Ständig förändring är strakt förknippat med modeindustrin, då nya trender och stilar tenderar att förändras kontinuerligt. I västvärlden konsumerar människor betydligt mer modeprodukter än vad naturens resurser tillåter. Modekonsumenterna fick dock en insyn av textilbranschens negativa miljöpåverkan år 2017. Det skrevs då en ny lag som föreskriver att modeföretag måste informera sina modekonsumenter om bärkassarnas, speciellt plastbärkassens, negativa påverkan. I samband med att lagen stiftades, skapades organisationen One Bag Habit som fick modekonsumenterna att tänka en extra gång innan de konsumerar bärkassar i modebutikerna. På grund av bland annat One Bag Habit avstår modekonsumenter numera att konsumera bärkassar på grund av miljöaspekter, dock fortsätter de att konsumera mängder av modeprodukter utan att blicka. Modekonsumenter har sedan år 2017 blivit medvetna om de problem som bärkassen medför och väljer då att avstå dessa, men när det kommer till modeprodukter finns troligtvis en medvetenhet om problemet där också men konsumtionen fortsätter ändå. Detta har lett till att denna uppsats belyser hur denna kontrast bildas mellan att konsumera modeprodukter och att avstå från bärkassen på grund av miljöskäl. Denna studie undersöker detta gap genom att fokusera på hur modekonsumenter förhåller sig till konsumtion av bärkassar i förhållande till modeprodukter. Resultatet ger en förståelse för varför det blir en kontrast mellan konsumtion av bärkassar och modeprodukter. Därav kommer resultatet resultera i en djupare förståelse kring varför ett attityd-beteende gap skapas och en stadig grund för vidare forskning. För att förstå och tolka det empiriska materialet modifierades en modell av attityd-beteende gapet. Utöver det kommer behovsidentifikation att ligga till grund för den teoretiska referensramen. En kvalitativ intervju, tre fokusgruppsintervjuer och en observation utgör det empiriska materialet. Urvalet bestod av studenter från tre olika högskolor i Sverige (Textilhögskolan i Borås, Göteborgs Universitet och Mälardalens högskola i Västerås). Slutsatserna av studien är att modeföretagen måste börja informera modekonsumenterna varför och hur de kan agera hållbart, istället för att informera att de ska agera hållbart. Utöver det måste de hållbara modeprodukterna vara prismässigt jämförbart med inte hållbara modeprodukter, för att modekonsumenterna ska agera hållbar. Slutligen krävs det att de hållbara modeprodukterna har tillräckligt attraktiv design för att modekonsumenterna ska investera i hållbara modeprodukter. / Constant change is closely associated with the fashion industry, as new trends and styles tent to change continuously. In the Western world, people consume considerably more fashion products than what the natural resources allow. The fashion consumers, however, gained an insight into the fashion industry´s negative environmental impact in 2017. A new law was founded to alert the fashion consumers of the negative effect of the shopping bags, especially made with plastic. In association with the new law, an organization, naming One Bag Habit was created. This led the fashion consumers to think extra before deciding to consume a shopping bag when they made a purchase of fashion item. Due to One Bag habit, fashion consumers now avoid from consuming shopping bags because of environmental aspects. The reluctance to consuming a shopping bag in addition to the fashion purchase has decreased yet impacts on the actual fashion consumption have not changed. Previous research has identified an attitude-behaviour gap between how fashion consumers value sustainable products and their actual behaviour in accordance with these values. This has led to this paper highlighting how this contrast is formed between consuming fashion products and refraining from the shopping bags because of environmental reasons. This study has a textile management approach, which means that the study is primarily aimed at companies in order to help them understand how fashion consumers value and act in different purchasing situations. This study will examine how fashion consumers consume shopping bags in relation to fashion products. The findings will contribute to creating an understanding of the created contrast between sustainable consumption regarding shopping bags and non-sustainable one regarding fashion consumption itself. Moreover, the findings will contribute to a deeper understanding of why the attitude-behaviour gap has created such a contrast among the fashion consumer. In order to understand and interpret the empirical material of this study, a theoretical model of attitude-behaviour gap was created. In addition, an understanding of how needs are created among consumers will be contributing to the formation of the theoretical framework. Furthermore, data was collected through qualitative interviews, three focus groups, and an observation. The data sample frame consisted of students from three different universities in Sweden (the Swedish School of Textiles in Borås, University of Gothenburg and Mälardalens University in Västerås). The findings of the study show that fashion companies need to be more specific when informing the fashion consumers on why and how they can act more sustainably when consuming fashion and shopping bags. In addition, the sustainable fashion products should be comparable in prices terms to non-sustainable fashion products in order for fashion consumers to act sustainable. Finally, it is suggested that the sustainable fashion products have an appealing designs in order for the fashion consumers to invest in sustainable fashion products.

