Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Information & Communication Sciences, Department of Physics, 2003. / Bibliography: p. 269-277. / Introduction -- Oliphant: a finger in many pies -- Men of vision and a world power in embryo -- The birth of the Commission -- We need secrets to trade: the Beryllia Project -- The Commission: a hive of activity -- The reactor that never was: the Jervis Bay Project -- The reinvention of the Commission -- The Commission is dead, long live ANSTO -- Conclusion. / Nuclear energy was once seen as a possible answer to man's energy needs, but it could also be used to produce the most destructive weapons known. The initial research into the phenomenon of nuclear fission was done at university laboratories in Europe on the eve of the Second World War. This war led to the development of the first nuclear weapons. After the war, many nations wanted access to both the weapons and the source of cheap power that the process of nuclear fission provided. Australia was one such nation. -- The Australian Government wanted nuclear energy to help develop the dry interior of the continent. There were many in Government who also wanted nuclear weapons. This work focuses on the Australian pursuit of nuclear energy for peaceful uses. The achieve this aim an organisation was established which would train scientists and engineers in nuclear science and technology. This organisation, the Australian Atomic Energy Commission, is the subject of this thesis. -- This work will examine the political influences that governed the Commission in its function and scientific research paths. Specifically, it will examine how successive governments caused the Commission to cancel projects, change the direction of its research, attempted (on several occasions) to amalgamate the Commission with the CSIRO, forcing the organisation into uranium mining and finally abolishing it and replacing it with a new organisation, the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation. Government interference would continue with this new organisation which had its entire board dismissed in 1993. -- The Commission was essentially a scientific and engineering organisation and hence this thesis will also consider a number of projects with which the Commission was involved such as the Beryllium Project, uranium exploration and mining, the uranium enrichment programs, the purchase of two nuclear reactors, the Synroc project, and the ill-fated Jervis Bay power reactor project. Other projects which were started in the early days of the Commission, the neutron diffraction work and the isotope production projects, will be mentioned in passing. Both these projects require a more detailed appraisal than is possible in this thesis. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / viii, 278 p. ill

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-04-10T16:42:50Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-10T16:42:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tecnologia nuclear, ter o seu domínio é, considerado nos dias de hoje, um diferencial para um país frente aos demais, podendo representar uma ameaça internacional a ser contida ou um aspecto de valorização tecnológica e política para aqueles cuja credibilidade internacional é reconhecida. Diante do uso crescente de novas tecnologias no setor e a necessidade de uma regulamentação, de acordo com os padrões de segurança internacionais, para assegurar a sua utilização, o objetivo desse estudo foi demonstrar se a radioproteção ocupacional e ambiental praticada em nosso país está de acordo com os padrões internacionais de segurança radiológica e nuclear. Para tanto, foi atualizada e revisada a legislação brasileira na área da energia nuclear comparando-a com as da União Europeia, contextualizados os pontos fortes e os pontos fracos da legislação nacional, apontadas críticas e sugestões para que reformas sejam realizadas visando a sua adequação aos padrões internacionais. A hipótese considerada demonstrou que mudanças na estrutura de regulação do setor nuclear brasileiro são necessárias, visando a criação de uma agência reguladora de atividades nucleares, com o intuito de assegurar que o estado da arte e da tecnologia, em termos de segurança nuclear, seja a base do exercício de suas atividades normativas de fiscalização e de avaliação de segurança na preservação do meio ambiente, da saúde do público e dos trabalhadores, frente às aplicações da energia nuclear. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-04-10T16:42:50Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-10T16:42:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta para implementação de uma estrutura regulatória integrada com abordagem em qualidade e meio ambiente no processo de licenciamento de reatores nucleares de pesquisa no Brasil. A proposta foi desenvolvida a partir do estudo de processos de licenciamento de reatores nucleares de pesquisa de diversos países Membros da Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica. Após esta fase, realizou-se um estudo comparativo destes processos com o processo de licenciamento de reatores nucleares de pesquisa Brasileiro, para identificação boas práticas (aspectos positivos), possíveis lacunas existentes e então apresentar uma proposta para gestão integrada em qualidade e meio ambiente, com o objetivo de contribuir com um novo esquema para o processo de licenciamento no Brasil. A revisão da literatura considerou os seguintes reatores nucleares de pesquisa: Jules-Horowitz e OSIRIS (França), Hanaro (Coréia do Sul), Maples 1 e 2 (Canada), OPAL (Austrália), Pallas (Holanda), ETRR-2 (Egito) e IEA-R1 (Brasil). O atual processo de licenciamento de reatores nucleares de pesquisa é conduzido por dois órgãos regulatórios: a Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN) e o Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Renováveis (IBAMA). A CNEN é responsável pelas questões nucleares, enquanto o IBAMA pelas questões ambientais. Para apoiar o trabalho, foram aplicados um instrumento de pesquisa e entrevistas, construídas com base na atual estrutura regulatória adotada para os quatro reatores de pesquisa existentes no Brasil. Atualmente, o processo de licenciamento nuclear para reatores de pesquisa no Brasil possui seis fases e o processo ambiental somente três fases. Um estudo da correlação entre estas fases fundamentou a proposta de uma nova estrutura regulatória integrada em qualidade e meio ambiente com quatro fases harmonizadas, reduzindo potencialmente os atrasos nos processos de licenciamento de reatores nucleares de pesquisa. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

