Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Física, Química e Geológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2011. / Submitted by Cristiane Silva (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2013-03-12T12:42:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_lorena_collares.pdf: 4980623 bytes, checksum: fe164915b150fc2e5673516c2d5626b7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2013-07-15T17:50:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_lorena_collares.pdf: 4980623 bytes, checksum: fe164915b150fc2e5673516c2d5626b7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-15T17:50:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_lorena_collares.pdf: 4980623 bytes, checksum: fe164915b150fc2e5673516c2d5626b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Os icebergs representam uma distinta feição no Oceano Austral. As correntes oceânicas, o gelo marinho, a batimetria e os ventos são responsáveis por determinar a trajetória destes grandes blocos de gelo. Desta forma, informações sobre a distribuição e a concentração dos icebergs podem auxiliar no melhor entendimento da circulação oceânica e atmosférica nas regiões polares. Diferentes métodos de observação de icebergs têm sido utilizados ao longo do tempo para o entendimento desta componente da criosfera. Duas metodologias despontam para tal objetivo, plataformas de coleta de dados (PCDs) rastreadas via sistema satelital ARGOS e as imagens de radar. A fim de monitorar o deslocamento de icebergs, no noroeste do Mar de Weddell, foram utilizados dados de posição de PCDs fixadas em três icebergs (em 19 de fevereiro de 2009) nas proximidades da ilha James Ross. Imagens Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) foram utilizadas como medida complementar no rastreamento de icebergs durante os anos de 2008 e 2009. A partir dos resultados foi possível associar a deriva dos icebergs monitorados aos principais sistemas de correntes e frentes desta região, como a Corrente Costeira Antártica, a Frente de Talude Antártico e a Frente de Weddell. Mais especificamente, pode-se observar aspectos da circulação regional, tal como a identificação de uma célula de circulação anticiclônica no entorno da ilha James Ross e a deriva de icebergs em direção ao Estreito de Bransfield. Um estudo de caso demonstrou a recirculação de um iceberg no interior do Estreito de Bransfield e sua desintegração associada. A estimativa média da taxa de desintegração dos icebergs monitorados foi de 19%, associadas com um fluxo de volume de água doce para o oceano de aproximadamente 0.57 m3 s-1 e 0.94 m3s-1, respectivamente durante o período de observações nos anos de 2008 e 2009. A velocidade média de deriva calculada através do monitoramento via PCDs e imagens ASAR foi de 3.04 ±1.9 cm s-1 e 5.97 ± 2.8cm s-1, respectivamente. / Icebergs represent a distinctive feature of the Southern Ocean. Ocean currents, sea ice, bathymetry and winds determine the icebergs trajectory and its drift. Thus, information about icebergs distribution and concentration help to better understand the ocean and atmospheric circulation in Polar Regions. Several methods to observe icebergs have been used to comprehend the behavior and the role of this component of the cryosphere. Two methodologies are emerging for this purpose recently, such as icebergs tagging (for satellite tracking) and orbital radar images. In order to monitor the displacement of icebergs in the northwestern Weddell Sea, we used data from three icebergs tagged with Data Collection Platforms - DCPs (19/02/2009) in the vicinity of the James Ross Island. Additionally, ASAR images were used as a complementary measure to track the icebergs during the years 2008 and 2009 in the same area. Observing the results, it was possible to associate the icebergs drift with the main currents and fronts systems found in this region, as the Antarctic Coastal Current, Antarctic Slope Front and Weddell Front. More specifically, one can observe the regional circulation, such as the identification of an anticyclonic circulation cell around the James Ross Island and icebergs drifting into the Bransfield Strait. A case study demonstrated the recirculation of iceberg within the Bransfield Strait and its corresponding loss of mass. The icebergs disintegration estimated was 19%, associated with a freshwater volume flow toward the ocean of approximately 0,57 m3 s-1 and 0,94 m3 s-1 , respectively during the observation period, for the years 2008 and 2009. The drift rates determined by monitoring icebergs via DCPs and ASAR images were, respectively, 3,04 ±1,9 cm s-1 and 5,97 ± 2,8cm s-1.