Textilindustrin har en omfattande negativ påverkan på miljön och konsumenters köpbeteende är en del av detta problem. Konsumenter påverkar mer än vad de är medvetna om genom vad de väljer att konsumera och hur mycket de inhandlar. Då kunden spelar en sådan stor roll i den faktiska miljöpåverkan väljer denna rapport att fokusera på kundbeteendet ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv. Det finns ett tydligt gap mellan konsumenters attityd och beteende när det kommer till att konsumera kläder hållbart. Rapportens utgångspunkt är därför en studie av Hiller Connell (2010) gällande attityd-beteendegapet hos konsumenter när det kommer till just hållbar klädkonsumtion. Hiller Connell påvisar sex barriärer som hindrar konsument från att handla hållbara klädesplagg. Dessa hinder är konsuments kunskap och attityd gällande hållbarhet samt tillgänglighet av föredragna produkter, ekonomiska resurser, detaljhandelsmiljö samt rådande samhällsnormer. För att kunna undersöka detta gap och dess bakomliggande orsaker har data samlats in i genom garderobsanalys, som främst påvisar konsuments faktiska beteende. I kombination med en semistrukturerad intervju, som främst indikerar konsuments attityd till hållbar klädkonsumtion. Denna studie har genomförts på tio kvinnor i åldern 25 till 35. Analys av resultatet visar att barriärerna (Hiller Connell, 2010) även är påtagliga för denna studies respondenter. Det kan även konstateras att alla hinder är olika påtagliga för olika deltagare samt att typ av plagg påverkar detta. Denna studie finner att dessa hinder kan påverkas olika beroende på om plagg är miljömärkt, begagnat eller av bättre kvalité. Studien finner även ytterligare ett påtagligt hinder hos respondenter, nämligen deras eget engagemang till att konsumera kläder mer hållbart. / The textile industry has a negative impact on the environment and consumer behaviour when shopping for clothes is a part of this problem. Consumers affect more than they are aware of when choosing what and how much to consume when it comes to clothes. Therefore the way customers consume is a huge part of the impact the textile industry has on the environment. Because of this, the paper focuses on consumer behaviour from a sustainability perspective. It has been found that there is a gap between attitude towards consuming clothes that are sustainable and the actual behaviour. This paper draws on findings from a study by Hiller Conner (2010) that has studied the attitude-behaviour gap and have identified barriers that can affect it. These barriers include customer knowledge and attitude towards sustainability, availability of preferable products, customers economic resources, retail environment and social norms. In order to examine this gap and the reasons behind, data were collected through observations of consumers wardrobe to explore the actual behaviour when it comes to buying clothes. Furthermore, interviews and talking about the attitude towards their consumption of clothes were made. This study was made with the help of ten women between the age of 25 to 35. The findings shows that the barriers are in fact relevant. It is also found that they are not equally significant for all of the participants. Furthermore this study shows that the barriers are affected depending on what type of sustainable garment is consumed. As it is found a difference when buying garments that have eco-labels, secondhand or of better quality. This study also found an additional significant barrier among the respondents, their own engagement to consuming more sustainable clothes.

