This master’s thesis consists of a scenario-based evaluation of an IT-security assessment method known as the eXtendedMethod for Assessment of System Security (XMASS), as well as an assessment of a real-world network using the softwareimplementation of this method known as the Security AssessmeNT Application (SANTA).This thesis also describes a number of improvements made to the software implementation, some which could also be addedto the method itself. These were performed during the preparation of the assessment but had no effect on the outcome.The evaluation showed that the method and implementation contained a number of flaws in the way the filtering effect ofthe traffic mediators of a network, such as network-based firewalls, was implemented. When it comes to the assessment ofthe real-world network it was seen that the network, given the supplied information regarding the software and hardwaresetup of its entities, appeared to be sufficiently secure to handle the transmission of data at the lowest classification level(Restricted). However, as with almost all security assessments, this does not mean that the network is guaranteed to besecure enough; it just indicates that, given the information specified, the network has the potential of being sufficientlysecure.The main conclusion of this thesis is that the way XMASS and SANTA calculates the effect of filtering traffic mediatorsshould be looked into and improved to increase the usability of the tool. The method can however still be used in its currentstate, but requires the individual(s) performing the assessment to be aware of the drawbacks of the current implementationand thus compensate for these when producing the input for the assessment method.

In this study we are verifying aplicability of the tool BNAT for the target group of people with severe, multiple disability and autism in social residential facilities. Next we comment the tool. The research has been conducted by means of interviewing primary care workers. Based on the results of qualitative analysis of interviews we had commented BNAT tool and suggested adjustments, leading towards usability in residential facility conditions, considering target group. The contribution of the study is based on verifying of practicality of the tool that is mapping the needs of users in the moment of loss. The significance is foremost for workers who lead individuals with intellectual disability through the loss of the loved one.

Ce travail de thèse vise à développer une méthode générale d'évaluation des flux de contaminants issus des ruissellements des matériaux de toiture à l'échelle urbaine. Cette méthode est fondée sur une démarche originale de changement d'échelles intégrant différents outils relevant des sciences de l'ingénieur et des sciences sociales. Le travail comprend la création d'une base de données bibliographique qui permet de disposer d'une vision synoptique des matériaux de toiture nouveaux et anciens utilisés à l'échelle urbaine, ainsi que des contaminants associés. La démarche de changement d'échelle – du toit à l'échelle urbaine – repose sur la notion de situation-type d'émission d'un contaminant par un matériau de toiture à laquelle est associé un flux unitaire unique. Cette notion propose une nouvelle définition de l'émission à l'échelle du toit incluant uniquement les paramètres pertinents à l'échelle urbaine. Afin de faciliter le calcul du flux à l'échelle urbaine, différents principes méthodologiques sont adoptés pour exploiter des bases de données urbaines existantes (base des modes d'occupation du sol, cadastre, images aériennes) et les adapter ou les interpréter au prisme de la problématique particulière des émissions de toitures. Ainsi, les principes de découpage et de croisement sont utilisés pour diviser l'échelle urbaine en entités homogènes. Une entité consiste en un regroupement de bâtiments, caractérisée par une répartition propre de matériaux de toitures. Ces entités sont obtenues en croisant une étude typologique des bâtiments (élaborée à partir de la base des modes d'occupation du sol) avec l'histoire urbaine et avec l'histoire des matériaux de toiture. La définition d'un ensemble de règles empiriques est nécessaire pour permettre la quantification des matériaux des différents éléments de toitures à l'échelle de la ville. Ces règles sont élaborées à partir d'une enquête et d'entretiens menés auprès d'experts des matériaux de toitures (fabricants, syndicats…) ainsi que d'une étude historique et d'une étude du marché des matériaux de toiture.Le développement intégral de la méthode jusqu'au calcul final rend indispensable le choix d'un terrain d'étude et d'un contaminant afin d'en illustrer en détail toutes les étapes de calcul. La ville de Créteil a été choisie car elle présente une mixité urbaine et historique suffisante pour embrasser la plupart des situations urbaines susceptibles d'être rencontrées en France. Elle offre également l'avantage de disposer d'un maximum de situations-types d'émissions renseignées pour le contaminant zinc qui a donc été retenu. Complétant les règles empiriques générales, une méthode statistique est développée sur ce cas d'étude. Croisée à une interprétation visuelle des matériaux de toiture à partir des images aériennes, elle permet d'évaluer la distribution des matériaux de toiture à partir d'un échantillonnage aléatoire simple de bâtiments appliqué à chaque entité homogène de la ville. Le couplage de cette distribution avec les situations-types concernées permet alors une estimation du flux de zinc émis par l'ensemble des toitures de Créteil, à savoir 813 kg.an-1 avec une incertitude de 16,6%.La méthode élaborée est généralisable à d'autres villes