In this paper the author has read and compared The Poetical Edda, and Margaret Clunies-Ross' book, Prolonged echoes: Old norse myth in medieval northern society(1998). The aim of this paper is to offer alternative interpretations to the ones Clunies-Ross has made by drawing on The Poetical Edda and other sources. Margaret Clunies-Ross' interpretations left much unaccounted for by giving one-sided analyses of love, marriage, status and family relations. She simply focused on the female as the one who gets undermined in all of these categories. Modin finds that this is a very narrow perspective of the gender dynamics in Norse mythology, especially after reading The Poetical Edda. She is not alone in her opinion. There is much evidence that contradicts Clunies-Ross' theories which the author of this paper aims to clarify by offering new perspectives on these texts. She also gives the reader examples of parts in Norse mythology that are not only interpreted differently from Clunies-Ross, but also several other authors, such as Catharina Ingelman-Sundberg, Peter Andreas Munch, John Lindow et cetera.

Climate-induced landscape evolution is resulting in changes to biogeochemical and hydrologi- cal cycling. In the Arctic and sub-Arctic permafrost zones, rising air temperatures are warming, and in some regions even thawing, the frozen ground. Permafrost is a carbon sink. The thermal state of the ground therefore has important implications on carbon exchange with the atmo- sphere. Permafrost thaw mobilises previously sequestered carbon stocks, potentially turning these high latitude regions into a net carbon source. Borehole temperature and active layer depth measurements are the traditional means for monitoring permafrost, however these point measurements cannot easily be extrapolated to the landscape-scale; Earth Observation (EO) data may be used for such purposes. It is widely recognised that changes in the thermal state of permafrost may be associated with longterm changes in surface hydrology. As the ground shifts from a frozen to a thawed state, Arctic lakes display changes in surface extent. Therefore, it has become common practice to explore lake dynamics, using these as indicators of permafrost change; dynamics being the keyword. Surface hydrology is a dynamic process. Discharge studies in the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions are associated with flashy hydrographs. Currently, however, remote sensing of permafrost lake change is done on the scale of decades without explicitly taking seasonality and rapid hydrolog- ical phenology into consideration. To examine the seasonal changes in Arctic surface hydrology on the landscape scale high temporal resolution data are necessary. Synthetic aperture radar instruments are exemplary for such a task. The PhD research focuses on establishing operational techniques for mapping open surface water using synthetic aperture radar data, investigating straightforward raster classification methods and exploring their feasibility by undertaking map accuracy and sensitivity studies (chapter 3). The results are then used to justify error propagation when developing an auto- mated procedure that creates temporal composites of water body extent. These temporal water body classifications are the main EO product used to identify and image seasonal surface water change in Arctic permafrost environments (chapter 4). Furthermore, a terrain-based hydrolog- ical study is undertaken to explore the context of the detected changes and possible links to relief and stream channel network (chapter 5). The aim of this PhD is to demonstrate a new method of dynamic monitoring using the Euro- pean Space Agency’s Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar, recommending its incorpo- ration in longterm lake change studies. Technical feasibility is explored, the inherent trade-off vii between spatial and temporal resolution discussed. An automated surface water change de- tection algorithm is developed and its applicability to monitoring spring floods is assessed; noting possible modifications to the drainage system given present-day land-use and land- cover changes that are taking place in the study area, the hydrocarbon-rich Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District in the North of West Siberia (chapter 6). The key significance of this research is to improve the current knowledge of Arctic lake change by including spring flood events and seasonality in the equation. Therefore, it is strongly believed that this research is of benefit to the entire permafrost community.

