A toxoplasmose ocular é atribuída ao parasita, mas a auto-imunidade pode participar do processo. Soros humanos com IgG positiva para T. gondii mostraram níveis altos de IgG anti-retina para diferentes antígenos, se comparados com soros negativos para T. gondii, uveítes de outras origens também tiveram títulos elevados. Hamsters imunizados e/ou infectados não mostraram estes anticorpos sem mimetismo antigênico. A retinocoroidite por Toxoplasma induz resposta humoral auto-imune contra antígenos da retina, provavelmente piorando o efeito direto do agente. Estes anticorpos podem ser usados como marcadores de doença ocular em pacientes soropositivos para toxoplasmose pela triagem de lesão ocular. / Ocular toxoplasmosis is attributed to the parasite, but autoimmunity could have a role in this process. Human sera, positive of anti-T. gondii IgG, show high levels of anti-retina IgG, measured by several antigens, as compared to T. gondii seronegative samples. Sera from patients with uveitis from other origins also had higher anti-retina abs levels. Challenged and/or immunized hamsters showed low anti-retina abs levels, without antigen mimicry. Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis presents a humoral anti-retina abs, probably worsening the parasite direct effect. Those antibodies could be used as markers of eye involvement in toxoplasmosis seropositive patients, as a screening for eye examination.

A toxoplasmose ocular é atribuída ao parasita, mas a auto-imunidade pode participar do processo. Soros humanos com IgG positiva para T. gondii mostraram níveis altos de IgG anti-retina para diferentes antígenos, se comparados com soros negativos para T. gondii, uveítes de outras origens também tiveram títulos elevados. Hamsters imunizados e/ou infectados não mostraram estes anticorpos sem mimetismo antigênico. A retinocoroidite por Toxoplasma induz resposta humoral auto-imune contra antígenos da retina, provavelmente piorando o efeito direto do agente. Estes anticorpos podem ser usados como marcadores de doença ocular em pacientes soropositivos para toxoplasmose pela triagem de lesão ocular. / Ocular toxoplasmosis is attributed to the parasite, but autoimmunity could have a role in this process. Human sera, positive of anti-T. gondii IgG, show high levels of anti-retina IgG, measured by several antigens, as compared to T. gondii seronegative samples. Sera from patients with uveitis from other origins also had higher anti-retina abs levels. Challenged and/or immunized hamsters showed low anti-retina abs levels, without antigen mimicry. Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis presents a humoral anti-retina abs, probably worsening the parasite direct effect. Those antibodies could be used as markers of eye involvement in toxoplasmosis seropositive patients, as a screening for eye examination.

[Truncated abstract] G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) form one of the largest superfamilies of cell-surface receptors and respond to a vast range of stimuli including light, hormones and neurotransmitters. Although structurally similar, GPCRs are regulated by many diverse proteins, which allow the specific functions of each receptor to be carried out. This thesis focussed on two well-documented GPCRs, the thyrotropin releasing hormone receptor (TRHR) and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR), which control the thyroid and reproductive endocrine pathways respectively. Although each of these anterior pituitary receptors is responsible for distinct physiological responses, both are integral to normal development and homeostasis. This thesis focused on three areas of GPCR regulation: ?-arrestin recruitment, transcription factor regulation and receptor up-regulation. The role of the cytoplasmic protein, ?-arrestin, has perhaps been previously underestimated in GPCR regulation, but it is now increasingly apparent that ?-arrestins not only inhibit further G-protein activation and assist in GPCR internalisation but also act as complex scaffolding platforms to mediate and amplify downstream signalling networks for hours after initial GPCR activation. It is therefore becoming increasingly important to be able to monitor such complexes in live cells over longer time-frames. ... Members of the E2F transcription family have been previously identified by this laboratory as potential GnRHR interacting proteins, via a yeast-2-hybrid screen and BRET. This thesis further investigated the role of E2F family members and demonstrates that a range of GPCRs are able to activate E2F transcriptional activity when stimulated by agonist. However, despite GnRHR displaying robust E2F transcriptional activation upon agonist stimulation, this did not result in any conclusive evidence for functional regulation, although it is possible E2F may modulate and assist in GnRHR trafficking. Furthermore it is apparent that E2F family members are highly redundant, as small effects in GnRHR binding and cell growth were only observed when protein levels of both E2F4 and E2F5 were altered. During the course of the investigation into the effect of E2F transcription on GPCR function, it was evident that long-term agonist stimulation of GnRHR had a profound effect on its expression. As this was explored further, it became clear that this agonist-induced up-regulation was both dose- and time-dependent. Furthermore, altering levels of intracellular calcium and receptor recycling/synthesis could modulate GnRHR up-regulation. In addition, an extremely sensitive CCD camera has been used for the first time to visualise the luciferase activity attributed to GnRHR up-regulation. Overall, this thesis demonstrates the complex nature of GPCR regulation. For the first time, long-term BRET analysis on ?-arrestin interactions with both classes of GPCRs has been examined in a variety of cellular formats. This has given valuable insights into the roles of phosphorylation and internalisation on ?-arrestin interaction. Additionally, this thesis has revealed that prolonged agonist exposure increases receptor expression levels, which has major implications for drug therapy regimes in the treatment of endocrine-related disorders and tumours.

