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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
111

Amorphous Al-transition Metal Alloys as Anode Material for Lithium Ion Battery

Wang, C.Y., Ceder, Gerbrand, Li, Yi 01 1900 (has links)
Al based alloy powders (Al₈₅Ni₅Y₆Co₂Fe₂) are produced by spray atomization method. High energy ball milling is done to modify the surface topology and particle size for better electrochemical performance. X ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were conducted to characterize the microstructure of the alloys after ball milling. It is found that 5 hours ball milling gives the minimum crystallization and structure change. Thin film sample is also deposited on stainless steel substrate by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method for electrochemical test. The capacity and reversibility for different samples are compared and discussed. A capacity of 200mAh/g is obtained for the battery with thin film sample as anode and a capacity of 140mAh/g is obtained for that with electrode from powder sample. Both of the batteries give up to 94% capacity retention after 20 cycles. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)
112

Simulation of atomization process coupled with forced perturbation with a view to modelling and controlling thermoacoustic instability

Yang, Xiaochuan January 2017 (has links)
Thermoacoustic instability is of fundamental and applied interest in both scientific research and practical applications. This study aims to explore several very important sub-aspects in this field and contribute to a better understanding of thermoacoustic instability as encountered in typical gas turbines and rocket engines. Atomization has been recognized as a key mechanism in driving applied thermoacoustic instability. In this regard, this study mainly focuses on the atomization process relevant for delineation of thermoacoustic instability, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the effect of acoustics on primary and secondary atomization. Firstly, a tree-based adaptive solver and VOF method are employed to simulate the jet primary atomization. The code is validated by theoretical, numerical and experimental results to demonstrate its capability and accuracy in terms of atomization in both low-speed and high-speed regime. Perturbation frequency and amplitude have shown to affect the atomization significantly. Besides, the effect of acoustic forcing on liquid ligament has also been numerically investigated. A volume source term is introduced to extend the solver to model the compressible effects in the presence of acoustic forcing. The influence of acoustic wave number, amplitude and frequency has been examined in detail. In terms of modelling the thermoacoustic instability, bifurcation analysis is carried out for a time-delayed thermoacoustic system using the Method of Line approach. Good predictions have been obtained to capture the nonlinear behaviors inherent in the system. Moreover, model-based simulation and control of thermoacoustic instability have been conducted. A low-order wave-based network model for acoustics is coupled with nonlinear flame describing function to predict the nonlinear instability characteristics in both frequency and time domain. Furthermore, active feedback control is implemented. Two different controllers have been designed to eliminate the thermoacoustic instability to an acceptably low level and may be employed in a practical manner.
113

Secagem por aspersão da polpa de pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus).