The extent of Arctic sea ice has decreased over the years and the importance of sea ice monitoring is expected to increase. Remote sensing change detection compares images acquired over the same geographic area at different times in order to identify changes that might have occurred in the area of interest. Change detection methods have been developed for cryospheric topics. The Kittler-Illingworth thresholding algorithm has proven to be an effective change detection tool, but has not been used for sea ice. Here it is applied to Arctic sea ice data. The objective is to investigate the unsupervised detection of changes in Arctic sea ice using multi-temporal SAR images. The well-known Kittler-Illingworth algorithm is tested using two density function models, i.e., the generalized Gaussian and the log-normal model. The difference image is obtained using the modified ratio operator. The histogram of the change image, which approximates its probability distribution, is considered to be a combination of two classes, i.e., the changed and unchanged classes. Histogram fitting techniques are used to estimate the unknown density functions and the prior probabilities. The optimum threshold is selected using a criterion function directly related to classification error. In this thesis three datasets were used covering parts of the Beaufort Sea from the years 1992, 2002, 2007 and 2009. The SAR and ASAR C-band data came from satellites ERS and ENVISAT respectively. All three were interpreted visually. For all three datasets, the generalized Gaussian detected a lot of change, whereas the log-normal detected less. Only one small subset of a dataset was validated against reference data. The log-normal distribution then obtained 0% false alarm rate through all trials. The generalized Gaussian obtained false alarm rates around 4% for most of the trials. The generalized Gaussian achieved detection accuracies around 95%, whereas the log-normal achieved detection accuracies around 70%. The overall accuracies for the generalized Gaussian were about 95% in most trials. The log-normal achieved overall accuracies at around 85%. The KHAT for the generalized Gaussian was in the range of 0.66-0.93. The KHAT for log-normal was in the range of 0.68-0.77. Using one additional speckle filter iteration increased the accuracy for the log-normal distribution. Generally, the detection of positive change has been accomplished with higher level of accuracy compared with negative change detection. A visual inspection shows that the generalized Gaussian distribution probably over-estimates the change. The log-normal distribution consistently detects less change than the generalized Gaussian. Lack of validation data made validation of the results difficult. The performed validation might not be reliable since the available validation data was only SAR imagery and differentiating change and no-change is difficult in the area. Further due to the lack of reference data it could not be decided, with certainty, which distribution performed the best. / Ytan av arktisk havsis har minskat genom åren och vikten av havsisövervakning förväntas öka. Förändrigsdetection jämför bilder från samma geografiska område från olika tidpunkter föra att identifiera förändringar som kan ha skett i intresseområdet. Förändringsdekteringsmetoder har utvecklats för kryosfäriska ämnen. Tröskelvärdesbestämning med Kittler-Illingworth algoritmen har visats sig vara ett effektivt verktyg för förändringsdetektion, men har inte änvänts på havsis. Här appliceras algoritmen på arktisk havsis. Målet är att undersökra oövervakad förändringsdetektion i arktisk havsis med multitemporella SAR bilder. Den välkända Kittler-Illingworth algoritmen testas med två täthetsfunktioner, nämligen generaliserad normaldistribution och log-normal distributionen. Differensbilden erhålls genom den modifierad ratio-operator. Histogrammet från förändringsbilden skattar dess täthetsfunktion, vilken anses vara en kombination av två klasser, förändring- och ickeförändringsklasser. Histogrampassningstekniker används för att uppskatta de okända täthetsfunktionerna och a priori sannolikheterna. Det optimala tröskelvärdet väljs genom en kriterionfunktion som är direkt relaterad till klassifikationsfel. I detta examensarbete användes tre dataset som täcker delar av Beaufort-havet från åren 1992, 2002, 2007 och 2009. SAR C-band data kom från satelliten ERS och ASAR C-band data kom från satelliten ENVISAT. Alla tre tolkades visuellt och för alla tre detekterade generaliserad normaldistribution mycket mer förändring än lognormal distributionen. Bara en mindre del av ett dataset validerades mot referensdata. Lognormal distributionen erhöll då 0% falska alarm i alla försök. Generalised normaldistributionen erhöll runt 4% falska alarm i de flesta försöken. Generaliserad normaldistributionen nådde detekteringsnoggrannhet runt 95% medan lognormal distributionen nådde runt 70%. Generell noggrannheten för generaliserad normaldistributionen var runt 95% i flesta försöken. För lognormal distributionen nåddes en generell noggrannhet runt 85%. KHAT koefficienten