No description available.

L’adhérence, l’activation et l’agrégation des plaquettes sanguines sont essentielles à l’hémostase mais peuvent également conduire à la thrombose artérielle sur plaque d’athérosclérose, aujourd’hui première cause de mortalité dans le monde. Les anti-thrombotiques actuels, dirigés contre l’activation et l’agrégation plaquettaires, ont une efficacité reconnue mais ont pour inconvénient d’augmenter le risque de saignement. L’objectif de cette thèse a été d’explorer de nouvelles stratégies réduisant la thrombose tout en préservant l’hémostase. L’utilisation de souris modifiées génétiquement a mis en évidence que l’intégrine alpha6 beta1, impliquée dans l’adhérence des plaquettes aux laminines, joue un rôle critique en thrombose expérimentale mais pas en hémostase. De plus, nous avons montré dans un système de perfusion de sang qu’une protéine préférentiellement exprimée dans les plaques d’athérosclérose, la ténascine-C, permet l’adhérence et l’activation des plaquettes. En revanche, la beta-arrestine-1, une protéine de signalisation, ne contribue que modestement aux fonctions plaquettaires et à la thrombose. En conclusion, ce travail a permis de dégager deux nouvelles pistes anti-thrombotiques potentiellement capables de préserver l’hémostase, basées sur le ciblage de l’intégrine alpha6 beta1 ou de l’interaction plaquette/ténascine-C. / Following vascular injury, blood platelet adhesion, activation and aggregation are essential for hemostasis but can also lead to arterial thrombosis, which is a leading cause of death worldwide. Current antithrombotic drugs impede platelet activation and aggregation, thereby considerably reducing cardiovascular mortality, but their use is linked to an increased bleeding risk. This thesis aimed to explore more selective strategies causing minimal perturbation of hemostasis. The use of genetically-modified mice has revealed an unsuspected important contribution of integrin alpha6 beta1, which mediates platelet adhesion to laminins, to experimental arterial thrombosis but not hemostasis. In addition, we showed that tenascin-C, an extracellular matrix protein overexpressed in atherosclerotic plaques, can support platelet adhesion and activation under flow. In contrast, the signaling protein beta-arrestin-1 does not play a major role in platelet function, hemostasis and thrombosis. In conclusion, this work provides two interesting candidates, namely integrin alpha6 beta1 and tenascin-C, to put into practice the concept of targeting thrombosis while minimally impairing hemostasis.