This study investigated and distinguished between two different aspects of trust (i.e. inter-personal and inter-organisationl) in business relationships. Reviewing the extant literature, a model of business relationships was developed, bridging social exchange theory and transaction cost economics, in addition to using some ideas from the resource-based view. This model was built on an overall framework consisting of three main groups of business relationship characteristics, (1) attitudes (inter-personal and inter-organisational trust) (2) behaviours (commitment, information sharing and relationship-specific investments) and (3) outcomes (financial and non-economic (soft) performance). The overall framework suggested that the attitudinal characteristics affect behavioural characteristics, which consequently affect relationship outcomes. Furthermore, the role of the other party’s opportunistic behaviour as an antecedent of trust aspects was suggested in the model. In line with the overall framework, a basic model was developed with sixteen hypotheses. The model was extended considering dependence as a moderator, and suggesting two additional hypotheses.A questionnaire was designed to measure the characteristics in the model. Data collected from 331 informants (i.e. middle or senior managers knowledgeable about supplier relationships) was used to empirically test the model, using structural equation modeling. The analysis was performed testing the model fit and its underlying hypotheses, additionally using a control variable (the relationship length) and multiple-group analysis (controlling for the size of the company). Inter-personal trust and inter-organisational trust were found to be two distinct constructs (by means of implementing several techniques testing discriminant validity). The results supported the impact of inter-personal trust on inter-organisational trust, inter-personal trust impacting on commitment and information sharing while inter-organisational trust impacting on commitment, information sharing and relationship-specific investments (all in a positive way). The positive effect of behavioural characteristics on relationship outcomes was supported, commitment and relationship-specific investment influencing both financial and non-economic performance, while information sharing influencing non-economic performance. Relationship-specific investments impact positively on commitment, and financial performance impacts positively on non-economic performance. The moderating effects were supported; the positive effect of inter-organisational trust on relationship-specific investments and the positive effect of relationship-specific investments on commitment decrease as dependence increases. The negative effect of the other party’s opportunistic behaviour on trust dimensions was found, while its expected negative effect on relationship-specific investments was not supported in the whole sample. A mixture modeling approach was performed to explore this result. The negative effect was supported in a number of responses, as expected. However, surprisingly a positive effect was also found in a group of responses that were characterised by having relatively longer relationships with the supplier and observing a higher degree of opportunistic behaviour. Additionally relationship-specific investments had a stronger effect on its consequences within this group. Potential explanations for the findings with regard to this group were introduced. The research contributions and implications were also discussed.

I media framställs Generation Z som en miljömedveten generation som kan tänkas ha Greta Thunberg som förebild eftersom hon blivit en symbol för miljönrörelsen. Trots att undersökningar visar att Generation Z intresserar sig mer för miljöfrågor och etiska frågor entydigare generationer så finns det forskning som hävdar att generationen är oengagerade, egoistiska och konsumistiska. Uppsatsens syfte är att studera individer i Generation Z:sattityder till hållbart mode och huruvida dessa attityder speglar deras intentioner till hållbarkonsumtion. Avsikten med studien är att få en ökad förståelse till hur ett eventuellt gap mellanattityd och agerande kan förklaras. För att få en djupare förståelse för hur individernas attityder formas samt hur den speglar deras agerande används Trekomponentsmodellen som teoretiskt perspektiv i studien. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom en kvalitativmetod i form av tre fokusgrupper där svenska individer i Generation Z deltog. De teman som uppkom under kodningen har kopplats ihop med Trekomponentsmodellen som består av komponenterna uppfattning, känsla och beteende. Resultatet i vår studie tyder på att den viktigaste komponenten till den tvetydigheten som finns hos individerna i Generation Z verkar vara sociala medier. Empirin tyder på en kunskapsbrist, egoism, lathet och bristande engagemang är orsakerna till hur respondenternas agerar. Intervjupersonerna anser att det inte är dem som bär ansvaret för miljön och de hävdaratt miljökrisen ännu inte drabbat dem. Analysen visar även att när de väl konsumerar hållbart är intentionen aldrig att handla hållbart och att mycket av deras attityder till hållbart modeformas utifrån sociala medier. Slutsatsen kan därför dras att sociala medier är den största orsaken till deras attityder och beteende eftersom det visar sig att sociala medier även påverkar det som ligger till grund för deras attityder. Attityderna till respondenterna i denna studie skiljer sig från det Greta står för vilket kan tänkas bero på att hennes attityder speglar hennes agerande. Hennes hållbara attityder och agerande påverkas inte på samma sätt utifrån vad som sägs på sociala medier utan hon använder sociala medier för att nå ut med sinaåsikter. Då denna studie endast är gjord på individer i Generation Z kan resultatet inte generaliseras för en hel generation precis som Greta inte kan tala för en hel generation. Eftersom denna studie endast riktat in sig på tjejer i Generation Z skulle ett förslag till vidareforskning skulle vara att utföra samma studie fast på killar för att undersöka om resultaten skiljer sig. / In media, Generation Z is portrayed as environmentally conscious and that it could conceivably have Greta Thunberg as its role model since she has become a symbol for the environment. Although studies show that Generation Z has more interest in environmental and ethical issues than previous generations, there is also research that claims that the generation is unengaged, egoistic and consumeristic. The thesis purpose is therefore to study individuals in Generation Z’s attitudes towards sustainable fashion and whether these attitudes reflect their intentions towards sustainable consumption. The purpose of the study is to gain a greater understanding of how a possible gap between attitude and behavior can be explained. In order to gain a deeper understanding of how individuals' attitudes are shaped and how they reflect their actions, the three-component model is used as a theoretical perspective in this study. In this study, a qualitative method have been used where the empirical data was collected through three focus groups where swedish indiviuals in Generation Z participated. The themes that occurs during coding are then linked to the three-component model, which consists of perception, feelings and behaviour. The result of our study indicates that the most important component to this ambiguousness that exists among the individuals in Generation Z appears to be social media. The empirical data indicates that knowledge-deficiency, selfishness, indolence and lack of commitment are the reasons for the respondent’s actions. The respondents believe that it is not those who are responsible for the environment and they claim that the environmental crisis has not yet affected them. The result also shows that once they consume sustainably, the intention is never to act sustainably and that much of their attitudes towards sustainable fashion are shaped from social media. It can therefore be concluded that social media is the main cause of their attitudes and behaviour, as it turns out that social media also affects what underlies their attitudes. Unlike the respondents in this study, Greta Thunberg's attitudes and actions differ from those of the respondents since her attitudes reflect her actions. Her sustainable attitudes and actions cannot be changed based on what is being said on social media, instead she uses social media to reach out and get her voice heard. Since this study only focus on individuals in Generation Z, the result cannot be generalized for an entire generation just as Greta cannot speak for her entire generation. Since this study only focused on girls in Generation Z, one suggestion for further research could be to perform the same study on boys to see if the results differ.

