Inaug.-Diss.: Rechts- und staatswissenschaftliche Fakultät: Zürich: 1976. _ Bibliogr. p. VIII-XIV. Index.

Zugl.: Salzburg, Univ., Diss., 2007

Reproduction de : Thèse d'exercice : Médecine : Nancy 1 : 2006. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre.

This qualitative study examines the usage of the term terrorism applied to the assault on the communistic daily paper, Norrskensflamman in the 40s. In short, the assault on Norrskensflamman, has been covered in various papers and stories. However amongst authors there seemingly has been a disagreement on whether the assault should be labeled a case of extremism or terrorism. Using a definition of terrorism, verbalized by expert in terrorism and counterterrorism, Bruce Hoffman and political scientist, Herfried Münkler, the study has been able to display that the assault in fact is not to be confused with nor labeled terrorism. Terrorism is however a widely debated therm. There is no unanimous definition, thus is the gray aria as apparent as ever. / <p>Validerat; 20160111 (global_studentproject_submitter)</p>

Univ., Diss.--Salzburg, 2007.

Bonn, Phil. Diss. v. 21. Dez. 1929 [1930].

Zweite Studienarbeit Hochschule für Angewandte Psychologie Zürich, 2006.

Suite à la reprise des hostilités consécutive à l’attentat contre l’avion du président Habyarimana, il y eut violation du cessez-le feu signé à Arusha le 04 aout 1993 entre le gouvernement rwandais et la rébellion du front patriotique rwandais, et une guerre civile éclata au Rwanda. Au cours de cette guerre civile, beaucoup de graves violations du droit international furent commises. Les différentes enquêtes des nations unies ayant constaté que ces violations pouvaient être qualifiées de génocide, crimes contre l’humanité et crimes de guerre, recommandèrent la création d’un tribunal pénal international pour en réprimer les auteurs. C’est ainsi que le conseil de sécurité des nations unies, ayant constaté que ces crimes ainsi que la crise humanitaire au Rwanda constituaient une menace à la paix, créa, lors de sa séance du 8 novembre 1994, le tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda (TPIR). Il lui assigna la mission de réprimer toutes les personnes impliquées dans ces crimes au Rwanda et dans les pays voisins en 1994, en vue de contribuer au maintien de la paix dans la région des grands lacs africains ainsi qu’à la réconciliation nationale au Rwanda.La légalité, pour le conseil de sécurité, organe politique des nations unies, de créer une juridiction pénale dans le cadre du chapitre vii de la charte a été analysée. Quant à l’adéquation de cette mesure au contexte, la répression des auteurs des crimes devait contribuer au maintien de la paix et à la réconciliation nationale, par la dissuasion et l’aspect pédagogique des jugements.Cependant, à la clôture des travaux du TPIR en 2014, le bureau du procureur n’avait poursuivi aucun membre du FPR malgré les rapports bien documentés l’impliquant dans les crimes commis. Aussi, aucune enquête n’a été organisée pour élucider les circonstances de l’attentat contre l’avion du président rwandais, reconnu par l’ONU comme le facteur déclencheur du génocide.Les travaux du TPIR ont connu des limites d’ordre juridique, basées d’une part, sur les textes fondamentaux ainsi que la stratégie des poursuites inappropriée de la part du bureau du procureur, et que d’autre part, sur l’ingérence des facteurs politiques qui a limité l’action du bureau du procureur. Ces facteurs ont rendu l’action du TPIR critiquable et considérée par certains observateurs comme une justice du vainqueur.Suite à cette répression partielle et sélective, le TPIR n’a assuré aucune contribution au maintien de la paix dans la région des grands lacs. L’impunité accordée aux membres d’une partie au conflit rwandais a favorisé l’exportation de la violence armée en république démocratique du Congo, où les crimes graves ont été commis depuis 1996. Quant à la contribution à la réconciliation nationale, la répression partielle a plutôt servi à cristalliser les frustrations qui pourraient, à l’avenir, générer une autre crise politique plus importante que celle de 1994. En vue de réparer les erreurs du TPIR, il a été recommandé que la communauté internationale, à défaut d’étendre la compétence ratione temporis du TPIR, puisse créer un autre tribunal pénal international ad hoc pour réprimer les auteurs des crimes commis au Rwanda et au Congo, et dont l’impunité risque de pérenniser l’instabilité et la violence dans la région. / Following the resumption of hostilities after the air Strike on President Habyarimana's plane, there was a violation of the ceasefire signed in Arusha (Tanzania) on 4 August 1993 between the Rwandan government and the rebellion of the Rwandan Patriotic Front , and a war Civil war broke out in Rwanda. During this civil war, many serious violations of international law were committed. As the various United Nations investigations found that these violations could be characterized as genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, they recommended the establishment of an international criminal court to punish the perpetrators. Thus, the United Nations Security Council, having found that these crimes and the humanitarian crisis in Rwanda constituted a threat to the peace, created, at its meeting on 8 November 1994, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). He assigned him the task of prosecute all those involved in these crimes in Rwanda and in neighboring countries in 1994, with a view to contribute to the maintenance of peace in the African Great Lakes region and to national reconciliation in Rwanda.The legality of the creation of a criminal jurisdiction under Chapter VII of the Charter for the United Nations Security Council was analyzed. As to the adequacy of this measure to the context, the punishment of perpetrators should contribute to the maintenance of peace and national reconciliation through deterrence and the pedagogical aspect of judgments.However, at the close of the ICTR's work in 2014, the Office of the Prosecutor had not prosecuted any member of the RPF despite well-documented reports involving the crimes committed. Accordingly, no investigation has been carried out to elucidate the circumstances of the attack on the Rwandan president's plane, which the UN recognized as the trigger for the genocide.The ICTR's work has had legal limitations, based on both basic texts and the inappropriate prosecution strategy of the Office of the Prosecutor, and on the interference of Political factors that limited the work of the Office of the Prosecutor. These factors have made the action of the ICTR criticized and regarded by some observers as a justice of the victor.As a result of this partial and selective repression, the ICTR has not made any contribution to the maintenance of peace in the Great Lakes region. Impunity granted to members of a party to the Rwandan conflict has favored the export of armed violence to the Democratic Republic of Congo, where serious crimes have been committed since 1996. As for the contribution to national reconciliation, partial repression Has served rather to crystallize the frustrations that could, in the future, generate another political crisis more important than that of 1994.In order to remedy the errors of the ICTR, it was recommended that the international community, without extending the jurisdiction of the ICTR ratione temporis, could create another ad hoc international criminal tribunal to punish the perpetrators of crimes committed in Rwanda and Congo, and whose impunity risks perpetuating instability and violence in the region.