Os receptores medeiam a maioria das respostas fisiológicas em resposta a diversidade de estímulos. A ativação da sinalização mediada pelo receptor de angiotensina II tipo 1 é o principal responsável pelos efeitos do hormônio angiotensina II (Ang II) nos tecidos alvo. No rim concentrações fisiológicas de Ang II aumentam a atividade no túbulo proximal da isoforma 3 do trocador de Na+/H+ (NHE3). Este efeito é crucial para a manutenção do volume extracelular e pressão arterial. Evidências recentes mostraram que a ativação seletiva da sinalização enviesada da beta-arrestina/ receptor AT1 induz diurese e natriurese independentemente da sinalização via proteína G. Neste estudo testamos a hipótese de que a sinalização enviesada do receptor AT1/ beta-arrestina inibe a atividade do NHE3 no túbulo proximal, bem como investigar os possíveis mecanismos moleculares que medeio este efeito. Para tal, nós determinamos os efeitos do composto TRV120023, que se liga ao receptor AT1, bloqueando o acoplamento da proteína G e estimulando a sinalização da beta-arrestina, na função do NHE3 in vivo e in vitro. A atividade do NHE3 foi medida quer em túbulo proximal nativo, por meio de microperfusão estacionária, bem como em uma linha celular de túbulo proximal de gamba (OKP), por meio de recuperação de pH intracelular dependente de Na+. Os nossos resultados mostram que o TRV120023 na concentração de 10-7 M inibe marcadamente a atividade do NHE3 em túbulo proximal quer in vivo quer in vitro, sendo que este efeito é completamente abolido nas células silenciadas para a beta-arrestina 1 e 2 através de RNA de interferência. Adicionalmente, a estimulação do NHE3 pela Ang II é completamente suprimida pelo TRV120023 quer in vivo quer in vitro. A inibição do NHE3 pelo TRV120023 foi associada com a diminuição do NHE3 expresso na superfície da membrana plasmática em células OKP e com a redistribuição entre o corpo e a base das microvilosidades em túbulo proximal de rato. A diminuição do NHE3 na superfície da membrana plasmática em células OKP estava associado com um aumento na internalização do NHE via endocitose mediada por clatrina. A inibição do NHE3 mediada pela beta-arrestina não envolve a sinalização do receptor AT2, cAMP/ PKA, Akt e ERK1/2. Estes achados indicam que a sinalização enviesada do receptor AT1/beta-arretina inibe a atividade do NHE3 em túbulo proximal, pelo menos em parte, devido a alterações na localização subcelular do NHE3 / Cell surface receptors mediate most of our physiological responses to an array of stimulus. The triggering of the angiotensin II type I (AT1) receptor signaling is the major control point in the regulation of the ultimate effects of the peptide hormone angiotensin II (Ang II) on its target tissue. In the kidney physiological concentrations of Ang II upregulate the activity of proximal tubule Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3). This effect is crucial for maintenance of extracellular fluid volume homeostasis and blood pressure. Recent findings have shown that selective activation of the betaarrestin-biased AT1 receptor signalingpathway induces diuresis and natriuresis independent of G-protein mediated signaling. This study tested the hypothesis that activation of this AT1 receptor/beta-arrestin signaling inhibits NHE3 activity in proximal tubule as well as investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms mediating this effect. To this end, we determined the effects of the compound TRV120023, which binds to the AT1R, blocks G protein coupling, and stimulates beta-arrestin signaling, on NHE3 function in vivo and in vitro. NHE3 activity was measured in both native proximal tubules, by stationary microperfusion, and in opossum proximal tubule (OKP) cells, by Na+-dependent intracellular pH recovery. Our results showed that 10-7 MTRV120023 remarkably inhibited proximal tubule NHE3 activity both in vivo and in vitro, and the effect was completely abolished in OKP cells silenced for beta-arrestin 1 and 2 by small interference RNA. Additionally, stimulation of NHE3 by Ang II was completely suppressed by TRV120023 both in vivo as well as in vitro. Inhibition of NHE3 activity by TRV120023 was associated with a decrease in NHE3 surface expression in OKP cells and with a redistribution from the body to the base of the microvilli in the rat proximal tubule. The decreased surface NHE3 in OKP cells was associated with an increase in NHE3 internalization via clathrin mediated endocytic. Beta-arrestin mediated NHE3 inhibition did not involve AT2 receptor, cAMP/ PKA, Akt and ERK1/2 signaling. These findings indicate that biased signaling of the AT1 receptor/beta-arrestin pathway inhibits NHE3 activity in the proximal tubule at least in part due to changes in NHE3 subcellular localization