SANTIAGO, Vanessa Maria dos Santos. 22 August 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-22T12:17:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VANESSA DOS SANTOS SANTIAGO - TESE (PPGEP) 2015.pdf: 1752417 bytes, checksum: 4ac1fe644e9e3baae1cd0a9861e331c6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T12:17:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VANESSA DOS SANTOS SANTIAGO - TESE (PPGEP) 2015.pdf: 1752417 bytes, checksum: 4ac1fe644e9e3baae1cd0a9861e331c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / CNPq / Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de obter um produto em pó a partir da polpa integralda pitaya, através do método de secagem por aspersão e avaliar sua estabilidade durante 60 dias de armazenamento, sob condições controladas de umidade relativa (83%) e temperatura (30 e 40 °C). Foram elaboradas três formulações com a polpa de pitaya integral com a adição de maltodextrina em três concentrações (25, 30 e 35%) e desidratadas nas temperaturas do ar de secagem de 150, 170 e 190 °C. Foi selecionado o melhor produto em pó mediante os resultados das análises dos parâmetros de betacianinas e intensidade de vermelho (+a*). Os melhores resultados foram obtidos na temperatura de 150 °C e 25% de maltodextrina. Determinaram-se as isotermas de adsorção de água da amostra selecionada em diferentes temperaturas (20, 30 e 40 °C) e ajustaram-se os modelos de GAB, Oswin e Peleg aos dados experimentais. A partir dos resultados verificados, a polpa de pitaya integral foi considerada ácida e com conteúdo de betacianinas considerável. As amostras em pó apresentaram teor de água de 2,02 a 2,60% e verificou-se que durante o armazenamentoda amostra em pó selecionada o teor de água, a atividade de água e a solubilidade das amostras aumentaram. As isotermas de adsorção do pó selecionado foram classificadas como Tipo III e os modelos de Oswine GAB foram os que melhor se ajustaram aos dados experimentais. Com o aumento da temperatura houve um maior aumento na degradação das betacianinas e da intensidade de vermelho da polpa de pitaya em pó selecionada com comportamento inverso para a luminosidade. / This work was carried out with the objective of obtaining a powder product from the pitaya whole pulp by means of spray drying and evaluating its stability during 60 days of storage under controlled conditions of relative humidity (83%) and temperatures (30 and 40 °C). Three formulations were made with the pitaya whole pulp with the addition of maltodextrin, in three concentrations (25, 30 and 35%), and dehydrated at the drying air temperatures of 150, 170 and 190 oC. The best powder was selected by the results of the analysis of the parameters of betacyanins and redness (+a*). The best results were obtained at the temperature of 150 °C and 25% maltodextrin. The moisture adsorption isotherms of the selected powder at different temperatures (20, 30 and 40 oC) were determined and the GAB, Oswin and Peleg models fitted to the experimental data. From the verified results the pitaya whole pulp was considered acid and with considerable betacyanin content. The powder had a moisture content of 2.02 to 2.60% and it was verified that during the storage of the selected powder the moisture content, the water activity and solubility of the samples increased. The moisture adsorption isotherms of the selected powder were classified as Type III and the Oswin and GAB models were the best fit to the experimental data. With the increase in temperature there was a greater increase in the degradation of the betacyanins and the redness of the selected pitaya powder with inverse behavior for the luminosity.
114

Obtenção, caracterização e avaliação da estabilidade de pigmentos naturais microencapsulados / Retrieval, characterization and evaluation of stability of microencapsulated natural pigments

Landim, Eli Maria Camurça January 2008 (has links)