et d'autres contaminants. Dans cette optique, la démarche opérationnelle à suivre a été formulée de manière synthétique en fin de travail. Son utilisation peut permettre, d'une part d'évaluer à coût réduit l'impact des toitures d'une métropole ou d'une zone urbanisée sur l'environnement et, d'autre part, d'orienter les pratiques de gestion et l'utilisation des eaux de ruissellement en limitant l'apport de contaminants par les matériaux de toitures. Afin de pouvoir appliquer cette méthode à tout contaminant, des pistes ont été dressées pour définir une approche optimisant l'acquisition de données de flux annuels unitaires pour les différentes situations-types / This thesis aims to develop a general method for modelling roofing materials emissions on the city scale. This method is based on an original scaling approach integrating different tools within the engineering sciences and social sciences. The work includes the creation of a bibliographic database describing new and old roofing materials and their associated contaminants.The scaling approach - from roof to the city scale – is based on a new concept called typical-situation of contaminant emission from roofing material on the roof. For each typical situation a contaminant annual runoff rate is associated. This concept allows the transition between the roof scale and the city scale. To facilitate contaminant flow calculation on the city scale, different methodological principles are adopted to exploit and adapt existing urban databases (land use database, numerical cadastre, and aerial images) with respect to the specific issue of roofing material emissions. Thus, dividing and crossing principles are used to divide the city into homogeneous units. A unit is a cluster of buildings characterized by a specific roofing materials distribution. These units are obtained by crossing a typological buildings study (developed from the land use database) with the city urban history and the roofing material historical evolution. Defining empirical rules is necessary to quantify the distribution of the material in the different roofing elements on the city scale. These rules are developed from a survey made by conducting interviews with experts of the roofing material sector (industrials, masters of work, architects...) as well as a historical study and a market study for roofing materials.The full development of the method makes it essential to choose a study site and a contaminant in order to illustrate in detail all the calculation steps. Créteil city was selected because it presents a big diversity and a large number of buildings in order to represent most of the urban functions of any city in France. In the city of Créteil, zinc annual runoff rates have been produced for different metallic materials for the maximum of zinc typical-situation. A statistical approach was developed to complete empirical rules to compute roofing materials area distribution on the city scale. This approach is based on a stratified random sampling technique in conjunction with aerial images interpretation of the different roofing material element applied for each unit. Given the roofing material distribution and the zinc typical-situations, annual zinc flow from roofing material at Créteil city was estimated namely 813 kg.an-1 with an uncertainty of 16.6%.The developed method can be applied to other cities and other contaminants. In this context, the operational procedure of the application of this method was described at the end of this work. Our method can be used as a decision-making tool by urban planners at three levels to implement policies in order to reduce roofing pollutants emissions. In order to apply this method to any contaminant, different tracks were drawn to define an optimized approach to produce of runoff rates for different typical situations

In a stroke-certified 500-bed acute care hospital, the 30-day readmission rates for patients discharged to rehabilitation centers or skilled nursing facilities were higher than the rates for patients discharged to home. A review of data by the stroke team showed 44 patients readmitted within 30 days of initial stroke discharge between October 2016 and January 2017. The rate of re-admission for those discharged home was 41% (18 patients), whereas the rate for those discharged to acute inpatient rehabilitation, long-term acute care, or skilled nursing facilities was 59% (26 patients). The practice-focused question for this project assessed whether using a re-admission risk-assessment tool and implementing interventions during the initial acute-care admission, would help to identify and improve risk for 30-day re-admissions for patients diagnosed with stroke. The goal of this research project was to adopt, test, and recommend the implementation of a readmission risk assessment tool to enable discharge planners to identify stroke patients at risk for readmission and implement interventions to help reduce this risk. Lewin’s theory of change was used to inform the project. A stroke re-admission risk-assessment tool in use at a similar hospital was adopted and tested for 1 week on the hospital’s 28-bed stroke unit by nurse case managers. The test was conducted among 5 patients with confirmed diagnosis of stroke. A re-admission data review was performed 30 days after their discharge, which showed no readmissions for the 5 patients involved in the trial. The tool helped to improve case manager awareness of increased risk for readmissions, guide interventions, and improve patient transition and outcomes. The implications of this project for positive change include the potential to improve risk for patients with stroke in the acute-care facility.

