, whether in the domestic or international field, it still creates many unresolved problems, because of ongoing changes in the field of modern commerce, which may contribute to unfair implications between the parties. It has been observed in this thesis that both English law and the CISG adopt the party autonomy principle, where the intention of the parties - whether in relation to the passing of property or risk - is the basic rule. However, the difference lies in the default rules. While English law involves default substitutional rules, which apply in cases where there is an absence of an expressed or implied indication regarding the intention between the parties, the CISG lacks such default rules regarding the transfer of property, which could be viewed as its main weakness, although the CISG does involve such provisions with respect to the transfer of risk. This thesis willdiscusses, the legal nature of the rules in relation to the passing of property and risk, and the role of the party autonomy principle, and the impacts and legal difficulties that might arise through the application of these rules, whether they are default rules or based on the party autonomy principle. It will also examine the legal gaps and weaknesses of both legal systems in an attempt to identify such legal difficulties and to find appropriate solutions and remedies.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A Pedagogia da OcupaÃÃo na Comuna 17 de Abril em Fortaleza propÃe analisar o processo da mobilizaÃÃo popular à organizaÃÃo polÃtica no movimento de quatrocentas famÃlias na luta por terra e moradia. Essa ocupaÃÃo com organizaÃÃo campo-cidade foi pioneira em Fortaleza no SÃtio SÃo Jorge, bairro Josà Walter, de 2010 a 2014. A articulaÃÃo entre Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem-terra â MST, Movimento dos Conselhos Populares â MCP e Unidade Classista, construiu a ocupaÃÃo na gleba ou latifÃndio urbano, conhecidas âterras dos Montenegrosâ, da Construtora e ImobiliÃria Montenegro que revolucionou os anos 2000 em Fortaleza. A denominaÃÃo Comuna 17 de Abril resgata o Massacre de Eldorado dos CarajÃs no Estado do Parà em 17 de Abril de 1996, conquistado como Dia Nacional de Luta pela Reforma AgrÃria. E, Comuna em alusÃo Ãs lutas na FranÃa com a rebeldia e resistÃncia do socialismo da Comuna de Paris, de marÃo a maio de 1871. Nessa pesquisa social, participante, qualitativa, fundada no materialismo histÃrico-dialÃtico e mÃtodo dialÃtico, articulei militantes do MST, MCP, Unidade Classista e participantes das famÃlias da OcupaÃÃo, com quem desenvolvi nove entrevistas individuais em profundidade e uma entrevista coletiva. As discussÃes revelaram que a articulaÃÃo do movimento campo-cidade foi estratÃgica no processo das lutas e resistÃncias que se materializaram na conquista do Residencial Cidade Jardim Fortaleza. A construÃÃo do residencial no mesmo local da ocupaÃÃo, Ãrea alvo de especulaÃÃo imobiliÃria, exigiu mobilizaÃÃo e formaÃÃo social para enfrentar uma engrenagem perversa dos capitalistas financeiros, no comando do poder pÃblico e das facÃÃes criminosas. A OcupaÃÃo Comuna 17 de Abril confirma a centralidade da formaÃÃo humana, da dimensÃo educativa dos movimentos populares que move a Pedagogia da OcupaÃÃo e dà sentido Ãs lutas e Ãs/aos sujeitos coletivos. OcupaÃÃo conflituosa, fruto da desobediÃncia civil planejada, arquitetada para o sonho das agrovilas familiares urbanas se tornou moradia possÃvel. EspaÃo de luta pelos saberes da vida para mais vida, mais resistÃncia e construÃÃo de outras formas de organizaÃÃo popular. Comuna 17 de Abril de gente que desafia o medo e rememora a vida, ergue a cabeÃa e segue na luta, enfrenta preconceitos e a segregaÃÃo sÃcioespacial contemporÃnea numa cidade mercadoria chamada Fortaleza. / The Pedagogy of Occupation in the Commune April 17 in Fortaleza proposes to analyze the process of popular mobilization to the political organization in the movement of four hundred families in the struggle for land and housing. This occupation with a field-town organization was pioneered in Fortaleza at the SÃo Jorge site, Josà Walter, from 2010 to 2014. The articulation between the Landless Workers Movement (MST), the Popular Councils Movement (MCP) and the Classification Unit, built the occupation in the glebe or urban latifundia, known as "lands of the Montenegros", of the Construtora e ImobiliÃria Montenegro, which revolutionized the 2000s in Fortaleza. The denomination Commune April 17 rescues the Massacre of Eldorado dos CarajÃs in the State of Parà on April 17, 1996, conquered as National Day of Struggle for Agrarian Reform. And in alliance with the rebellion and resistance of the socialism of the Paris Commune from March to May 1871. In this qualitative participatory social research founded on dialectical historical and dialectical materialism, I articulated militants of the MST, MCP, Classroom Unit and participants of the Occupation families, with whom I developed nine