Environ 30% des patients ne répondent pas de manière adéquate à un traitement antidépresseur. Cette absence de rémission, voire aggravation de l’état dépressif après la mise en place du traitement est qualifiée de non-réponse au traitement. La résistance au traitement est caractérisée lorsque cet échec thérapeutique est récurrent pour différentes stratégies thérapeutiques de mécanisme d’action différents. Afin d’améliorer les stratégies thérapeutiques visant à traiter les patients résistants, une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes biologiques associés à la non-réponse/résistance est nécessaire. De nombreux travaux ont associé le phénomène de neurogenèse hippocampique adulte à la réponse antidépressive, et ont montré qu’un blocage de la neurogenèse altère la réponse antidépressive chez la Souris. Cependant, aucune étude n’a montré si la non-réponse/résistance au traitement était associée à des altérations de la neurogenèse. De plus, il n’existe à ce jour aucun modèle de résistance qui ne présente une validité translationelle à ce qui est observé chez l’Homme. Enfin, alors que 2/3 des patients dépressifs sont des femmes, la majorité des études précliniques sont réalisées chez des mâles. Le but de mon travail de thèse a donc été de modéliser la résistance au traitement antidépresseur chez la souris C57BL6 mâle et femelle.Le premier objectif de ce travail a été la modélisation chez la femelle d’un phénotype anxio-dépressif, en adaptant un modèle neuroendocrinien de la dépression élaboré chez le mâle, basée sur l’administration chronique de corticostérone. Le deuxième objectif a été l’étude de la comparaison de la neurogenèse entre les souris répondeuses et non-répondeuses à un traitement chronique de fluoxétine ou résistantes à 2 stratégies successives de traitement présentant un mécanisme d’action différent (fluoxétine puis imipramine).D’autre part, les données de la littérature clinique suggèrent qu’un marqueur périphérique, la protéine β-arrestine 1, serait un marqueur de l’état dépressif et de la réponse au traitement. Nous avons donc mesuré dans notre modèle les variations de ce potentiel biomarqueur clinique.L’ensemble de ces travaux de thèse a permis de montrer la complexité d’induire un phénotype anxio/dépressif chez la souris femelle de façon stable et robuste via l’administration chronique de corticostérone. Chez le mâle, nous avons pu modéliser la résistance au traitement antidépresseur dans le modèle CORT. Nous avons pu observer que les processus neurogéniques semblent jouer un rôle essentiel dans la réponse au traitement, puisqu’une absence de réponse est associée avec une altération de la neurogenèse hippocampique adulte. Si dans notre modèle, l’expression périphérique de la β-arrestine 1 n’est pas diminuée chez les souris présentant un phénotype anxio-dépressif, elle permet cependant de discriminer les souris répondeuses des souris résistantes au traitement, ce qui valide son intérêt en tant que biomarqueur de la réponse antidépressive. / Around 30% of patients do not respond adequately to chronic antidepressant treatments. This lack of response, or worsening of the depressive state after the onset of the treatment can lead to treatment resistant depression (TRD). TRD is characterized by a recurrent lack of therapeutic response to various antidepressant which display different mechanism of action. A better understanding of the mechanisms that underlies TRD is necessary to discover some new effective therapeutic strategies. Numerous studies in rodents have shown that chronic antidepressant treatment improves adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and that disrupting this phenomenon partially alters antidepressant response. However whether lack of response or resistance to antidepressant treatment is associated with altered neurogenesis has yet not been observed. Additionally, there is yet no model of TRD with a translational validity. As major depressive disorders affects women twice more than men, yet the preclinical studies are performed mostly in males. Thus, the aim of this thesis was to model non-response an resistance to antidepressant response in male and female C57BL6 mice.The first aim of this thesis work was to induce a anxio-depressive phenotype in female mice, by adapting a neurodencocrine model of depression developed in males and based on chronic administration of corticosterone (CORT). The second aim was to study adult hippocampal neurogenesis in animals that respond or not to chronic fluoxetine administration, and in animals that were resistant to two successive antidepressant treatment with a different mechanism of action (fluoxetine and then imipramine).Additionally, data from the literature suggests that peripheral β-arrestin 1 expression could be a potential biomarker of depressive state and antidepressant response in humans. Thus, we explore its validity in our model of TRD in mice.Overall, our results highlight the difficulty of inducing an anxio-depressive phenotype in female mice, using different dosage or treatment duration of corticosterone, which hampers the use of corticosterone to induce emotionality in female mice.However, in male mice, we showed that we were able model resistance to treatment in the using the CORT model. Lack of response to chronic fluoxetine and treatment resistance to fluoxetine/imipramine were associated with altered neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. This confirms that hippocampal neurogenesis is critical for a full antidepressant response. While peripheral β-arrestin 1 expression was not decreased after chronic CORT exposure, its differential expression between responder vs treatment-resistant mice confirms its validity as a biomarker for antidepressant response.