As electronic waste and unsustainable Information- and communication product consumption is a growing global problem, more effective tools are required for people and businesses to measure and improve their social and environmental impacts. The Agenda 2030 plan for sustainable development addresses this issue and calls for proper and safer treatment of material extraction, recycling and disposal. TCO Development have created an IT impact assessment tool which addresses this specific problem by giving procurers and purchasers the ability to browse and compare sustainable IT products. To be an effective tool, usability and user engagement attributes have to be considered, as well as the context of the user. The target audience of IT procurement officers are defined and a qualitative study is conducted to evaluate which changes to the design are important to implement to increase the usability and user engagement of the IT sustainability impact assessment tool. The evaluation of the tool shows general positive feedback towards the general layout, design and functionality. Only a few severe errors are discovered which are identified to be in the filtering process. Errors regarding the sensitivity of the slider tool, the excess of options when choosing a TCO certificate version, and confusing terminology while choosing a product type are a few problems which are discovered. A few corrective design alterations were presented based on these discoveries. Moving forward, the iterative design process should continue to address the remaining usability errors. Furthermore, developers and designers should prioritize improving the aspects of data accuracy, transparency as well as system integration to improve corresponding user engagement attributes. / Elektroniskt avfall och ohållbar konsumtion av informations- och kommunikationsprodukter är ett växande problem i världen. Fler och effektivare verktyg behövs för att människor och företag ska kunna mäta och förbättra sin sociala och miljömässiga påverkan. Agenda 2030-planen för hållbar utveckling berör denna fråga genom att efterlysa säkra och hållbara metoder för materialutvinning, återvinning och avfallshantering av produkter. TCO Development har skapat ett verktyg som bedömer IT-produkters klimatavtryck vilket tillåter inköpare och upphandlare att gå igenom och jämföra hållbara IT-produkter med varandra. För att fungera effektivt behöver verktygets attribut för användbarhet och användarengagemang tillgodoses. Vidare behöver kontexten för verktygets användning analyseras. Målgruppen för verktyget definierades och en kvalitativ studie genomfördes därefter för att identifiera vilka designförändringar som är viktiga att implementera för att öka användbarheten och engagemanget hos användarna. Resultatet av studien visar att det finns en generell positiv attityd gentemot den allmänna layouten, designen och funktionaliteten hos  verktyget. Endast ett fåtal allvarliga avvikelser upptäcktes och kunde isoleras till filtreringsprocessen. Känsligheten av skjutreglaget, ett överflöd av certifieringsalternativ att välja bland, samt missvisande terminologi vid val av produkttyp är några problem som upptäcktes. Utifrån dessa, kunde förslag på åtgärdande designförändringar presenteras. I framtiden bör TCO Development fortsätta arbeta iterativt med designprocessen och fokusera på de kvarvarande användbarhetsavvikelserna. Vidare bör utvecklare och designers prioritera verktygets förmåga att presentera korrekt och transparent data, såväl som integrationen med externa system. På så vis kan de tillhörande attributen för användarengagemang förbättras.