1 Abstract This master's thesis focuses on the influence of computer games with historical themes on the interest in contemporary history and history in general. It explains basic concepts such as game, digital media, computer game and educational game and introduces the main aspects of computer games. It also focuses on their benefits in education, but also draws attention to possible pitfalls of playing computer games and their impact on health and development of a young individual. Furthermore, the thesis describes game genres in which the most played games with historical themes can be found and introduces the game Attentat 1942. The next part of the thesis examines whether and how computer games with historical themes affect the interest in contemporary and general history through empirical research based on a questionnaire survey of 150 respondents aged 15-30. The results show that playing computer games with historical themes has an impact on young people's interest in contemporary and general history, and this influence is positive. Furthermore, the results show that the most popular game genres for games with historical themes are strategies, RPGs (role-playing games) and action games, and that players pay attention mostly to the story, gameplay and graphics in these games. The results also show...

Den ökade hotbilden har gjort att nya frågor har väckts till liv i samhället. Efter en sammanställning gjord av MSB och Polisen är nöjesliv och offentliga miljöer särskilt utsatta gällande dödlighet i attentat. Nöjesliv och offentliga miljöer kan kopplas till olika typer av evenemang. Vid attentat har arrangör, kommun, polis, räddningstjänst och sjukvård olika funktioner men tillsammans kan de utgöra en säkerhetsorganisation inför upprättandet av ett evenemang. Tillsammans i säkerhetsorganisationen kan alla aktörer bidra med sakkunskaper inom respektive ämnesområde.  Syftet med litteraturstudien har varit att undersöka människans beteendeskiljaktigheter mellan händelse av brand respektive attentat. Utöver beteende har också andra förutsättningar för att sätta sig i säkerhet undersökts. Avsikten med studien var att öka kunskapen och förståelsen av evenemangssäkerhet vid antagonistiska hot och terrorism i form av attentat i större folksamlingar.  Evenemangssäkerhet innefattar samarbetspartner som polis, räddningstjänst, ambulans, evenemangsansvarig och övriga aktörer. Följande frågeställningar har ställt i studien:   Vilka svårigheter möter man vid antagonistiska hot och större folksamlingar på evenemang? Hur skiljer sig beteendemönstret vid antagonistiska hot respektive brand? Kan beteendet påverka förmågan att söka sig till säkerhet? Finns det några brister vid planering av evenemang som påverkar säkerhetsförutsättningar som exempelvis inrymning, utrymning eller utestängning? Finns det tydliga åtgärder för att stärka säkerheten mot attentat på ett utomhusevenemang?  Studien behandlar enbart evenemang utomhus och jämför mot inomhusförutsättningar när regelverk saknas för utomhusförutsättningar. Studien har avgränsats till evenemang med höga personantal eller persontätheter i offentliga miljöer som gator, torg och andra ytor där evenemang genomförs. Utöver de nämnda avgränsningarna har studien kompletterats med observationer från händelser genom historien via video och ljudmaterial.  Den teoretiska referensramen för säkerhet innefattar bakgrund för både brand och attentat men även förutsättningar som påverkar utrymning, inrymning och utestängning. Användningsområdet för säkerhets-strategierna utrymning, inrymning och utestängning förklaras och förtydligas. Sammanfattningsvis finns det flera faktorer som påverkar förutsättningarna att sätta sig själv i säkerhet. Där är persontäthet, utrymningsvägar, hastigheter, kommunikation och beteende, faktorer som alla är avgörande i både inomhus- och utomhusförutsättningar.  Evenemangets säkerhetsarbete upprättas i samband med evenemangets olika faser. I upprättandet av evenemanget undersöker man bland annat på förutsättningar i utformning av platsen, skalskydd, beredskap och vilket förbyggande arbete som ska genomföras. Samtidigt undersöks utrymningsmöjligheter av ett område samt vilken samverkan som ska sättas i bruk. Samverkan kan bestå av säkerhet-, kris eller stabsorganisationen och tillämpas utifrån situationen. Utifrån förbestämda insatsplaner delas evenemangsområdet upp i olika zoner för att underlätta en insats.   Utifrån den bristande existensen av regler och reglering gällande evenemangsutformning samt upprättning så finns det flertal bristande i säkerhet på evenemang. Som arrangör finns det bra guider utgivna av MSB men idag är det brist på allmänna råd och lagstadgade utformningar av publik- och utrymningskapacitet.   