Opioids such as morphine are frequently used in the clinic to treat pain. However, the perennial bane of chronic opioid use is the rapid development of tolerance to the analgesic effects but delayed development of tolerance to the respiratory depressant and constipating effects. As constipation is one of the most common opioid-related adverse effects in humans, it is important to delineate mechanisms that drive opioid tolerance in the ileum and lack of it in the colon. The overarching goal of this thesis was to investigate mechanisms of morphine tolerance in the ileum by comparing the mechanism of morphine tolerance in ileum myenteric plexus neurons and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. Myenteric plexus neurons are integral to the motor function of the ileum, whereas DRG neurons are important components of peripheral nociceptive sensation. We also examined the mechanism of morphine tolerance development to small intestinal transit and to antinociception at the systemic level in male and female mice. Studies presented in this dissertation demonstrate that the mechanism of morphine tolerance in the mouse ileum is not contingent on b-arrestin 2. In fact, tolerance in the small intestine might be mediated by a b-arrestin 2-independent mechanism following protein kinase C-induced phosphorylation of the m-opioid receptor. We also demonstrate that morphine tolerance to antinociception is not solely dependent on b-arrestin 2, and is mediated by b-arrestin 2-dependent and-independent mechanisms. Lastly, we have shown how sex of the animal can influence mechanisms underlying the development of morphine tolerance. Collectively, the findings presented here increase our understanding of the mechanisms by which morphine tolerance develops in the ileum and to antinociception.

The D3 dopamine receptor (D3R) belongs to D2-class of dopamine receptors (DARs) and is involved in emotion, movement, and reward. D3R dysfunction has been reported in some neuropsychiatric disorders such as addiction, cognitive deficits, depression, schizophrenia, and Parkinson’s disease. Genetic studies have shown two polymorphic variants of the D3R gene resulting from substitution of serine to glycine at position nine of the amino terminus. Isoform 5 of adenylyl cyclase (AC5) is one of the nine transmembrane bound ACs in the brain and myocardium. Previous studies in rats have shown that AC5 is expressed in the striatum, nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle and at lower levels in islands of Calleja, where the D3R is also expressed. Previous studies showed that although D2R and D4R inhibit ACs activity in different cell types, inhibition of ACs by D3R is weak and often undetectable. It has been shown that D3R selectively inhibits AC5 activity in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells co-transfected with D3R and AC5. Co-expression of D3R and AC5 in brain regions which are major coordinators of normal and pathological movement, and the selective inhibition of AC5 activity by D3R raise the possibility of a functional link between AC5 and D3R in the modulation of signal transduction and trafficking. I hypothesized that AC5 plays a unique role in modulation of D3R trafficking and signaling pathways through interaction between D3R and AC5. Herein, I demonstrated an interaction between D3R and AC5 in vivo and in vitro using reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation/immunoblotting (co-IP/IB) assays. Interestingly, DA may facilitate the formation of protein complex between D3R and AC5 in vitro. Radio ligand binding assays revealed that heterodimerization of D3R polymorphic variants with AC5 does not change ligand binding affinity and expression of the D3R. Furthermore, taking advantages of GloSensor assays, selective inhibition of AC5 activity by D3Ser9 and D3Gly9 has been shown following activation by DA and quinpirole. Using ELISA studies showed that AC5 promotes cell surface expression and total expression of D3Ser9 and D3Gly9. Moreover, ELISA results suggested that AC5 facilitates DA-induced D3Ser9 endocytosis in dynamin and β-arrestin 2 dependent process, while having no effect on D3Gly9 polymorphic variant. The results also revealed that AC5 attenuates heterologous (PKC-induced) internalization of D3Ser9, while it does not have any effect on D3Gly9 heterologous internalization. My results also displayed a complex formation between D3R, AC5 and, β-arrestin 2 under basal and DA stimulation conditions, which emphasize the role of β-arrestin 2 in D3R signal transduction. Overall, a new regulatory mechanism for D3R has been suggested. My results suggested that complex formation between both D3R polymorphic variants with AC5 can regulate signaling and trafficking properties of D3R without changing the binding affinity of the receptor. These data will be meaningful for understanding of diseases and developing treatment strategies.