[pt] A pesquisa tem por foco a análise da atuação da Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica (AIEA) no que se refere ao programa nuclear iraniano. Para tal, utilizamos a teorização de Edward Said em O orientalismo (1978), como modo de argumentarmos a existência de representações de alteridade sobre o Irã, que constroem este Estado como uma ameaça à estabilidade e à paz internacionais. Selecionamos para este trabalho os discursos de Estados Unidos, Israel e Arábia Saudita, por considerarmos estes os Estados mais interessados em manter o Irã afastado da tecnologia nuclear. Estes Estados constroem discursivamente representações de alteridade e risco sobre o Irã, como forma de argumentar que os demais Estados e a AIEA devem se mobilizar para evitar que o Estado xiita adquira a tecnologia nuclear. Nossa pesquisa tem como foco a análise do tratamento do contencioso iraniano na AIEA, de modo a identificarmos se os discursos de alteridade relativos ao Irã alteram o comportamento da agência. Para tal, testaremos se o secretariado da AIEA cumpre as normas estabelecidas no regime internacional de não-proliferação nuclear, mantendo-se na esfera técnica, ou se os discursos de alteridade construídos pelos Estados selecionados modificam seu comportamento, tornando suas decisões mais rígidas com relação ao Irã. / [en] This dissertation analyses the role played by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in the Iranian nuclear program. As theoretical grounds, we shall employ Edward Said`s framework presented in Orientalism (1978) so as to debate the existence of alterity representations regarding Iran which depict this state as a menace to international peace and stability. For this research, we have selected speeches by the United States, Israel and Saudi Arabia, for we consider these the states most interested in keeping Iran away from nuclear technology. Through discourse, these states build representations of alterity and threat concerning Iran, as a means to argue that all other states along with the IAEA must mobilize so as to prevent the Shiite state from acquiring nuclear technology. This research shall assess how Iran`s litigious was dealt with by the IAEA with a view to identifying if the alterity discourses regarding Iran have altered the agency`s behavior. Thus, we shall investigate if the IAEA secretariat abides by the norms established by the nuclear non-proliferation international regime, limiting itself to the technical sphere, or if the alterity discourses built by the selected states modify its behavior, rendering its decisions towards Iran more stringent.

In the atomic energy pile at Chalk River, heavy water (deuterium oxide, D2O) is to be used as a moderator. Early in 1944, it became evident that frequent determinations of the isotopic composition of D2O samples would be required. For this purpose, there was obtained from the American authorities a mass spectrometer specially designed for routine hydrogen isotope analysis. This instrument was assembled and put into operation at McMaster in the summer of 1944. During the course of subsequent work, two other deuterium mass spectrometers were built in this laboratory, following the design of the instrument sent from the United States; one of these has now been installed at the plant site, and a second is to follow at an early date. The studies reported below involved the determination of operating conditions, the measurement of grid leaks, of the order of 10^10 ohms, and the investigation of further applications of the deuterium mass spectrometer. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Using the IAEA as a case for focused study, this thesis argues that the construction and reconstruction of the Secretariat’s legitimacy has been dependant upon several different legitimating influences at different stages in the IAEA’s evolution. In brief, it will be demonstrated that early on, in the absence of clear non-proliferation norms, power wielded by critical and self-interested actors functioned as the primary legitimator – promoting early development and insulating the organization from outside pressures. However, based upon this particular case, I will also argue that state power alone is insufficient to guarantee legitimacy and the exercise of international public authority, especially in light of the degree to which these institutions are increasingly expected to challenge the territorial sovereignty of member states. In order for an organization to acquire adequate legitimacy to exercise public authority over the long term, it must develop beyond the point at which state power is instrumental, and assume a degree of organizational autonomy. This happened with the evolution of organizational expertise recognizing the IAEA’s bureaucracy as an authority, development of specific nonproliferation rules and norms that placed the IAEA in authority, and “right” processes within the bureaucracy that reinforced these and other substantive norms, positioning the Secretariat as a trusted agent within international society. Thus, the development of a professional identity, successful norms and rules, and the elaboration of a “right” process were key to the creation of legitimacy, and as a consequence, the Secretariat’s exercise of public authority in support of the safeguards regime.