LANDIM, Eli Maria Camurça. Obtenção, caracterização e avaliação da estabilidade de pigmentos naturais microencapsulados. 2008. 89 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Fortaleza-CE, 2008 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-06-02T14:40:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_emclandim.pdf: 1448297 bytes, checksum: 91e22bd16d8afc2271d7bd1a72a1a11b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-06-02T14:41:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_emclandim.pdf: 1448297 bytes, checksum: 91e22bd16d8afc2271d7bd1a72a1a11b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T14:41:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_emclandim.pdf: 1448297 bytes, checksum: 91e22bd16d8afc2271d7bd1a72a1a11b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Nowadays, there is a world increase in the consumer’s preference for food that contains natural ingredients. As it comes to pigments, there is still a difficulty in the utilization of natural pigments on the food industry, because these have less stability than the synthetic ones. With the objective of increasing the stability and the utilization of natural pigments as food ingredients, they were submitted to microencapsulation by atomization. The utilized pigments were bixin, a liposoluble pigment from urucum (Bixa orellana L.) and anthocyanins, water soluble pigments from açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), combined with encapsulating agents (arabic gum, cashew tree gum and maltodextrin), in different formulations. Moisture, solubility and crystallinity tests were executed, as well as scanning electronic microscopy, in order to observe the microcapsules morphology. The microencapsulated natural pigments were studied by calorimetry in different presentations, that is, they were dissolved in a pH 4,0 buffer-solution and as powders. In the referred buffer-solution, a pure anthocyanin extract was used as a control. Then, the stability of the described formulations were evaluated through time, at room temperature of 23°C ± 1°C, with and without light exposure. The microencapsulated natural pigments degeneration occurred faster under light. The cashew tree gum proved to be a good encapsulating agent and, since it is an abundant natural resource in Ceará, it can be utilized to replace arabic gum, whose importation cost is high. / Atualmente, ocorre um crescimento mundial da preferência dos consumidores pelos alimentos que contêm ingredientes naturais. Em relação aos pigmentos, ainda há certa dificuldade na utilização de corantes naturais na indústria alimentícia, pois estes apresentam menor estabilidade que os corantes sintéticos. Com o objetivo de aumentar a estabilidade e a utilização dos corantes naturais como ingredientes alimentícios, aplicou-se aos mesmos, a técnica de microencapsulação por atomização. Os corantes utilizados foram bixina, pigmento lipossolúvel do urucum, fruto do urucuzeiro (Bixa orellana L.) e antocianinas, pigmentos hidrossolúveis do açaí, fruto do açaizeiro (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), com os agentes encapsulantes goma arábica, goma do cajueiro e maltodextrina, em diferentes formulações. Testes de umidade, solubilidade e cristalinidade foram executados, bem como a microscopia eletrônica, para observação da morfologia das microcápsulas. Através da colorimetria, os pigmentos naturais microencapsulados foram estudados em diferentes apresentações, ou seja, dissolvidos em solução-tampão pH 4,0 e na forma de pós. Na referida solução-tampão utilizou-se também o extrato puro de antocianinas como testemunha. Verificou-se então, a estabilidade ao longo do tempo das formulações descritas, em temperatura ambiente de 25°C ± 1°C na presença (450h) e ausência (1400h) da luz. A degradação dos pigmentos microencapsulados ocorreu mais rapidamente na luz. A goma do cajueiro mostrou-se como bom encapsulante e sendo um abundante recurso natural do Ceará poderá ser utilizado como substituto da goma arábica, cujo custo de importação é elevado.
115