individual indepth interviews and a press conference. The discussions revealed that the articulation of the countryside-city movement was strategic in the process of struggles and resistance that materialized in the conquest of the Residencial Cidade Jardim Fortaleza. The construction of the residential building on the same site as the occupation, a target area of real estate speculation, required mobilization and social formation to confront the perverse machinery of the financial capitalists, in charge of the public power and the criminal factions. The 17 April Communal Occupation confirms the centrality of human formation, the educational dimension of popular movements that moves the Occupation Pedagogy and gives meaning to the struggles and to the collective subjects. Conflicting occupation, fruit of planned civil disobedience, designed for the dream of urban family agrovilas became possible dwelling. Area of struggle for the knowledge of life for more life, more resistance and construction of other forms of popular organization. Commune April 17, people who defy fear and remember life, raise their heads and fight, face prejudice and contemporary socio-spatial segregation in a city called Fortaleza.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este estudo trata sobre a representaÃÃo social de meio ambiente e da educaÃÃo ambiental entre os assentados do Assentamento 10 de abril, localizado no municÃpio do Crato, no estado do CearÃ. A importÃncia deste trabalho està direcionada na perspectiva de compreender aspectos da dimensÃo ambiental no processo de gestÃo nos assentamentos de reforma agrÃria. A metodologia utilizada para concretizaÃÃo desta pesquisa se baseou em anÃlises simultÃneas de dados qualitativos, atravÃs de metodologias com Ãnfase principalmente na pesquisa participante, utilizando procedimentos como pesquisa bibliogrÃfica e na internet, investigaÃÃo documental, aplicaÃÃo de questionÃrios e entrevistas, observaÃÃo de reuniÃes, conversas informais, coleta de depoimentos e confecÃÃo de mapas mentais. A questÃo crucial da anÃlise realizada diz respeito à inexistÃncia de um consenso sobre o que significa meio ambiente e educaÃÃo ambiental nos assentados do Assentamento 10 de Abril. Assim, os termos meio ambiente e educaÃÃo ambiental, utilizados por parte dos envolvidos com o Assentamento, como os professores, tÃcnicos, crianÃas, jovens e adultos, sÃo imprecisos para eles e refletem as prÃticas cotidianas no Assentamento. Os conflitos de interesses surgem quando o assunto volta-se para a implementaÃÃo de aÃÃes ambientais, pois as divergÃncias sobre as representaÃÃes sociais de meio ambiente e educaÃÃo ambiental sÃo visÃveis entre os prÃprios assentados e as organizaÃÃes governamentais e nÃo-governamentais que intervÃm no Assentamento 10 de Abril. Portanto, as prÃticas ambientais, apesar das imprecisas concepÃÃes conceituais sobre meio ambiente e educaÃÃo ambiental, vÃm sendo discutidas no Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) e em diversos assentamentos, na perspectiva do fortalecimento de uma sociedade mais justa e igualitÃria, cuja construÃÃo passa por uma visÃo totalitÃria do ser humano e da vida. / This study focuses on the social representation of the environment and environmental education among the settlers of the Settlement on April 10, located in the municipality of Crato, state of CearÃ. The importance of this work is directed with a view to understand aspects of environmental management in the process of agrarian reform Settlements. The methodology used for completion of this research was based on simultaneous analysis of qualitative data, using a methodology with particular emphasis on the research participant, using procedures such as literature and the internet, desk research, questionnaires and interviews, observation of meetings, informal conversations, collecting evidence and making maps monthly. The crucial question of the analysis concerns the lack of a consensus on what it means to the environment and environmental education in the Settlement settled on April 10. Thus, the terms environment and environmental education, used by those involved with the settlement, such as teachers, coaches, children, youth and adults, for they are inaccurate and reflect the daily practices in the settlement. Conflicts of interest arise when the subject turns to the implementation of environmental actions, because the differences on the social representations of the environment and environmental education are visible among the settlers themselves and the government and non-governmental organizations involved in the Settlement 10 April. Therefore environmental practices, despite the conceptual inaccurate conceptions about the environment and environmental education have been discussed in the Movement of Landless Workers (MST) and in several settlements, in order to strengthen a more just and equal society, whose construction is by a totalitarian vision of the human being and life.