för generaliserad normaldistributionen var i intervallet 0.66-0.93. För lognormal distributionen var den i intervallet 0.68-0.77. Med en extra speckle-filtrering ökades nogranneheten för lognormal distributionen. Generellt sett, detekterades positiv förändring med högre nivå av noggrannhet än negativ förändring. Visuell inspektion visar att generaliserad normaldistribution troligen överskattar förändringen. Lognormal distributionen detekterar konsistent mindre förändring än generaliserad normaldistributionen. Bristen på referensdata gjorde valideringen av resultaten svårt. Den utförda valideringen är kanske inte så trovärdig, eftersom den tillgänliga referensdatan var bara SAR bilder och att särskilja förändring och ickeförändring är svårt i området. Vidare, på grund av bristen på referensdata, kunde det inte bestämmas med säkerhet vilken distribution som var bäst.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'analyser l'information issue du nouveau capteur radar ASAR d'ENVISAT et des futurs capteurs polarimétriques en bande X pour l'estimation de la rugosité et de l'humidité du sol. Les résultats obtenus par le capteur aéroporté RAMSES montrent le faible potentiel des radars en bande X à 30° pour la discrimination des classes de rugosité. Néanmoins, cette étude a montré qu'il est possible d'identifier un état structural de surface dégradé en raison de la présence d'une croûte de battance et de distinguer les parcelles fraîchement labourées. L'utilisation du capteur ASAR a permis de définir les configurations radar optimales pour une meilleure estimation de l'humidité (polarisation HH, et faibles incidences) et de la rugosité du sol (polarisations HH et HV, et fortes incidences). Après avoir observé une faible corrélation entre les mesures expérimentales et celles simulées par le modèle de rétrodiffusion IEM, nous avons appliqué la calibration semi-empirique du modèle IEM proposée par Baghdadi et al. (2004) dans le but de mieux reproduire le coefficient de rétrodiffusion radar sur des sols nus en milieu agricole. Les résultats obtenus montrent que cette calibration permet de mieux restituer le signal radar. Des procédures d'inversion ont été utilisées pour estimer l'humidité à partir des signaux ASAR. Les résultats obtenus montrent une nette amélioration de l'estimation de l'humidité quand deux angles d'incidence sont utilisés (l'une faible et l'autre élevé). L'utilisation des données en mode multi-polarisation n'améliore pas l'estimation de l'humidité par rapport à l'utilisation d'une seule polarisation (amélioration inférieure à 1%).

This thesis deals with snow cover mapping by using time-series of SAR images of the sensors ENVISAT ASAR and TerraSAR-X. The methodology is based on the so-called Nagler's algorithm, which is based on determination of the change of absorption of radar signal due to the liquid water content in the snow cover. The resulting ratio image is classified into the areas with wet snow or without it according to the selected threshold value. The results are compared with the maps of snow cover derived from MODIS optical data and with data from meteorological stations of CHMI. The main aims of this work are to suggest most suitable conditions (time of the year, weather) for acquisition of reference images, to find the change of the threshold value with respect the chosen reference image and the type of land cover. The same methodology should then be applied on the radar data of shorter wavelength. The obtained results will be further used for improving the methodology of snow cover mapping from SAR data in the Czech Republic.

Agriculture has an important role in Turkey / hence automated approaches are crucial to maintain sustainability of agricultural activities. The objective of this research is to classify eight crop types cultivated in Karacabey Plain located in the north-west of Turkey using multi-temporal Kompsat-2 and Envisat ASAR satellite data. To fulfill this objective, first, the fused Kompsat-2 images were segmented separately to define homogenous agricultural patches. The segmentation results were evaluated using multiple goodness measures to find the optimum segments. Next, multispectral single-date Kompsat-2 images with the Envisat ASAR data were classified by MLC and SVMs algorithms. To combine the thematic information of the multi-temporal data set, probability maps were generated for each classification result and the accuracies of the thematic maps were then evaluated using segment-based manner. The results indicated that the segment-based approach based on the SVMs method using the multispectral Kompsat-2 and Envisat ASAR data provided the best classification accuracies. The combined thematic maps of June-August and June-July-August provided the highest overall accuracy and kappa value around 92% and 0.90, respectively, which was 4% better than the highest result computed with the MLC method. The produced thematic maps were also evaluated based on field-based manner and the analysis revealed that the classification performances are directly proportional to the size of the agricultural fields.

