From Europe to the Nation examines how six influential American journalists - John Gunther, Freda Kirchwey, Arthur Krock, Walter Lippmann, Anne O’Hare McCormick, and Dorothy Thompson - viewed and interpreted for their American audience the series of European events from Hitler’s ascension to power in Germany to the attack on Pearl Harbor. My study describes the interpretative frameworks through which these journalists viewed and explained what happened, namely a shared faith in the superiority of American politics and policies, a belief in the moral supremacy of the “new world” over the “old world,” a view of a racially-stratified world dominated by Anglo-Saxons, and a gendered worldview based on the binary opposites of masculine and feminine. These journalists used different interpretative frameworks in response to different events, shifting, overlapping and eventually coalescing in time. As events in Europe became increasingly dire following the Fall of France and threatened directly the national security of the United States, the interplay of these guiding assumptions prompted the rise to dominance of a shared viewpoint: what was at stake was the future of a West tom between civilization and barbarism. The civilization versus barbarism discourse had a clear propaganda value, in that it was used by journalists to support American participation, if not outright intervention, in the European war. This approach pinpoints the historical process of ideology creation. This ideology was elastic and highly effective, utilized for propaganda purpose not just for American intervention, but also to rally the home-front throughout the war and to legitimize Cold War American foreign policy. This study stresses the importance of recognizing the agency of journalists in the development of the concept because of their critical role as intermediaries between the crises occurring on the other side of the Atlantic and the American public’s understanding of what these events meant for the United States. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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<p>The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons recognizes the role of health advocate as a central aspect of doctoring that can greatly impact the quality of care one receives. Current literature discussing physicians as health advocates is sparse, particularly in the area of medical training. This study aims to identify how medical residents negotiate between their identity as a physician, which is bound by the narrow confines of biomedicine, and a more comprehensive vision of health care that incorporates advocacy. A thematic narrative analysis of four weblogs authored by medical residents was employed to complete this study. The culture of medicine and the hidden curriculum surfaced as impediments to advocacy in residency training, resulting in residents experiencing a crisis in caring, compassion and communication. When residents were not able to care for their patients in ways that met their moral expectations of what it means to be a healer, they felt depersonalized and became disenchanted with medicine. Arthur Frank’s theory regarding the demoralization of medicine is used to illuminate the importance of dialogue within the doctor-patient relationship, as well as its impacts on health advocacy. This study explores the concept of advocacy and brings forth the question: Given what we know about medicalization and the culture of medicine, should physicians be health advocates for their patients when their training is restricted to biomedical interventions and notions of care?</p> / Master of Arts (MA)

In 2011 Nathan Gabriel directed Arthur Miller's A View From The Bridge for his graduate thesis production at Temple University in Philadelphia. In this essay, Gabriel posits that keeping the character of Eddie ignorant about his true feelings for Catherine until the final moments of the play is crucial to making the play work. He supports his argument by pointing to the changes Miller made in the script between the one-act and two-act versions. Gabriel demonstrates how the play followed Aristotle's ideal for a classic Greek tragedy and compares this ideal with Miller's conviction that a true tragedy should not only be sad but should also teach its audience how to better live their lives. He also defends his choice to keep the true sexuality of Rodolpho ambiguous and examines the creative journey of his designers. / Theater

From the late Victorian period to the early twentieth century, Arthur Machen's life and his writing provide what Deleuze and Guattari argue to be the value of the minor author: Contemporary historical streams combine in Machen's fiction and non-fiction. The concerns and anxieties in the writing reflect developments in their times, and exist amid the questions incited by positivist science, sexological studies, and the dissemination and popularity of Darwin's theories and the interpretations of Social Darwinism: What is the integrity of the human body, and what are the relevance and varieties of spiritual belief. The personal and the social issues of materiality and immateriality are present in the choice of Machen's themes and the manner in which he expresses them. More specifically, Machen's use of place and his interest in numinosity, which includes the negative numinous, are the twining forces where the local and the common, and the Ideal and the esoteric, meet. His interest in Western esotericism is important because of the Victorian occult revival and the ritual magic groups' role in the development of individual psychic explorations. Occultism and the formation of ritual magic groups are a response to deep-seated cultural concerns of industrialized, urban modernity. Within