L’interaction d’un ligand avec un récepteur à sept domaines transmembranaires (7TMR) couplé aux protéines G, mène à l’adoption de différentes conformations par le récepteur. Ces diverses conformations pourraient expliquer l’activation différentielle des voies de signalisation. Or, le lien entre la conformation et l’activité du récepteur n’est pas tout à fait claire. Selon les modèles classiques pharmacologiques, comme le modèle du complexe ternaire, il n’existe qu’un nombre limité de conformations qu’un récepteur peut adopter. Afin d’établir un lien entre la structure et la fonction des récepteurs, nous avons choisi dans un premier temps, le récepteur de chimiokine CXCR4 comme récepteur modèle. Ce dernier, est une cible thérapeutique prometteuse, impliqué dans l’entrée du VIH-1 dans les cellules cibles et dans la dissémination de métastases cancéreuses. Grâce au transfert d’énergie par résonance de bioluminescence (BRET) nous pouvons détecter les changements conformationnels des homodimères constitutifs de CXCR4 dans les cellules vivantes. En conséquence, nous avons mesuré les conformations de mutants de CXCR4 dont les mutations affecteraient sa fonction. Nous montrons que la capacité des mutants à activer la protéine Galphai est altérée suite au traitement avec l’agoniste SDF-1. Notamment, ces mutations altèrent la conformation du récepteur à l’état basal ainsi que la réponse conformationnelle induite suite au traitement avec l’agoniste SDF-1, l’agoniste partiel AMD3100 ou l’agoniste inverse TC14012. Ainsi, différentes conformations de CXCR4 peuvent donner lieu à une activation similaire de la protéine G, ce qui implique une flexibilité des récepteurs actifs qui ne peut pas être expliquée par le modèle du complexe ternaire (Berchiche et al. 2007). Également, nous nous sommes intéressés au récepteur de chimiokine CCR2, exprimé à la surface des cellules immunitaires. Il joue un rôle important dans l’inflammation et dans des pathologies inflammatoires telles que l’asthme. CCR2 forme des homodimères constitutifs et possède différents ligands naturels dont la redondance fonctionnelle a été suggérée. Nous avons étudié le lien entre les conformations et les activations d’effecteurs (fonctions) de CCR2. Notre hypothèse est que les différents ligands naturels induisent différentes conformations du récepteur menant à différentes fonctions. Nous montrons que les réponses de CCR2 aux différents ligands ne sont pas redondantes au niveau pharmacologique et que les chimiokines CCL8, CCL7 et CCL13 (MCP-2 à MCP-4) sont des agonistes partiels de CCR2, du moins dans les systèmes que nous avons étudiés. Ainsi, l’absence de redondance fonctionnelle parmi les chimiokines liant le même récepteur, ne résulterait pas de mécanismes complexes de régulation in vivo, mais ferait partie de leurs propriétés pharmacologiques intrinsèques (Berchiche et al. 2011). Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés au récepteur de chimiokine CXCR7. Récemment identifié, CXCR7 est le deuxième récepteur cible de la chimiokine SDF-1. Cette chimiokine a été considérée comme étant capable d’interagir uniquement avec le récepteur CXCR4. Notamment, CXCR4 et CXCR7 possèdent un patron d’expression semblable dans les tissus. Nous avons évalué l’effet de l’AMD3100, ligand synthétique de CXCR4, sur la conformation et la signalisation de CXCR7. Nos résultats montrent qu’AMD3100, tout comme SDF-1, lie CXCR7 et augmente la liaison de SDF-1 à CXCR7. Grâce au BRET, nous montrons aussi qu’AMD3100 seul est un agoniste de CXCR7 et qu’il est un modulateur allostérique positif de la liaison de SDF-1 à CXCR7. Aussi, nous montrons pour la première fois le recrutement de la beta-arrestine 2 à CXCR7 en réponse à un agoniste. L’AMD3100 est un ligand de CXCR4 et de CXCR7 avec des effets opposés, ce qui appelle à la prudence lors de l’utilisation de cette molécule pour l’étude des voies de signalisation impliquant SDF-1 (Kalatskaya et al. 2009). En conclusion, nos travaux amènent des évidences qu’il existe plusieurs conformations actives des récepteurs et appuient les