The objective of this licentiate thesis is to develop novel algorithms and improve existing methods for urban land cover mapping and urban extent extraction using multi-temporal remote sensing imagery. Past studies have demonstrated that synthetic aperture radar (SAR) have very good properties for the analysis of urban areas, the synergy of SAR and optical data is advantageous for various applications. The specific objectives of this research are: 1. To develop a novel edge-aware region-growing and -merging algorithm, KTH-SEG, for effective segmentation of SAR and optical data for urban land cover mapping; 2. To evaluate the synergistic effects of multi-temporal ENVISAT ASAR and HJ-1B multi-spectral data for urban land cover mapping; 3. To improve the robustness of an existing method for urban extent extraction by adding effective pre- and post-processing. ENVISAT ASAR data and the Chinese HJ-1B multispectral , as well as TerraSAR-X data were used in this research. For objectives 1 and 2 two main study areas were chosen, Beijing and Shanghai, China. For both sites a number of multitemporal ENVISAT ASAR (30m C-band) scenes with varying image characteristics were selected during the vegetated season of 2009. For Shanghai TerraSAR-X strip-map images at 3m resolution X-band) were acquired for a similar period in 2010 to also evaluate high resolution X-band SAR for urban land cover mapping. Ten  major landcover classes were extracted including high density built-up, low density built-up, bare field, low vegetation, forest, golf course, grass, water, airport runway and major road. For Objective 3, eleven globally distributed study areas where chosen, Berlin, Beijing, Jakarta, Lagos, Lombardia (northern Italy), Mexico City, Mumbai, New York City, Rio de Janeiro, Stockholm and Sydney. For all cities ENVISAT ASAR imagery was acquired and for cities in or close to mountains even SRTM digital elevation data. The methodology of this thesis includes two major components, KTH-SEG and KTH-Pavia Urban Extractor. KTH-SEG is an edge aware region-growing and -merging algorithm that utilizes both the benefit of finding local high frequency changes as well as determining robustly homogeneous areas of a low frequency in local change. The post-segmentation classification is performed using support vector machines. KTH-SEG was evaluated using multitemporal, multi-angle, dual-polarization ASAR data and multispectral HJ-1B data as well as TerraSAR-X data. The KTH-Pavia urban extractor is a processing chain. It includes: Geometrical corrections, contrast enhancement, builtup area extraction using spatial stastistics and GLCM texture features, logical operator based fusion and DEM based mountain masking. For urban land cover classification using multitemporal ENVISAT ASAR data, the results showed that KTH-SEG achieved an overall accuracy of almost 80% (0.77 Kappa ) for the 10 urban land cover classes both Beijign and Shanghai, compared to eCognition results of 75% (0.71 Kappa) In particular the detection of small linear features with respect to the image resolution such as roads in 30m resolved data went well with 83% user accuracy from KTH-SEG versus 57% user accuracy using the segments derived from eCognition. The other urban classes which in particular in SAR imagery are characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity were classified superiorly by KTH-SEG. ECognition in general performed better on vegetation classes such as grass, low vegetation and forest which are usually more homogeneous. It is was also found that the combination of ASAR and HJ-1B optical data was beneficial, increasing the final classification accuracy by at least 10% compared to ASAR or HJ-1B data alone. The results also further confirmed that a higher diversity of SAR type images is more important for the urban classification outcome. However, this is not the case when classifying high resolution TerraSAR-X strip-map imagery. Here the different image characteristics of different look angles, and orbit orientation created more confusion mainly due to the different layover and foreshortening effects on larger buildings. The TerraSAR-X results showed also that accurate urban classification can be achieved using high resolution SAR data alone with almost 84% for  eight classes around the Shanghai international