Skyddade platser, offentliga miljöer, publikkommunikation, prövning av säkerhetspersonal och problematiken med panik är alla faktorer som är intressanta ur ett säkerhetsperspektiv. Utöver dessa faktorer så utreder studien paralleller mellan inomhus- och utomhusförutsättningar ur ett utrymningsperspektiv.  För att kunna erbjuda ett effektivt skydd på offentliga miljöer och evenemangsplatser krävs ett gott organisatoriskt och systematiskt arbete. Arbetet inkluderar allt från handlings-/åtgärdsplaner till utbildning. Övervakningskameror, farthinder och genomsökning av området är några exempel på fysiska skyddsåtgärder och hur en arrangör kan bygga skydd på djupet. / The increased threat level has raised new questions in society. According to a compilation made by MSB and the Police, public environment and entertainment are particularly vulnerable in term of mortality in attacks. Event and public environment can be linked to different types of events. In the event of an attack, the event organizer or manager, municipality, rescue service, police and ambulance have different functions. Together, they can form a security organization prior to the establishment of an event a thus contribute with expertise in their subject area. The purpose of the literature study has been to investigate the difference in human behavior between fire and attack events. In addition to behavior, other prerequisites for safety have been investigated. The purpose of the study was to increase the knowledge and understanding of event security in the event of antagonistic threats in the form of attacks in large crowds. Event security also includes partners such as the police, emergency services, ambulance, event manager and other stakeholders. The following questions have been posed in the study: What difficulties are encountered in the event of a attack and large crowd at events? How do behavioral pattern differ in the case of antagonistic threats versus fire that require safety measures. Can behavior affect the ability to seek safety? Are there any shortcomings in the planning of event that effect security conditions such as containment, evacuation, or exclusion? Are there clear measures to strengthen security against attacks at an outdoor event? The study only deals with outdoor events and compares only with indoor conditions as there are no regulations for outdoor. The study has been limited to events with high numbers or densities of people in public environments such as streets, squares, and other areas where events are held. In addition to the aforementioned limitations, the study has been supplemented with observation from events throughout history. The theoretical framework for security includes the background of  fire, attacks and conditions that affect evacuation, containment, and exclusion. The security strategies of evacuation, containment and exclusion are explained and clarified. In summary, there are several factors that affect the conditions for making oneself safe. There, crowd density, escape routes, speed, communications, and behavior are all factors that are crucial in both indoor and outdoor conditions. Event security work prepared in connections with the various phases of event. The preparation of the event includes checking the conditions for the design of the site, shell protection, preparedness, and the preventive work to be carried out. In the event of an accident, the possibilities for evacuation an area are examined, as well as the cooperation to be implemented by the security, crisis or staff organization based on the situation. Based on predetermined response plans, the event area is divided into different zones to facilitate the response. Due to the lack of rules and regulations regarding event design and set-up, there are several shortcomings in event security. As an organizer, there are good guides published by MSB, but today there is a lack of general advice and statutory designs of audience and evacuation capacity.   Sheltered places, public environments, public communication, crowd communications, security staff training and the problem of panic are topics discussed. Parallels between indoor and outdoor conditions are compared from an evacuation perspective.   Providing effective protection in public spaces and event venues require good organizational and systematic work. This work includes everything from action plans to training. Surveillance cameras, speed bumps and area searches are some examples how an organizer can achieve in-depth protection.