Idag bor allt fler människor i tätorter och människor har tappat kopplingen med och förståelsen för naturen vilket har gett negativa effekter på klimatet. Människors koppling till naturen ses som en förutsättning för att kunna uppnå en hållbar utveckling och främja miljövänligt beteende hos människor. Planeringen av städer där naturen inkluderas är en viktig del i arbetet för en hållbar utveckling. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur människor i Örebro tätort uppfattar naturen och deras interaktion med den. Syftet är även att undersöka hur Örebro kommun kan bemöta människors uppfattning för att främja ett miljövänligt beteende hos människorna. Studiens grundas i en kvalitativ metodansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta respondenter samt en innehållsanalys av Örebro kommunsgrönstrategi och naturplan. Studiens resultat visar att det inte finns en en tydig uppfattning av naturen samt interaktionen med den bland invånarna i Örebro tätort. Trots de skilda uppfattningarna baseras interaktionen med naturen till största del på av njutning av grön- och naturområden. Resultatet visar att Örebro kommun bemöter invånarnas interaktion med naturen då grön strategin och naturplanen presenteras åtgärder som bidrar med en ökad möjlighet för avnjutning av naturen. Dock presenterar inte kommunen några konkreta åtgärder som kan främja ett mer miljövänligt beteende hos invånarna.

This research seeks to establish a postfoundational practical theology and the corresponding narrative approach to the contextual experience narratives of Jeju women. Its approach helps the readers to understand the co-researchers’ interpreted experience and to open their future narratives. This research attempts to discover the privileged values, themes, and social-constructed meaning of the co-researchers’ narratives. The postfoundational epistemology, which is proposed by Van Huyssteen and the “Seven movements” proposed by J.C Müller, has been used as a guideline. The research begins with the co-researchers’ storied experiences as a basic source of context. The co-researchers' context of Jeju Island has a very unique tradition, culture, religion and history. In order to investigate how they interpret their experiences situated in their own contexts, the researcher not only considers Paul Ricoeur’s hermeneutic theory of three mimesis, composed of pre-figuration, configuration, and re-figuration, alongside social constructionism, but also employs Michael White’s narrative therapy theory of deconstruction and re-authoring conversation for delineating thickened and alternative stories. The examination of the research context of Jeju Island, its history of Sasamsageon, as well as its tradition and culture in chapter four are conducted for the purpose of understanding and discovering the necessary meaning of the co-researchers’ narratives and values. In order to listen to the Jeju women’s experience narratives in their contexts, I have chosen four people who have lived in Jeju Island for a long generation. According to the perspective of the narrative approach, an attempt is made to focus on the personal meaning-making that the co-researchers assign to specific events in their lives and on how the co-researchers tell the story of these meaning-making and interpret their experiences. These co-researchers’ stories are to say about their relationship with their families and communities. The stories also include some background of their lives, particularly concentrating on the recent struggles they experienced and their understanding of their own relationships with God. Based on the co-researchers’ narratives and the process of the research, in regard to the goal of this postfoundational narrative research, i.e., looking for the meaning of the co-researchers’ narratives and creating new meaning through discourse, in chapter six, I present not only the interpretation of what they say, but also the meaning and understanding of the co-researchers’ own stories that are developed by means of discoursing with the given context. This research is presented for how to cultivate the alternative interpretations, which allowed the co-researchers to explore preferred views of their futures through discourse and conversation. And then I explicate the three interventions and interactions used for empowering and opening to the better future. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Practical Theology / unrestricted