Deposição por spray pirólise de filmes de ferrita de lantânio dopada com estrôncio e cobalto e sua caracterização microestrutural e de propriedades elétricas

Silva, Paula Luciana Bezerra da January 2015 (has links)
Este trabalho investigou a deposição dos filmes finos de ferritas de lantânio dopado com estrôncio e cobalto La1-xSrxCo1-yFeyO3-δ (LSCF) através da técnica de spray pirólise empregando precursores inorgânicos e silício como substrato. Foram utilizados água e etanol na proporção de (3:1) como solvente na preparação da solução a ser aspergida. As deposições foram realizadas em diferentes temperaturas: 130ºC, 150ºC, 170ºC e 200ºC. Os filmes de LSCF antes e após o tratamento térmico foram analisados por difração de raios X (DRX) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). O spray de deposição dos filmes em função das soluções com diferentes proporções de etanol (0%, 50%, 75% e 100%) foi investigado utilizado uma câmera rápida de alta resolução e um laser com comprimento de onda 532 nm. Os resultados evidenciaram que a temperatura de ebulição do solvente e de deposição são parâmetros importantes na determinação da morfologia dos filmes. Maiores teores de etanol promovem um aumento nos valores do ângulo de cone e que a propriedade da tensão superficial exerce significativamente maior influência nos aspectos que envolvem a estrutura do spray, a atomização do líquido, formação de gotas e no ponto de ruptura das soluções Os resultados de DRX apresentaram a fase cristalina majoritária de LSCF após o tratamento térmico a 750°C por 2 horas e a fase secundária de La2O3. As imagens de MEV evidenciaram a formação de filmes para as distâncias de deposição de 120 mm, embora apenas na temperatura de 200°C apresentasse uma estrutura porosa antes e após o tratamento térmico. A presença de interdifusão e microporosidade foi observada para esse filme. Para as diferentes composições de LSCF nas condições de 120 mm e a 200°C, apenas as composições de La1-xSrxCo0,2Fe0,8 com x = 0,6, 0,9 e 0,7 apresentaram estrutura porosa após o tratamento térmico. O filme de La0,8Sr0,2Co0,2Fe0,8 apresentou maior condutividade iônica/elétrica e energia de ativação. A presença de fases secundárias (La2O3, SrO2 e La2CoO3) contribuiu para a redução da condutividade elétrica e iônica e a energia de ativação. / This work investigated the deposition conditions of thin lanthanum ferrite films doped with strontium and cobalt – La1-xSrxCo1-yFeyO3-δ (LSCF) through the spray pyrolysis technique using inorganic precursors and silicon as a substrate. Water and ethanol were used in the proportion (3:1) as solvent in the preparation of the solution to be sprinkled. The depositions were carried out at different temperatures: 130°C, 150°C, 170°C and 200°C. The films of LSCF were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy before and after thermal treatment. The XRD results showed the obtainment of crystalline phase of LSCF after thermal treatment at 750°C/2hours and secondary phase of La2O3. The sprays of solutions with different proportions of ethanol (0%, 50%, 75% and 100%) were analyzed using a fast high-resolution camera and a laser with a wavelength of 532nm.The results showed those deposition temperature and solvente boiling points are important parameters to determine the thin morphology Higher ethanol levels promote an increase in the cone angle values and that the property of the surface tension exerts significantly greater influence on issues involving the structure of the spray, the atomization of the liquid, the droplets formation and the breaking point of the solutions. The XRD results showed the obtainment of majority crystalline phase of LSCF after thermal treatment at 750°C/2 hours with the presence of secondary phase of La2O3. The SEM images showed formation of films for the distance of 120 mm, although only at the temperature of 200°C it presents porous morphology before and after thermal treatment. The presence of interdiffusion and microporosity was observed for this film. For different LSCF compositions under the conditions of 120 mm and 200°C, the films of La1-xSrx Co0,2Fe0,8 with x = 0,6; 0,9 and 0,7 presented porous morphology after thermal treatment. Otherwise, the film of La0,8Sr0,2Co0,2Fe0,8 showed the highest ionic/electrical conductivity. The presence of secondary phase (La2O3, SrO2 and La2CoO3) evidenced by XRD promoted a decrease in ionic/electrical conductivity and in the activation energy.
116