La tesi si ripropone di dare un contributo allo studio della “questione nucleare iraniana”. Partendo da una meticolosa ricostruzione storica del programma nucleare dell’Iran, si affronta il caso in rapporto alle teorie elaborate dai differenti approcci delle Relazioni internazionali per analizzare la proliferazione di armi nucleari. Oltre a testare e comparare le capacità esplicative di queste teorie, vengono sottolineati alcuni fattori utili a comprendere le motivazioni alla base delle decisioni prese dall’Iran in ambito nucleare. In particolare, la tesi approfondisce il ruolo di variabili attinenti il quadro politico interno all’Iran, che sono state spesso sottovalutate in studi precedenti, a favore di condizionamenti strategici esterni al paese. Variabili che permettono di spiegare la continuità e persistenza degli investimenti iraniani in campo nucleare, pur in un contesto politico-strategico mutevole. Nonostante questo, l’approccio dell’intero lavoro rimane comunque incentrato sulla molteplicità delle dimensioni politiche, strategiche e simboliche che devono essere tenute in considerazione per tentare di comprendere le potenziali ambizioni dell’Iran, nonché l'attuale situazione di stallo e indeterminatezza sulle finalità del programma nucleare di questo paese. Nelle conclusioni vengono infine prospettate ipotesi tecnico-negoziali su cui sviluppare future iniziative diplomatiche e di ricerca. / This thesis aims at giving a contribution to the study of the “Iranian nuclear question”. Starting from a detailed historical reconstruction of the nuclear program of Iran, we address this case in connection with several theoretical approaches to International Relations that try to explain the proliferation of nuclear weapons. This analysis allows us to compare and test the explanatory capabilities of these theories and to focus on some leading factors underlying Iranian nuclear decisions. In particular, we highlight the role of domestic variables, which were underestimated in previous studies on this issue, mainly focused on external strategic constraints. These variables are helpful in explaining the continuity and the persistence of the Teheran’s investment in the nuclear field, notwithstanding the many changes affecting the regional political and strategic framework. Besides this aspect, the approach to the entire thesis continues to be focused on the plurality of dimensions that should be considered in trying to understand the potential ambitions of Iran as well as the current stalemate and uncertainty related to the purposes of the nuclear program of this country. The thesis eventually elaborates some perspectives regarding technical and bargaining hypothesis on which to develop future diplomatic initiatives and researches.

The role of scalar mesons in radiative vector meson decays is investigated. The effects of scalar-isoscalar f_{0}(980) and scalar-isovector a_{0}(980) mesons are studied in the mechanism of the radiative Phi-&gt / pi{+}pi{-}gamma and phi-&gt / pi{0}eta gamma decays, respectively. A phenomenological approach is used to study the radiative phi-&gt / pi{+}p{-}gamma decay by considering the contributions of sigma-meson, rho-meson and f_{0}-meson. The interference effects between different contributions are analyzed and the branching ratio for this decay is calculated. The radiative phi-&gt / pi{0}eta gamma decay is studied within the framework of a phenomenological approach in which the contributions of rho-meson, chiral loop and a_{0}-meson are considered. The interference effects between different contributions are examined and the coupling constants g_{phi a_{0} gamma} and g_{a_{0}K{+}K{-}} are estimated using the experimental branching ratio for the phi-&gt / pi{0}eta gamma decay. Furthermore, the radiative rho{0}pi{+}pi{-}gamma$ and rho{0}-&gt / pi{0}pi{0}gamma decays are studied to investigate the role of scalar-isoscalar sigma-meson. The branching ratios of the rho{0}-&gt / pi{+}pi{-}gamma and rho{0}-&gt / pi{0}pi{0}gamma decays are calculated using a phenomenological approach by adding to the amplitude calculated within the framework of chiral perturbation theory and vector meson dominance the amplitude of sigma-meson intermediate state. In all the decays studied the scalar meson intermediate states make important contributions to the overall amplitude.