Malgré la présence d’un traitement très efficace disponible pour les personnes vivant avec le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (PVVIH) qui permet à celles-ci d’avoir une espérance de vie presque normale, une inflammation chronique demeure toujours, et celle-ci est la cause du développement prématuré de comorbidités associées au vieillissement, comme des maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV) telles que l’athérosclérose. Cette inflammation chronique se traduit entre autres par un excès de la molécule « B-cell activating factor » (BAFF), un facteur de survie et différenciation des lymphocytes B. L’excès de BAFF dans le contexte du VIH est associé notamment avec la dérégulation du compartiment des lymphocytes B, l’hyperglobulinémie, le bris de tolérance et certaines manifestations autoimmunes. De façon importante, nous avons caractérisé l’augmentation des fréquences des cellules B de la zone marginale de type précurseurs (MZp), une population innée dont la sélection implique BAFF, et qui chez les individus non-infectés a démontré une forte capacité régulatrice et anti-inflammatoire. L’objectif de ce travail était, dans un premier temps, d’identifier, à l’aide d’analyses transcriptomique et par cytométrie en flux, le phénotype des MZp provenant du sang des PVVIH. Dans un second temps, l’objectif de ce travail était d’étudier la corrélation entre les niveaux de BAFF et de son analogue « A proliferation-inducing ligand » (APRIL) avec la dérégulation des MZp ainsi que des marqueurs classiques du développement de MCV dans les spécimens sanguins provenant d’individus de la Cohorte Canadienne VIH et Vieillissement. Nos résultats démontrent une altération dans le phénotype B régulateur (Breg) des MZp, traduit par une baisse d’expression des récepteurs nucléaires NR4A1, NR4A2 et NR4A3, ainsi qu’une baisse de leur fonction régulatrice. Cette baisse d’expression et de fonction semble être directement en lien avec l’excès de BAFF dans le contexte du VIH. De plus, nous démontrons que BAFF corrèle avec plusieurs facteurs de risque pour le développement des MCV, tandis qu’APRIL corrèle négativement avec ceux-ci. De façon intéressante, APRIL est capable de moduler positivement l’expression des NR4As par les MZp in vitro. Nos résultats suggèrent que des stratégies permettant de moduler les niveaux de BAFF et/ou APRIL pourraient être envisagées afin de réduire le fardeau inflammatoire chez les PVVIH et restaurer l’immunocompétence des MZp. / Despite the existence of a very efficient treatment that allows people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) to live a relatively normal life, chronic inflammation persists and is the cause of the premature development of age-associated comorbidities, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD) like atherosclerosis. This chronic inflammation involves an excess of “B-cell activation factor” (BAFF), a survival and differentiation factor for B-cells, especially for Marginal Zone B-cells (MZ), which are innate type B-cells that depend on BAFF for their selection. The excess of BAFF is associated with B-cell deregulations, breakage of tolerance and certain auto-immune manifestations. Notably, we have reported that frequencies of precursor MZ B-cells (MZp) were increased in the blood of HIV-1 infected individuals. As such, we have recently shown that in uninfected individuals, MZp possess strong regulatory and anti-inflammatory capacities. The objective of this work was to first, identify, based on transcriptomic and flow-cytometry analyses, the gene and molecular phenotype of MZ populations from the blood of PLHIV, and secondly, to study the correlation between levels of BAFF and its analogue, “A proliferation-inducing ligand” (APRIL) with MZ deregulation and classical CVD markers in blood samples from individuals of the Canadian HIV and Aging Cohort Study. Our results show an alteration in the regulatory B-cell (Breg) phenotype of MZp, related to a downregulation of the nuclear receptors NR4A1, NR4A2 and NR4A3. Furthermore, we find a reduction of the regulatory function of blood MZp. This diminished expression and function seems to be linked to the excess of BAFF in the HIV context. Furthermore, we demonstrate that BAFF correlates with several risk factors for atherosclerosis development, while APRIL negatively correlate with these factors. Interestingly, APRIL positively modulates the expression of NR4As by MZp in vitro. Our results suggest that BAFF and/or APRIL modulation strategies could be envisaged to lower the inflammatory burden in people living with HIV and restore MZp immunocompetence.