Airport (high and low density built-up were not separated as well as roads and runways). For urban extent extraction, the results demonstrated that built-up areas can be effectively extracted using a single ENVISAT ASAR image in 10 global cities reaching overall accuracies around 85%, compared to 75% of MODIS urban class and 73% GlobCover Urban class. Multitemporal ASAR can improve the urban extraction results by 5-10% in Beijing. Mountain masking applied in Mumbai and Rio de Janeiro increased the accuracy by 3-5%.The research performed in  this thesis has contributed to the remote sensing community by providing algorithms and methods for both extracting urban areas and identifying urban land cover in a more detailed fashion. / <p>QC 20140625</p>

<p>This essay is about how the aesir are used as an ideal image of the original Nordic aspects and as a symbol of heroism and pure strength. The main subject of this essay is to look at how this ideal of masculinity is represented in the art produced during the era of romantic nationalism. The choice of focusing on this era in particular is made due to the fact that it was during this time that the modern images of the aesir and the Vikings were made. The purpose of this study is to examine how the ideal of masculinity reflects upon the artistic interpretations of the Norse mythology in a selected group of art work produced during the 1800’s. Further more research is done in order to look for the possible political messages that could be connected to these works of art.</p><p>The writing of this essay has meant a search for facts in books concerning romantic nationalism, Norse mythology and interpretation of Norse mythology, and finally depiction of the Norse mythology in the romantic nationalistic art during the 19^th century.  This work has been combined with analyses of a selected number of works of art produced during the 1800’s. Some limitations have been done in selecting this art, considering the year of completion and the motif. Due to these limitations, all of the selected works were made within the time of the 19^th century and depict male gods of the Norse mythology.</p><p>Following conclusions can be made from this study: (1) that during periods of the 19^th century the aesir were seen as strong warriors with a clearly Nordic origin; (2) this ideology was expressed in different ways in the art of the time and was later on also used by the racial ideological sciences.</p> / <p>Detta arbete handlar om användandet av asagudarna som en idealbild för urtypen av det nordiska och som en symbol för hjältemod och råstyrka. Undersökningen är inriktad på framställningen av detta mansideal i konsten från tiden för nationalromantiken. Valet av tidsperiod beror på att det var under nationalromantiken som den moderna bilden av vikingen och asagudarna skapades. Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur de konstnärliga tolkningarna av asamyten i valda verk speglar mansidealet under 1800-talet. Vidare undersöks de möjliga politiska budskapen i dessa verk.</p><p>Genomförandet har inneburit främst litteraturgranskning kring ämnena nationalromantik, nationalromantisk konst, asatro och tolkning av asatro, samt framställning av asatron inom den nationalromantiska konsten under 1800-talet. Detta har sedan kombinerats med en analys av utvalda nationalromantiska konstverk. Begränsningar som gjorts i urvalet rör verkens tillkomstperiod och motiv. Samtliga av de sex verk som valts är därför skapade inom 1800-talet och avbildar på varierande sätt främst manliga asagudar.</p><p>Studiens frågeställningar har varit följande; </p><ul><li>Hur framställs asatrons mytologi i de utvalda nationalromantiska konstverken?</li><li>Vilka drag i den nordiska mytologin och religionen framhävs inom de valda nationalromantiska konstverken; vad var det som lockade med denna mytologi och vilka teman är populärast?</li><li>Hur framställs det manliga i de valda verken? Stämmer den bilden med de historiska källornas bild av myten och vilka ideal presenteras i framställningarna?</li><li>Vilka politiska budskap förmedlas av konstnärerna i de valda verken?