the esoteric traditions, the Gnostic outlook of a fractured creation corresponds to the cosmogony of a divided cosmos and the disjointed realities that are found in Machen's late-Victorian literary horror and supernatural fiction. The Gnostic microcosm, at the local level, and the mesocosm, at the intermediary position, are at a remove from the unified providence of the greater macrocosm. The content of the texts that I will analyze demonstrates Machen's interest in the divided self (with inspiration from Robert Louis Stevenson), and those texts consider the subject of non-normative sexuality and its uncanny representations, natural and urban, as a horror that is attractive and abject--a source of fascination and a cause of disgust. The view that I state is that Machen wrote late-Victorian, post-Romantic Gothic literature that is not dependent upon either the cares of Decadence for artificiality or the disavowal of Gnosticism of the worth of mortal life and experiences in the material world. Machen's outlook is similar to Hermeticism, and like the Hermeticists he enjoyed many of the pleasures available in the world and in the narratives of ecstatic wonder that he found: the power of archetypal myth and local lore; good food and drink; travel between country and city; and close associations with friends and family, modest in number and rich in quality. The Great God Pan, The Three Impostors, or, The Transmutations, "The White People," and the autobiographies Far Off Things and Things Near and Far are the primary sources in my study. The enchantment of place and the potential and active horrors of the countryside and the city of the late Victorian and Edwardian periods inform Arthur Machen's life and his literary world. The influence of Machen's childhood in his native county of Gwent, in South Wales, and his adult residency in everywhere from low-rent to more-desirable areas of London feature prominently in two volumes of his fiction, which appeared in the influential Keynotes Series published by John Lane's Bodley Head Press in the 1890s: The Great God Pan and the Inmost Light (1894), and The Three Impostors, or, The Transmutations (1895). Those works of fiction indicate a major pattern in Machen's outlook and imagination. For instance, the The Great God Pan presents Machen's late-Victorian re-invention of Pan, the classical rustic Arcadian god of Greek mythology. The Pan demon--or sinister Pan--evidences an aspect of threatening vitalistic nature that appears at the indefinite center of sexual concealment. Male characters act in secrecy by necessity due to the Labouchère Amendment to the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1885. Machen uses the more beneficent, affirming aspects of the Pan figure for the short story "The White People" (1899) in the long middle section titled The Green Book. However, threats to female adolescence and sexual sovereignty, and contending principles of female and male energies, unpredictably strike through the more sinister and in the more beneficent of Machen's tales, which include the prose poems of Ornaments in Jade. These factors sometime destroy life, and seldom conceive or sustain its creation. Yet the presence of esoteric concepts in those same narratives offers non-rational alternatives to the attainment of gnosis. The Three Impostors, the second of Machen's Keynotes volumes, with its plot of conspiracies and dark secrets not only suggests Machen's interest in the criminal underworld and involvement with the ritual magic groups of the late-nineteenth century, but also his caution about the dark attraction of that glamour and how those occult groups and leaders operated. The Horos case and trial of 1901 and the Charles Webster Leadbeater scandal of 1906 provide support for Machen's circumspection. However, as a skeptic of the occult in practice, but as a reader and writer who had a deep interest in the esoteric as a subject of study, Machen's literary writing presents a variety of tensions between belief in the idealism of spiritual realities and the necessity for clear and grounded reason in consideration of preternatural phenomena. The interest in the abnormal functioning of bodies, a convention of Gothic fiction, appears in Machen's work in correspondence to the status of Sexology and the proliferation of studies of human sexuality in the late Victorian period. Especially important is the concept of sexual inversion, a term for homosexuality that was popularized in the works of the scientific researchers Richard von Krafft-Ebing, in Psychopathia Sexualis (1886), and Havelock Ellis, in Sexual Inversion (co-authored by John Addington Symonds), which is the first volume of Ellis's series Studies in the Psychology of Sex (1897). The final chapters of Machen's The Great God Pan are set in 1888 in London, and there is a direct reference to the White Chapel murders (i.e., the Ripper crimes). Therefore, I analyze Machen's fiction for its gendered focus on abhuman qualities, abnormal behavior, and violence: the abhuman as understood by Kelly Hurley, and violence in London as a version of Walkowitz's London as City of Dreadful Delight. Another historical context exists because the year before Machen finished the first chapter, "The Experiment," the Cleveland Street affair and its scandal occurred and included a royal intervention from the Prince of Wales to halt any prosecutions (1889). In The Great God Pan, Helen Vaughan, who passes from salons in Mayfair to houses of assignation in Soho, represents a dynamic, unified force of being and becoming that draws from and revises the multiple but fractured personality of Stevenson's Jekyll. Likewise, The Green Book girl in the short fiction "The White People" experiences a communion of gnosis that separates her from the social life and conditions of her father, a lawyer, and his middle class world of the British Empire's materialist legal structures. The esoteric and otherworldly, and the physical and material, combine, fragment, and transcend in the local world and the greater cosmos imagined by Arthur Machen. / English