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Sammanfattning: Bakgrund: Främre korsbandsskada är en allvarlig men vanlig skada inom idrott som resulterar i psykologiska konsekvenser, en av dessa är oro för att skada sig igen och detta kan påverka deras återgång till idrott negativt. Oro och andra psykologiska konsekvenser mäts vanligtvis med det smärtcentrerade frågeformuläret Tampa scale of kinesiophobia (TSK), även fast idrottare med korsbandsskada sällan upplever smärta senare i rehabiliteringen. Re-injury anxiety inventory (RIAI) belyser ångest och andra psykologiska faktorer inom rehabilitering (RIAI-R) och återgång till tävlingssammanhang (RIAI-C) som idrottare kan uppleva. Detta frågeformulär finns dock inte på svenska, vilket gör att svenska fysioterapeuter saknar ett självskattningsformulär som mäter ångest för att skada sig igen. Syfte: Att översätta och tvärkulturellt anpassa RIAI från originalspråket engelska till svenska och testa den på en mindre målgrupp. Metod: Kvalitativ och kvantitativ studiedesign. Fem-steg: Steg 1: Översättning av enkät: Steg 2: sammanfogning av översättningarna från steg 1. Steg 3: Återöversättning till originalspråk. Två separata översättningar genomfördes vid steg: 1 och 3. Steg 4: en expertkommitté granskade den sammanfogade versionen. Steg 5: Prefinala versionen testades genom intervjuer med 13 personer som hade genomgått främre korsbandsrekonstruktion (ACLR) och slutliga korrigeringar gjordes i enlighet med detta för att skapa den slutliga versionen. En korrelationsanalys med 18 personer genomfördes även av RIAI-SE och TSK. Resultat: Den prefinala versionen bestod efter intervjuerna och en svensk version RIAI-SE skapades. RIAI-SE och TSK jämfördes, det visade ingen signifikant korrelation P>0,093.  Slutsats:  Översättningen och kulturella anpassningen av originalformuläret RIAI, resulterade i en svensk version, RIAI-SE. Inga korrelationer mellan RIAI-SE och TSK bekräftar att de mäter olika begrepp. RIAI-SE kan komma att användas av fysioterapeuter på svenska idrottare med allvarliga skador efter att verktyget har visat sig ha god validitet och reliabilitet.

Water quality management for agricultural production is a complicated and interesting problem. Hydrological and economic factors must be considered when designing strategies to reduce nutrient runoff from agricultural activities. This dissertation is composed of three chapters that investigate cost-effective ways to mitigate water pollution from agricultural nonpoint pollution sources and explore farmers' incentives when participating in water quality trading programs. Chapter 1 investigates landscape targeting of best management practices (BMPs) based on topographic index (TI) to determine how targeting would affect costs of meeting nitrogen (N) loading goals for Mahantango watershed, Pennsylvania. We use the results from two climate models and the mean of the ensemble of seven climate models to estimate expected climate changes and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool-Variable Source Area (SWAT-VSA) model to predict crop yields and N export. Costs of targeting and uniform placement of BMPs across the entire study area (4.23 km2) are compared under historical and future climate scenarios. We find that with a goal of reducing N loadings by 25%, spatial targeting methods could reduce costs by an average of 30% compared with uniform BMP placement under three historical climate scenarios. Cost savings from targeting are 38% under three future climate scenarios. Chapter 2 scales up the study area to the Susquehanna watershed (71,000 km2). We examine the effects of targeting the required reductions in N runoff within counties, across counties, and both within and across counties for the Susquehanna watershed. We set the required N reduction to 35%. Using the uniform strategy to meet the required N reduction as the baseline, results show that costs of achieving a regional 35% N reduction goal can be reduced by 13%, 31% and 36% with cross-county targeting, within-county targeting and within and across county targeting, respectively. Results from Chapters 1 and 2 suggest that cost effectiveness of government subsidy programs for water quality improvement in agriculture can be increased by targeting them to areas with lower N abatement costs. In addition, targeting benefits are likely to be even larger under climate change. Chapter 3 investigates the landowner's nutrient credit trading behavior when facing the price uncertainty given the credits are allowed to be banked for future use. A two-step decision model is used in this study. For the first step, we determine the landowner's application level of a BMP on working land in the initial time period. The nutrient credits awarded to the landowner depend on the nutrient reduction level at the edge of field generated by the BMP application. For the second step, we use an intertemporal model to examine the landowner's credit trading behavior with stochastic price fluctuations over time and with transaction costs. The theoretical framework is applied with a numerical simulation incorporated with a hydro-economic model and dynamic programming. Nutrient Management (NM) is selected as the BMP on working land to generate N credits. We find that gains to the landowner from credit banking increase with higher price volatility and with higher price drift, but that gains are larger with price volatility. However, for a landowner holding a small amount of nutrient credits, the gains from credit banking are small due to transaction costs. / Doctor of Philosophy / Two considerations are critical for efforts to mitigate nutrient runoff from nonpoint sources: cost effectiveness of strategies to reduce nutrient runoff and landowners' incentives to participate in these programs. This dissertation is composed of three manuscripts, aiming to evaluate the cost effectiveness of government subsidy programs for water quality management in agriculture and investigate the landowner's incentives to participate in water quality trading programs for the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Chapter 1 investigates gains from targeting Best Management Practices (BMPs) under current and future climate conditions based on the soil characteristics relative to uniform BMP application for a small experimental watershed (4.23km2). Chapter 2 scales up the study area to a 71,000 km2 watershed and treats each county within the watershed as a representative farm to explore economic gains from targeting within county and across county based on counties' physical conditions and agricultural patterns. Both Chapters show that cost-effectiveness of government subsidy programs can be improved by spatial targeting BMPs to areas with lower abatement costs. Gains from targeting increase under climate change. In Chapter 3 we shows how a landowner's revenues from nutrient credit selling will be affected if the credits are allowed to be banked for future use when she faces price uncertainty. We find that gains to the landowner from credit banking increase more with higher price volatility than with higher price drift. Gains from banking are largely reduced by transaction costs associated with trading.