Fragmentation de métal liquide dans l'eau / Fragmentation of molten metal in water

Hadj Achour, Miloud 06 December 2017 (has links)
Le phénomène de dispersion/fragmentation du corium reste un des éléments les plus complexes et incertains de la modélisation d’un accident nucléaire. Afin de valider les modèles de sous-maille actuellement implémentés dans le logiciel MC3D (développé à l’IRSN), une expérimentation sans explosion de vapeur a été imaginée. Il s’agit d’un jet de métal liquide à bas point de fusion (métal de Field) interagissant avec de l’eau stagnante dans une cuve de large dimension. Cette thèse comporte deux volets ; le premier porte sur l’étude de la fragmentation dite secondaire d’une goutte isolée de métal de Field, à bas nombre de Weber. Dans ce but un dispositif expérimental GaLaD (générateur de goutte à la demande) a été conçu par nos soins. Cette partie a permis de faire une revue de littérature sur la fragmentation liquide-liquide, avec une comparaison quantitative de la fragmentation secondaire des gouttes uniques dans le cas liquide-liquide et dans le cas gaz-liquide. Le second volet concerne l’étude d’un jet de métal de Field, le dispositif GaLaD a pu être modifié de façon à pouvoir générer de petits jets de métal liquide dans l’eau. Les résultats obtenus ont permis une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes physiques mis en jeu avec un modèle d’entrainement diphasique pour modéliser le jet. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, un dispositif expérimental supplémentaire désigné par JaLaD est développé. Dans la suite, ce dispositif sera dédié à l’étude des jets dans l’eau et doit nous permettre de réinterpréter les données d’expériences classiques via de nouvelles mesures innovantes / The phenomenon of dispersion/fragmentation of corium remains one of the most complex and uncertain elements of nuclear accident modeling. In order to validate the sub-mesh models implemented in the MC3D software (developed by IRSN), an experiment without vapor explosion has been conceived. It consists of a low-melting liquid metal jet (Field metal) interacting with a stagnant water in a large tank. This thesis is divided into two parts ; the first one is related to the study of the so-called secondary fragmentation of an isolated drop of Field’s metal, for low Weber number. To this end, we designed an experimental device, GaLaD (drop-on-demand droplet generator). In this part, a literature review on liquid-liquid fragmentation is conducted with a quantitative comparison of the secondary fragmentation for a single drop in the liquid-liquid and the gas-liquid cases. The second part concerns the study of a jet of Field’s metal. For this purpose, GaLaD was modified, so as to be able to generate small jet of liquid metal in water. The obtained results allowed a better understanding of the physical phenomena involved in two-phase turbulent jet fragmentation. In the framework of this thesis, an additional experimental device designated by JaLaD is developed. Subsequently, this device will be dedicated to the study of metal jet in water and must allow us to reinterpret the data of classical experiments via new innovative measurement techniques
117