</li></ul><p>Samtliga av arbetets frågeställningar har varit möjliga att besvara. Resultatet av analyserna visar att konstverkens framställningar är mer beroende av idealen hos konstnären och rådande förhållanden under tillkomstperioden, än av de historiska källornas information. Påpekas bör dock att konstnärerna i viss mån har dragit nytta av källorna i sina framställningar. Detta syns i användandet av specifika attribut för de avbildade gudomarna. Asarna har i de utvalda konstverken framställts som ett ljust krigarfolk. Med två undantag innehåller alla valda verk avbildningar av vapen och samtliga målningar visar asarna som ljushyade. Mytologin i övrigt blir genom dessa detaljer framställd som mäktig och asarna blir således en sorts maktsymboler.</p><p>I två av de valda verkens motiv syns bl.a. scener tagna ur asamytologins berättelse om världens undergång. Ett tredje verk visar en av asarna i strid mot representanter för mörkrets makter. Tre verk visar asar tagna ur sina mytologiska kontexter. I tre av de valda verken syns åskguden Tor avbildad. Andra gudomar som är avbildade i mer än ett verk är Oden, Balder och Loke. Således är de populäraste motiven, med utgångspunkt från denna betraktelse, förknippade med dessa gudar. Vidare kan de avbildade händelserna ur mytologin kopplas till kampen mellan "ljus" och "mörker".</p><p>Manlighet framställs i de valda verken som förknippat med styrka, mod, stridsduglighet, reslighet och handlingskraft. Utöver detta syns även skäggväxt som ett tecken på manlig mognad. I analysen framkommer även en motsatsbild till detta ideal. Denna yttrar sig i avbildandet av fienden som vekt byggd, falsk och vild. Vad gäller hur framställningarna stämmer överrens med de historiska källorna, så innehåller de valda verken en del konstnärliga friheter. Bland dessa detaljer syns frånvaron av Odens enögdhet samt tydliga influenser av de klassiska avbildningar som tidigare gjorts av grekiska gudar. I överlag tycks dock hänsyn ha tagits till de framställningar som gjorts i de historiska källorna. Detta innebär att varje as eller asynja som framställts har gjorts så med koppling till attribut eller tydliga markeringar av rollen i det valda motivet.</p><p>Budskap som kan tolkas ligga i de valda verkens utföranden är av varierande art. Dessa budskap kan dock sammanfattas med ett framhävande av det nordiska folkets styrka och egenart. Vidare kan budskapen sägas göra en urskiljning av vilka folkslag som hör till de goda, respektive onda makterna, utifrån detaljer i utseendet.</p><p>Följande slutsatser kan dras utifrån denna studie: (1) att asarna periodvis under 1800-talet sågs som starka krigare med tydligt nordiskt ursprung; (2) denna ideologi kom att uttryckas på varierande sätt i konsten och kom även att användas av den rasideologiska vetenskapen.</p>

This essay is about how the aesir are used as an ideal image of the original Nordic aspects and as a symbol of heroism and pure strength. The main subject of this essay is to look at how this ideal of masculinity is represented in the art produced during the era of romantic nationalism. The choice of focusing on this era in particular is made due to the fact that it was during this time that the modern images of the aesir and the Vikings were made. The purpose of this study is to examine how the ideal of masculinity reflects upon the artistic interpretations of the Norse mythology in a selected group of art work produced during the 1800’s. Further more research is done in order to look for the possible political messages that could be connected to these works of art. The writing of this essay has meant a search for facts in books concerning romantic nationalism, Norse mythology and interpretation of Norse mythology, and finally depiction of the Norse mythology in the romantic nationalistic art during the 19th century.  This work has been combined with analyses of a selected number of works of art produced during the 1800’s. Some limitations have been done in selecting this art, considering the year of completion and the motif. Due to these limitations, all of the selected works were made within the time of the 19th century and depict male gods of the Norse mythology. Following conclusions can be made from this study: (1) that during periods of the 19th century the aesir were seen as strong warriors with a clearly Nordic origin; (2) this ideology was expressed in different ways in the art of the time and was later on also used by the racial ideological sciences. / Detta arbete handlar om användandet av asagudarna som en idealbild för urtypen av det nordiska och som en symbol för hjältemod och råstyrka. Undersökningen är inriktad på framställningen av detta mansideal i konsten från tiden för nationalromantiken. Valet av tidsperiod beror på att det var under nationalromantiken som den moderna bilden av vikingen och asagudarna skapades. Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur de konstnärliga tolkningarna av asamyten i valda verk speglar mansidealet under 1800-talet. Vidare undersöks de möjliga politiska budskapen i dessa verk. Genomförandet har inneburit främst litteraturgranskning kring ämnena nationalromantik, nationalromantisk konst, asatro och tolkning av asatro, samt framställning av asatron inom den nationalromantiska konsten under 1800-talet. Detta har sedan kombinerats med en analys av utvalda nationalromantiska konstverk. Begränsningar som gjorts i urvalet rör verkens tillkomstperiod och motiv. Samtliga av de sex verk som valts är därför skapade inom 1800-talet och avbildar på varierande sätt främst manliga asagudar. Studiens frågeställningar har varit följande;  Hur framställs asatrons mytologi i de utvalda nationalromantiska konstverken? Vilka drag i den nordiska mytologin och religionen framhävs inom de valda nationalromantiska konstverken; vad var det som lockade med denna mytologi och vilka teman är populärast? Hur framställs det manliga i de valda verken? Stämmer den bilden med de historiska källornas bild av myten och vilka ideal presenteras i framställningarna? Vilka politiska budskap förmedlas av konstnärerna i de valda verken? Samtliga av arbetets frågeställningar har varit möjliga att besvara. Resultatet av analyserna visar att konstverkens framställningar är mer beroende av idealen hos konstnären och rådande förhållanden under tillkomstperioden, än av de historiska källornas information. Påpekas bör dock att konstnärerna i viss mån har dragit nytta av källorna i sina framställningar. Detta syns i användandet av specifika attribut för de avbildade gudomarna. Asarna har i de utvalda konstverken framställts som ett ljust krigarfolk. Med två undantag innehåller alla valda verk avbildningar av vapen och samtliga målningar visar asarna som ljushyade. Mytologin i övrigt blir genom dessa detaljer framställd som mäktig och asarna blir således en sorts maktsymboler. I två av de valda verkens motiv syns bl.a. scener tagna ur asamytologins berättelse om världens undergång. Ett tredje verk visar en av asarna i strid mot representanter för mörkrets makter. Tre verk visar asar tagna ur sina mytologiska kontexter. I tre av de valda verken syns åskguden Tor avbildad. Andra gudomar som är avbildade i mer än ett verk är Oden, Balder och Loke. Således är de populäraste motiven, med utgångspunkt från denna betraktelse, förknippade med dessa gudar. Vidare kan de avbildade händelserna ur mytologin kopplas till kampen mellan "ljus" och "mörker". Manlighet framställs i de valda verken som förknippat med styrka, mod, stridsduglighet, reslighet och handlingskraft. Utöver detta syns även skäggväxt som ett tecken på manlig mognad. I analysen framkommer även en motsatsbild till detta ideal. Denna yttrar sig i avbildandet av fienden som vekt byggd, falsk och vild. Vad gäller hur framställningarna stämmer överrens med de historiska källorna, så innehåller de valda verken en del konstnärliga friheter. Bland dessa detaljer syns frånvaron av Odens enögdhet samt tydliga influenser av de klassiska avbildningar som tidigare gjorts av grekiska gudar. I överlag tycks dock hänsyn ha tagits till de framställningar som gjorts i de historiska källorna. Detta innebär att varje as eller asynja som framställts har gjorts så med koppling till attribut eller tydliga markeringar av rollen i det valda motivet. Budskap som kan tolkas ligga i de valda verkens utföranden är av varierande art. Dessa budskap kan dock sammanfattas med ett framhävande av det nordiska folkets styrka och egenart. Vidare kan budskapen sägas göra en urskiljning av vilka folkslag som hör till de goda, respektive onda makterna, utifrån detaljer i utseendet. Följande slutsatser kan dras utifrån denna studie: (1) att asarna periodvis under 1800-talet sågs som starka krigare med tydligt nordiskt ursprung; (2) denna ideologi kom att uttryckas på varierande sätt i konsten och kom även att användas av den rasideologiska vetenskapen.