In this thesis I argue that legal punishment is far from perfect, and that the most common defenses used to justify it prove to be unsuccessful when examined closely. I propose that if there exists an alternative, non-punitive, practice capable of achieving the same benefits, then that practice should be preferred over punishment. I then proceed to introduce one such alternative, the theory of pure restitution, and resolve some problems raised by its critics. I ultimately demonstrate not only that pure restitution is capable of achieving the same benefits as punishment, but that it is capable of achieving even further benefits. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Cette étude désirait vérifier s'il est possible par conditionnement classique d'ordre supérieur de modifier la fonction conditionnée d'une phrase. Parallèlement, l'étude voulait vérifier si la modification de la fonction conditionnée d'une phrase est accompagnée d'une modification de sa fonction directive. La théorie de l'apprentissage des trois fonctions du stimulus de Staats et la recension des écrits ont permis la formulation de deux hypothèses de recherche. La première affirmait que la fonction conditionnée d'une phrase pouvait être modifiée par conditionnement classique d'ordre supérieur. La deuxième affirmait que la modification de la fonction conditionnée d'une phrase est accompagnée d'une modification de sa fonction directive. L'expérience a été menée auprès de 91 élèves de sixième année répartis en deux groupes expérimentaux équivalents. La tâche expérimentale consistait à lire à haute voix des phrases et des mots présentés en contiguïté sur des diapositives. Le procédé de conditionnement classique d'ordre supérieur utilisé visait, pour le premier groupe, le conditionnement positif de la phrase dessiner un cercle et le conditionnement négatif de la phrase tracer un carré. Pour le deuxième groupe, le procédé de conditionnement était inversé. Après le traitement, les sujets ont évalué les deux phrases sur une échelle sémantique, puis ils ont fait le choix entre dessiner un cercle ou tracer un carré. L’analyse des résultats a permis d’observer d’abord une différence significative uniquement entre les scores moyens des conditionnements positif et négatif de la phrase dessiner un cercle. Les résultats d’une analyse secondaire menée dans le but d’expliquer le non-conditionnement de la phrase tracer un carré suggèrent que cette phrase n’a pas été perçue, par l’ensemble des sujets, comme un stimulus unitaire. Par conséquent, la première hypothèse de recherche n’est que partiellement confirmée, par la phrase dessiner un cercle. L’analyse des résultats a aussi permis d’observer, après l’expérience de conditionnement, des différences significatives entre les proportions de décision d'exécution et de non-exécution des actions représentées respectivement par chacune des deux phrases. Par conséquent, la deuxième hypothèse de recherche est entièrement confirmée. Finalement, l’analyse des résultats du comportement de la fonction directive de la phrase tracer un carré suggère que la fonction directive d’une phrase entière peut être altérée par le conditionnement d’une ou d'une partie de ses composantes syntaxiques. A l’issue de cette étude, les résultats obtenus démontrent que le stimulus complexe unitaire verbal a tendance à se comporter en situation d'apprentissage comme le stimulus élémentaire. / Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2015

L'objectif général de ce travail est de présenter le concept de soi dans le cadre de la théorie de la personnalité propre au behaviorisme social de Staats. Le concept de soi est considéré comme un élément central de la personnalité tout en étant l'objet de controverses importantes. Ces oppositions viennent d'une conception générale différente de la personnalité où les théories traditionnelles ont considéré la personnalité comme une structure interne, cause du comportement de la personne et le behaviorisme élémentaliste comme un comportement appris. Les raisons particulières qui ont inspiré cette étude sont de deux ordres. D'une part un intérêt marqué pour une approche conceptuelle qui tente d'intégrer dans une théorie de la personnalité tout particulièrement pour ce qui a trait au concept de soi des éléments à la fois reconnus comme valables et opposés. D'autre part, le désir de mener ultérieurement une expérience efficace sur la possibilité de changer le concept de soi dans le cadre d'une théorie de la personnalité qui en considérant le concept de soi comme une cause du comportement et comme un effet d'apprentissage permet à la fois de l'expliquer et de le modifier. Le rapport de recherche que constitue cette thèse comprend trois chapitres. Le premier expose la théorie propre au behaviorisme social de Staats qui en considérant la personnalité comme une cause et comme un effet tente d'être un rapprochement entre la conception des théories traditionnelles de la personnalité et celle du behaviorisme élémentaliste. Le deuxième décrit dans le cadre de la théorie présentée au premier chapitre le concept de soi comme un effet de quatre variables: les principes d'apprentissage, les comportements de la personne, ses caractéristiques physiques et les situations. Le troisième chapitre traite du concept de soi comme une cause du comportement de la personne et comme une cause du comportement des autres à son égard. / Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2014