modèles de structure-activité des récepteurs qui prennent en considération leur flexibilité conformationnelle. / Ligand binding to 7TMRs is thought to induce conformational changes within the receptor that translate into activation of downstream effectors. The link between receptor conformation and activity is still poorly understood, as current models of receptor activation fail to take an increasing amount of experimental data into account. Classical pharmacological models such as the ternary complex model are based on the concept that receptors can only adopt a limited number of conformations. To clarify structure-function relationships in 7TMRs, first we studied chemokine receptor CXCR4. This receptor is an important drug target, involved in HIV-1 entry and cancer metastasis. Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) allows us to directly probe conformational changes within pre-formed CXCR4 homodimers in live cells. Using BRET, we measured the conformation of CXCR4 mutants and we also monitored their function by measuring their ability to induce Galphai activation. The analyzed mutants had substitutions in locations which are pivotal molecular switches for receptor conformation and activation. We show that agonist induced Gi activation is altered for most mutants. These mutations also alter CXCR4’s conformation at basal conditions (in absence of ligand) and in the presence of the agonist, SDF-1, the partial agonist, AMD3100 and the inverse agonist, TC14012. Moreover, different conformations of active receptors were detected in the presence of SDF-1, suggesting that different receptor conformations are able to trigger Galphai activity. These data provide biophysical evidence for different active receptor conformations, that cannot be explained by classical models of receptor function (Berchiche et al. 2007). Furthermore, the second part of our work focused on chemokine receptor CCR2. Mainly expressed on immune cells, CCR2 is involved in many inflammatory and vascular diseases. This receptor binds seven natural ligands that have been referred to as redundant. We set out to explore whether the different chemokine ligands of CCR2 receptor induce different conformational changes leading to different functional consequences. Our results show that the different natural ligands of CCR2 are not pharmacologically redundant. Moreover, chemokines CCL8, CCL7 and CCL13 (MCP-2 to MCP-4) are partial agonists of CCR2, at least in the systems we used. Our results support the validity of models for receptor-ligand interactions in which different ligands stabilize different receptor conformations also for endogenous receptor ligands, demonstrating that these natural ligands are not pharmacologically and functionally redundant (Berchiche et al. 2011). As the third part of this work, we studied chemokine receptor CXCR7, the alternative receptor for SDF-1. Until recently, CXCR4 was the only receptor known to bind SDF-1. Moreover, the expression patterns are similar for receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7. Therefore, we investigated the conformational and functional consequences of the synthetic inhibitor of CXCR4, AMD3100, on CXCR7. We show that AMD3100 also binds the alternative SDF-1 receptor, CXCR7. SDF-1 or AMD3100 alone trigger beta-arrestin recruitment to CXCR7, which we identify as a previously unreported signalling pathway of CXCR7. In addition, AMD3100 has positive allosteric effects on SDF-1 binding to CXCR7, on SDF-1-induced conformational rearrangements in the receptor dimer as measured by BRET, and on SDF-1-induced beta-arrestin recruitment to CXCR7. The finding that AMD3100 not only binds CXCR4, but also to CXCR7, with opposite effects on the two receptors, call for caution in the use of this compound as a tool to dissect SDF-1 effects on the respective receptors in vitro and in vivo. Finally, these data provide biophysical evidence for different active receptor conformations, and support models of 7TMR structure-activity relationships that take conformational heterogeneity into account.