Idag står samhället inför stora utmaningar vad gäller hållbar omställning. Inom byggbranschenär arkitekten en av yrkesrollerna som är med i det tidiga skedet och har chans att påverka vadsom projekteras. Idag begränsas arkitektens resurser och möjligheter att påverka, myckethandlar om avsaknad auktoritet hos arkitektyrket. Att arkitekten begränsas skapar svårighetervad gäller att göra hållbara materialval samt påverka beställarens prioriteringar och beslut.Syftet med följande arbete är att hitta en strategi för att underlätta arkitektens hållbarhetsarbete.Arbetet har undersökt vilka svårigheter som upplevs, vad som efterfrågas och hur arkitekteninom branschen använder sig utav miljöbedömningsverktyg. Arbetet har även undersökt omnågot land eller yrkesroll skulle kunna verka som föregångare till Sverige. Där har Tysklandsbranschkultur för arkitekter undersökts samt yrkesrollen miljösamordnare. Arbetet avgränsarsig till mindre arkitektkontor med begränsade resurser, privata beställare och analys av ettbegränsat antal digitala miljöbedömningsverktyg. Undersökningar har gjorts genom en mindrelitteraturstudie, en enkät och ett tiotal semistrukturerade intervjuer.Resultatet visar på att det finns en rad åtgärder som kan göras på kontors- och individnivå.Åtgärderna kan appliceras med små medel om utrymme ges tidsmässigt. Flera av åtgärdernakan lösas tillsammans inom ett kontor men det kräver också att det finns ett eget intresse hosarkitekten på individnivå. Ett exempel på åtgärd på kontorsnivå skulle kunna vara internaworkshops där kontoret utbildar sig själva inom hållbara material. På individnivå är en åtgärdatt hålla sig uppdaterad inom ämnet exempelvis genom att skaffa sig ett inspirerande nätverkpå LinkedIn. Den mest övergripande slutsatsen för arbetet är att krav på hållbarhet måste ställasfrån branschorganisationer och riksdag för att förändring ska ske. / The society today faces several challenges when it comes to sustainability. The architect’s roletoday has limited influence on the client. While they are involved early on in the process, theyhave the opportunity to influence although this opportunity is not always available becauserecourses is not provided. The architects today experience difficulties when making sustainablematerial choices and influencing client priorities.The purpose of the following work is to assist the architect in their sustainability work. Thework has investigated the difficulties experienced, what is demanded, and how architects in theindustry utilize environmental assessment tools. The work has also investigated whether anycountry or professional role could serve as a precursor to Sweden. Germany's industry culturefor architects and the professional role of environmental coordinator have been examined. Thework is limited to smaller architectural firms with limited resources, private clients, and analysisof a limited number of digital environmental assessment tools. Surveys have been conductedby a small literature review, a questionnaire and a dozen semi-structed interviews.The results show that there are several measures that can be taken at both office and individuallevels. The measures can be implemented with small means if time is provided. Several of themeasures can be solved together within an office, but it also requires a personal interest fromthe architect on an individual level. An example of an action at the office level could be internalworkshops where the office educates themselves on sustainable materials. At the individuallevel, an action is to stay updated on the subject, for example by acquiring an inspiring networkon LinkedIn. The primary conclusion of the work is that demands for sustainability must be setby industry organizations and parliament for change to occur.