I kontrast till fast fashion, som tampas med snabbt mode och massproduktion med korta ledtider har slow fashion-rörelsen kommit och anammats av flera aktörer på modescenen. Med hjälp av slow fashion vill man således inspirera till en hållbar och tidlös garderob som är genomtänkt och står stark mot modevärldens snabba svängar och därpå, bidra till att konsumtionen inte ökar i kvantitet utan i kvalitet. Problemet i hållbar konsumtion är att konsumenter ofta väljer att inte handla utifrån ett hållbart perspektiv trots att deras intention säger det. Forskning visar att det uppstår ett gap mellan vad konsumenter tänker göra och vad de faktiskt gör, ett attityds-beteende-gap. Studiens syfte är att fastställa egenskaper och undersöka kundbeteenden i samband med att handla slow fashion. Samtida forskning har presenterat gapet och dess existens, i vår studie vill vi bygga vidare på tidigare forskning och ta in teorin till slow fashion och kundbeteendet bakom ett sådant köp. Vad får en konsument att välja slow fashion produkter och vad profilerar en slow fashion konsument? För att förstå och tolka det empiriska materialet utformades en teoretisk referensram kring tre olika teorier, Attityd-beteende-gapet, Consumer culture theory och teorin kring behovsidentifikation. Studiens resultat visar att faktorer såsom identifikation, pris, tidlöshet och hög produktkvalitet påverkar konsumenten till att handla slow fashion-produkter. Vidare presenteras hur dessa faktorer prioriteras och planeras i köpprocessen. Planeringen är genomgående hos studiens alla respondenter och insikten diskuteras djupare. Slow fashion konsumeras således med ett stort engagemang och en hög pris-acceptans. / In contrast to fast fashion, which is tussled with mass production and with short lead times, the slow fashion movement has arrived and been adopted by several actors on the fashion scene. Slow fashion wants to inspire with a sustainable and timeless wardrobe that is well thought out and stands strong against the fashion world's quick turns and then, contribute so the consumption is not increasing in quantity but in quality. The problem in sustainable consumption is that consumers often choose not to act on the basis of a sustainable perspective even though their intention says it. Research show that there is a gap between what consumers intend to do and what they actually do, so called attitude-behavior gap. The aim of this study is to determine characteristics and examine customer behavior in connection with shopping slow fashion. Contemporary research has provided support for the gap and its existence, in our study we want to develop that result into further analysis. We want to investigate the theory about the attitude-behavior gap in contrast to slow fashion and its customer behavior and the reasons behind a purchase.Why does a consumer choose to buy slow fashion products and what is the profile of a slow fashion consumer? To understand and interpret the empirical material from this study, a theoretical framework was designed around three different theories, the Attitude-behavior gap, the Consumer culture theory and the theory of needs identification.The result of this study shows that reasons such as identification, price, timelessness and high product quality affect the consumer to buy slow fashion products. Further, it shows how these reasons will get prioritized and planned in a consumer journey within the buying process. The planning itself is through all stages by every respondent and the insights will be discussed further. Slow fashion are therefore consumed with engagement and a strong price acceptance. The study will continue in Swedish

Forskning bekräftar att ett gap mellan intention och handling finns. Denna studie belyser etiska konsumenter samt gapet mellan att vilja handla etiskt och hållbart men att inte alltid göra det. Fokus har legat på att ta reda på varför detta gap uppstår och att skapa en förståelse för de faktorer som påverkar konsumenters köpbeteenden. En avgränsning till klädbranschen har gjorts då det finns begränsat med forskning kring gapet inom detta område samt ett till synes begränsat utbud av etiska och hållbara kläder. Genom en kvalitativ metod har 37 semistrukturerade intervjuer gjorts. Intervjuerna har ägt rum i två olika köpcentrum i Sverige. Resultatet visar att det finns respondenter som känner igen sig i det så kallade gapet och de främsta faktorerna respondenterna menar påverkar deras handlingar är pris, hållbara kläder ansågs dyra, informationsbrist, svårt att veta vad som är hållbart och inte samt bekvämlighet, orken att söka information på egen hand är begränsad. Det framkom även att en bristande tillit till det media och företag kommunicerar finns från konsumenternas sida och att detta kan vara en bidragande faktor till att gapet uppstår. Respondenter uttryckte att det aldrig