Deposição por spray pirólise de filmes de ferrita de lantânio dopada com estrôncio e cobalto e sua caracterização microestrutural e de propriedades elétricas

Silva, Paula Luciana Bezerra da January 2015 (has links)
Este trabalho investigou a deposição dos filmes finos de ferritas de lantânio dopado com estrôncio e cobalto La1-xSrxCo1-yFeyO3-δ (LSCF) através da técnica de spray pirólise empregando precursores inorgânicos e silício como substrato. Foram utilizados água e etanol na proporção de (3:1) como solvente na preparação da solução a ser aspergida. As deposições foram realizadas em diferentes temperaturas: 130ºC, 150ºC, 170ºC e 200ºC. Os filmes de LSCF antes e após o tratamento térmico foram analisados por difração de raios X (DRX) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). O spray de deposição dos filmes em função das soluções com diferentes proporções de etanol (0%, 50%, 75% e 100%) foi investigado utilizado uma câmera rápida de alta resolução e um laser com comprimento de onda 532 nm. Os resultados evidenciaram que a temperatura de ebulição do solvente e de deposição são parâmetros importantes na determinação da morfologia dos filmes. Maiores teores de etanol promovem um aumento nos valores do ângulo de cone e que a propriedade da tensão superficial exerce significativamente maior influência nos aspectos que envolvem a estrutura do spray, a atomização do líquido, formação de gotas e no ponto de ruptura das soluções Os resultados de DRX apresentaram a fase cristalina majoritária de LSCF após o tratamento térmico a 750°C por 2 horas e a fase secundária de La2O3. As imagens de MEV evidenciaram a formação de filmes para as distâncias de deposição de 120 mm, embora apenas na temperatura de 200°C apresentasse uma estrutura porosa antes e após o tratamento térmico. A presença de interdifusão e microporosidade foi observada para esse filme. Para as diferentes composições de LSCF nas condições de 120 mm e a 200°C, apenas as composições de La1-xSrxCo0,2Fe0,8 com x = 0,6, 0,9 e 0,7 apresentaram estrutura porosa após o tratamento térmico. O filme de La0,8Sr0,2Co0,2Fe0,8 apresentou maior condutividade iônica/elétrica e energia de ativação. A presença de fases secundárias (La2O3, SrO2 e La2CoO3) contribuiu para a redução da condutividade elétrica e iônica e a energia de ativação. / This work investigated the deposition conditions of thin lanthanum ferrite films doped with strontium and cobalt – La1-xSrxCo1-yFeyO3-δ (LSCF) through the spray pyrolysis technique using inorganic precursors and silicon as a substrate. Water and ethanol were used in the proportion (3:1) as solvent in the preparation of the solution to be sprinkled. The depositions were carried out at different temperatures: 130°C, 150°C, 170°C and 200°C. The films of LSCF were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy before and after thermal treatment. The XRD results showed the obtainment of crystalline phase of LSCF after thermal treatment at 750°C/2hours and secondary phase of La2O3. The sprays of solutions with different proportions of ethanol (0%, 50%, 75% and 100%) were analyzed using a fast high-resolution camera and a laser with a wavelength of 532nm.The results showed those deposition temperature and solvente boiling points are important parameters to determine the thin morphology Higher ethanol levels promote an increase in the cone angle values and that the property of the surface tension exerts significantly greater influence on issues involving the structure of the spray, the atomization of the liquid, the droplets formation and the breaking point of the solutions. The XRD results showed the obtainment of majority crystalline phase of LSCF after thermal treatment at 750°C/2 hours with the presence of secondary phase of La2O3. The SEM images showed formation of films for the distance of 120 mm, although only at the temperature of 200°C it presents porous morphology before and after thermal treatment. The presence of interdiffusion and microporosity was observed for this film. For different LSCF compositions under the conditions of 120 mm and 200°C, the films of La1-xSrx Co0,2Fe0,8 with x = 0,6; 0,9 and 0,7 presented porous morphology after thermal treatment. Otherwise, the film of La0,8Sr0,2Co0,2Fe0,8 showed the highest ionic/electrical conductivity. The presence of secondary phase (La2O3, SrO2 and La2CoO3) evidenced by XRD promoted a decrease in ionic/electrical conductivity and in the activation energy.
118