finns några garantier för att de produkter som sägs vara tillverkade under bra förhållanden faktiskt är det. En slutsats om att det inom klädbranschen finns mycket för företag att arbeta med för att öka sin trovärdighet gentemot konsumenterna har kunnat dras. Det ligger dock även ett ansvar hos konsumenter att våga göra sin röst hörd samt att vara öppna för förändring. Det är en ömsesidig relation mellan företag, individer och samhälle / Consumers’ intentions don’t always result in actions. This study focuses on ethical consumers in order to investigate why a gap between intention and action occur. Based on this an improved understanding for the underlying factors that impact buying behaviour is created. A delimitation has been made to focus this study on retail apparel and ethical and sustainable clothes. Some factors have been seen to be of bigger importance to the gap than others, such as price, lack of information and convenience. The results also imply that there is a missing trust from the consumers’ point of view when it comes to trusting what is communicated about ethical and sustainable work within the clothing industry.

In traditional schooling, one-way monologue from teacher to student is the established way of communica­tion in the classroom. Modern pedagogues are presently breaking free of this status quo.  This master thesis explores whether there is a change in the student’s attitudes towards their school­ing and whether there is an academic benefit for the student when applying a flipped class­room model. This study was performed in Swedish upper secondary school during the students’ last course in mathematics. The study was carried out using focus group interviews and direct participat­ing observation. During the six-week period of interviews and participating in the class­room written tasks were collected and analysed, and the classroom was filmed to help analysing behav­iour of the students, both with flipped classroom and without. The outcome shows positive reac­tions from the students concerning this change in pedagogics, but also some inertia in some individuals. The result shows a positive attitude change concerning communication and collabora­tion in the classroom, although no difference in academic achievement were visible. More studies are needed, but a theoretical base needs to be built before future studies can be con­ducted. Today flipped classroom is undertheorized in ways of an academic model. Future research could be theorizing flipped classroom and exploring whether implementing this pedagogic model also brings forth a change in academic achievement apart from changing the attitudes of the stu­dents.

The focus of this thesis falls on school violence. The research addresses the possibility that a culture of violence exists amongst some South African school-going youth. The researcher identified the attitudes and behaviour of learners towards violence as indicators of the culture of these learners. The research specifically focused on the pro-violence attitudes and violent behaviour of learners. The definition of ‘culture’ which was employed suggests the link between a person’s attitude, behaviour and culture. Information was gathered through literature and empirical research. The data was collected by means of a questionnaire with closed-ended questions and a well-tested tool, namely the Attitudes towards Violence Scale. The results of the empirical research were analyzed with the SPSS Windows data editor computer program. Conclusions and recommendations regarding school violence were made. In addition, a programme to curb such violence was proposed. Some suggestions for further research into this subject were also advanced. / Criminology and Security Science / M.A. (Criminology)

The focus of this thesis falls on school violence. The research addresses the possibility that a culture of violence exists amongst some South African school-going youth. The researcher identified the attitudes and behaviour of learners towards violence as indicators of the culture of these learners. The research specifically focused on the pro-violence attitudes and violent behaviour of learners. The definition of ‘culture’ which was employed suggests the link between a person’s attitude, behaviour and culture. Information was gathered through literature and empirical research. The data was collected by means of a questionnaire with closed-ended questions and a well-tested tool, namely the Attitudes towards Violence Scale. The results of the empirical research were analyzed with the SPSS Windows data editor computer program. Conclusions and recommendations regarding school violence were made. In addition, a programme to curb such violence was proposed. Some suggestions for further research into this subject were also advanced. / Criminology and Security Science / M.A. (Criminology)