Detailed Numerical Simulation of Liquid Jet In Crossflow Atomization with High Density Ratios

January 2013 (has links)
abstract: The atomization of a liquid jet by a high speed cross-flowing gas has many applications such as gas turbines and augmentors. The mechanisms by which the liquid jet initially breaks up, however, are not well understood. Experimental studies suggest the dependence of spray properties on operating conditions and nozzle geom- etry. Detailed numerical simulations can offer better understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms that lead to the breakup of the injected liquid jet. In this work, detailed numerical simulation results of turbulent liquid jets injected into turbulent gaseous cross flows for different density ratios is presented. A finite volume, balanced force fractional step flow solver to solve the Navier-Stokes equations is employed and coupled to a Refined Level Set Grid method to follow the phase interface. To enable the simulation of atomization of high density ratio fluids, we ensure discrete consistency between the solution of the conservative momentum equation and the level set based continuity equation by employing the Consistent Rescaled Momentum Transport (CRMT) method. The impact of different inflow jet boundary conditions on different jet properties including jet penetration is analyzed and results are compared to those obtained experimentally by Brown & McDonell(2006). In addition, instability analysis is performed to find the most dominant insta- bility mechanism that causes the liquid jet to breakup. Linear instability analysis is achieved using linear theories for Rayleigh-Taylor and Kelvin- Helmholtz instabilities and non-linear analysis is performed using our flow solver with different inflow jet boundary conditions. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Mechanical Engineering 2013
119

SÃntese e secagem de suco de frutas tropicais e exÃticas contendo oligossacarÃdeos: estudo do cajÃ, siriguela e jambo / Synthesis and drying of exotic and tropical fruit juices with oligossacharides: study of yellow mombin, red mombin and siriguela

Jonas Luiz Almada da Silva 28 February 2013 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O principal objetivo do trabalho foi realizar a sÃntese de oligossacarÃdeos prÃ-biÃticos por via enzimÃtica em sucos de cajÃ, jambo e siriguela e a secagem dos mesmos por spray drying. Para isso foram avaliadas as caracterÃsticas dos sucos e aplicado um planejamento fatorial compÃsito central 22 a fim de selecionar a melhor condiÃÃo de sÃntese. Os sucos foram preparados, corrigidas as concentraÃÃes de aÃÃcares e adicionados da enzima dextrana-sacarase, sendo conduzida a sÃntese atà o consumo total da sacarose. ApÃs a inativaÃÃo da enzima, por reduÃÃo do pH atà o valor original dos sucos, uma parte destes foi submetida a tratamento tÃrmico brando e armazenamento sob refrigeraÃÃo para que se pudesse avaliar a estabilidade microbiolÃgica, sendo a outra parte submetida à secagem, utilizando maltodextrina como adjuvante. Os sucos prÃ-biÃticos em pà obtidos foram caracterizados quanto à atividade de Ãgua, umidade, higroscopicidade, reconstituiÃÃo em Ãgua, cor e grau de caking. Foram realizadas anÃlises de vitamina C nos sucos recÃm-preparados e sintetizados, e atividade antioxidante nos sucos recÃm-preparados, sintetizados e reconstituÃdos. Os oligossacarÃdeos prÃ-biÃticos sintetizados nos sucos foram avaliados quanto à resistÃncia a hidrolises Ãcida e enzimÃtica comportando-se de maneira positiva, alÃm da capacidade de estimular o crescimento de bifidobactÃrias. Os sucos prÃ-biÃticos em pà apresentaram, de uma maneira geral, boas caracterÃsticas fÃsico-quÃmicas, tais como baixas umidades, higroscopicidades e atividades de Ãgua, curto tempo de reconstituiÃÃo em Ãgua, embora os sucos de cajà e jambo apresentarem elevada tendÃncia à aglomeraÃÃo. Os sucos tratados termicamente apresentaram altas contagens em bolores e leveduras, entretanto, nÃo foi detectada a presenÃa de coliformes. Durante a sÃntese enzimÃtica houve diminuiÃÃo da concentraÃÃo de vitamina C dos sucos enquanto que o processo de secagem interferiu no poder antioxidante dos mesmos. Os oligossacarÃdeos prÃ-biÃticos obtidos apresentaram resistÃncia à acidez e Ãs enzimas digestivas, propiciando ainda a multiplicaÃÃo de bactÃrias benÃficas ao ser humano (bifidobactÃrias). / The aim of this work was produce yellow mombin, red mombin and malay apple juices with prebiotics oligosaccharides and, after, subject to spray drying process. The juices were analyzed and it was applied a factorial planning to purpose the better synthesis conditions. The juices were prepared and corrected its sugar concentration, and aftrer it was added the dextran-sucrase enzyme. The synthesis was realized for 4 hours. The enzyme was inactivated for pH decreasing until the juice original pH. A part of the juice was subjected to microbiologic stability and the other part was subject to spray drying, using maltodextrin like dryer adjuvant. The powder of the prebiotic juices synthesized was characterized by moisture, water activity, higroscopicity, water reconstitution, color and caking degree. Vitamin C and antioxidants was analyzed. The oligosaccharides resistance of acid and enzymatic hydrolysis was analyzed, as well as the bifidobacterium growth. In general the physico-chemistry results were good, like low moistures, higroscopicity and water activity, short time of water reconstitution, meanwhile the yellow mombin end malay apple juices showed high caking degree. It wasnât find coliforms, but molds and yeasts were high. The vitamin C decreased during the synthesis, and the drying process interfered with antioxidant power. The prebiotics oligosaccharides obtained were resistant to acidity and the digestive enzymes, enabling the benefic bacterial multiplication.
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Caracterização e análise experimental do recobrimento de sementes de jambu (Spilanthes oleracea) em leito fluidizado / Characterization and experimental analysis of fluidized bed coating of jambu seeds (Spilanthes oleracea)

Costa, Cristiane Maria Leal 16 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Sandra Cristina dos Santos Rocha, Lênio José Guerreiro de Faria / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T07:07:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_CristianeMariaLeal_D.pdf: 4893424 bytes, checksum: fe783f77ea1076a9111fde509073464c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O jambu (Spilanthes oleracea) é uma planta herbácea nativa da região amazônica, da família Compositae, e tem seu cultivo difundido entre os pequenos produtores do nordeste do Estado do Pará. É uma hortaliça rica em elementos nutritivos como ferro, e ainda possui as vitaminas B1, B2, niacina, vitamina C, vitamina A e cálcio. Vale ressaltar que o jambu está atualmente despertando interesse científico e industrial devido as suas potencialidades econômicas. Nas últimas décadas, o desenvolvimento dos processos de recobrimento de partículas tem possibilitado a diversos setores da indústria e da agricultura a obtenção de resultados satisfatórios. As finalidades desses processos vão desde a correção de imperfeições estéticas e aumento de tamanho de partícula até o controle da liberação de substâncias químicas. O processo de recobrimento de sementes consiste em revestir totalmente a superfície da partícula com substâncias aderentes, que podem apresentar-se puras ou em mistura com materiais ativos e/ou inertes, melhorando a aparência, aumentando o tamanho e peso, facilitando a distribuição e o manuseio das sementes, especialmente aquelas muito pequenas e/ou irregulares. O objetivo deste trabalho foi efetuar a caracterização física e contribuir com o desenvolvimento do processo de recobrimento de sementes de jambu em leito fluidizado. Planejamento experimental e análise estatística dos resultados foram empregados para quantificar a influência da vazão da suspensão de recobrimento (Ws) e da vazão do ar de entrada (War), sobre a eficiência de recobrimento (?), crescimento relativo das partículas (?), perdas por elutriação (PE) e germinação (G). A estimativa do ponto ótimo de operação foi determinada em função das variáveis de entrada aplicando o conceito de desejabilidade global. Observou-se que as variáveis Ws e War, dentro da faixa estuda, influenciaram nas respostas consideradas. Dentre as condições estabelecidas neste trabalho, o valor ótimo da Função Desejabilidade é quando Ws é deslocada para o nível médio (6,4 mL/min) e War para o mínimo (0,89 kg/s), obtendo assim 45,1% para ?; 26,7% para ?; 82,4% para G e 46,5% para PE. Foram também determinadas as propriedades físicas e termodinâmicas das sementes de jambu in natura, submetidas ao processo de adsorção e dessorção de umidade nas temperaturas de 20, 30 e 40oC. Os dados experimentais foram avaliados usando seis diferentes modelos matemáticos. O calor isostérico e a entropia diferencial foram estimados através das relações de Clausius-Clapeyron e Gibbs-Helmholtz, respectivamente. O modelo GAB modificado apresentou melhor ajuste aos dados experimentais. Constatando-se um decréscimo gradual do calor molar de sorção com o aumento da umidade até valores próximos ao calor latente de vaporização da água pura, tornando-se assintótico quando o conteúdo de umidade de equilíbrio de 10%bs é alcançado. A teoria da compensação entalpiaentropia foi aplicada com sucesso às isotermas e indica que o mecanismo de sorção de umidade das sementes de jambu in natura pode ser considerado como controlado pela entalpia. Além disso, a análise do comportamento higroscópico das sementes recobertas mostrou claramente a proteção do recobrimento sobre as sementes de jambu, indicando que as sementes recobertas apresentam maior estabilidade higroscópica que as sementes nuas, e que o recobrimento atua como uma barreira à transferência de vapor d'água entre as sementes e o ambiente externo, controlando desta forma o processo de adsorção de umidade e favorecendo o manuseio e a armazenagem segura / Abstract: Jambu (Spilanthes oleracea) is an Amazon native herbaceous plant, from the Compositae family, and its crops are spread among small producers of the northeast of the State of Pará. It is a vegetable with many nutrients such as iron, vitamins B1, B2, C, A, niacine, and calcium. It is noteworthy that the jambu seeds present great scientific and industrial interest due o their economic potential. In the last decades, the development of particle coating and granulation processes has allowed several sectors of the industry and agriculture to reach satisfactory results. The objectives of these processes are correction of esthetic imperfections, the increase of particle size and the control of the release of chemicals. The coating process consists of a total overlay of the particle surface with adherent substances, which may be pure or mixed with active and/or inert materials. This process improves the appearance, handling and transport of the seeds, and it also increases size and weight of the particles, especially the tiny and/or irregular ones. The objectives of this work were to perform the physical characterization and to contribute to the development of the coating of jambu seeds in fluidized bed. The experimental design technique and the statistical analysis of the results were realized and the effects of independent variables coating suspension flow rate (Ws) and fluidization air flow rate (War) on the responses coating efficiency (?), particle relative growth (?), losses by elutriation (PE) and germination (G) were evaluated. The optimal operational point was determined as function of the entrance variables applying the concept of global desirability. Results showed that Ws and War, within the range studied, had significant influence on the responses considered. Among the conditions established in this work, the optimal value of the Desirability Function is obtained when Ws is displaced to the average level (6,4 mL/min) and War to the minimum (0.89 kg/s), resulting in: 45.1% for ?, 26.7% for ?, 82.4% for G and 46.5% for PE. Experimental data on the sorption isotherms of jambu seeds were used to determine thermodynamic functions at 20, 30 and 40oC. Six mathematical models were applied to analyze the experimental data. The modified GAB model showed the best fitting to the experimental data. The desorption and adsorption isosteric heat and differential entropy were determined by applying Clausius-Clapeyron and Gibbs-Helmholtz equation, respectively. The moisture vaporization heat in jambu seeds decreased with increase in moisture content and approached the latent heat of pure water and became asymptotic as moisture content of 10% (b.d) was approached. The enthalpy-entropy compensation theory was applied to the isotherms, indicating that they are enthalpy-controlled. In addition, analysis of the hygroscopic behavior of the coated seeds showed a clear protective coating on the seeds of jambu, and indicated that the coated seeds adsorbed less moisture than jambu seeds in natura, showing that the coating layer acts as a barrier to the transfer of water vapor between the seeds and the external environment, thus controlling the process of moisture adsorption and promoting the safe handling and storage / Doutorado / Engenharia de Processos / Doutor em Engenharia Química

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