A videotape playback treatment was investigated in the present study with regard to its effects on acceptance of responsibility for conflict in distressed couples. Three major hypotheses were tested. The first hypothesis that subjects given videotape playback of their pretherapy sessions would show a significant increase in self-attribution was supported.The second hypothesis that subjects who received videotape playback of their pretherapy sessions would show a significant increase in the frequency of self-attributional statements was also supported. Results of the present study did not support the final hypothesis that following a significant increase in self-attribution. It was concluded that videotape playback may provide an effective means of facilitating acceptance of responsibility for conflict in distressed couples. The implication for practitioners is that videotape playback could accelerate the marital therapy process through facilitation of the acceptance of responsibility.

iProspect is a global digital marketing agency and work primarily with search marketing. They were the first search engine marketing agency in the world when the company started up 1996 in Boston, Massachusetts, and the first in Sweden to offer services in search marketing after establishing themselves on the Swedish market the following year. iProspect can be found in the södermalm office in south central Stockholm. They are a comprehensive agency within search and offer everything from search engine optimization and sponsored links to advertising on social media. They’re goal is to lead developments in search marketing and to keep ahead of competition. To do this they must constantly challenge themselves. The market is constantly evolving and new services are offered regularly. This report describes the development of a design document for a mobile application for increased knowledge and for sharing knowledge about a new service from iProspect . The service in question, attribution, is already sold today by iProspect in markets abroad and the ambition is to do so also in Sweden as soon as there are resources in the form of "know-how". The draft design document should evolve to include their employees with increased knowledge of how attribution can be applied as a service. During the execution of this work, interviews, usability tests with prototypes and observations were made and conducted. Based on the methodology and the work process, the results have been analyzed and discussed. Hopefully the application will be of use prior the implementation process of the new service.

The goal of this research was to determine if there are significant differences in the attribution styles for positive and negative events between students of differing ability and the correlation of these attribution styles to hopefulness. The study examined twelfth grade advanced placement (AP N = 45) students and twelfth grade students with documented learning differences enrolled in college preparatory classes (CP-LD N = 14). Both groups of students came from high socioeconomic backgrounds. The students' internal attributions related to hopefulness were measured with the Hope Scale (Snyder, 1994) which assesses the constructs of agency (will), pathway (way), and produces an overall hopefulness score. Results indicate that AP and CP-LD students had similar measures of internal attribution for positive events, but significantly distinct measures of internal attribution for negative events. However, the AP students show no statistically significant difference from CP-LD students in their measures of agency, pathway, or overall hopefulness.

Campylobacter est responsable de la zoonose bactérienne d’origine alimentaire la plus fréquemment reportée en Europe. Cette bactérie étant ubiquitaire, les sources et voies d’infection de l’Homme sont nombreuses. Cependant, afin de diminuer l’incidence de la maladie, il est nécessaire d’identifier les principaux réservoirs impliqués dans les infections humaines. Pour cela, nous avons dans un premier temps investigué la présence de Campylobacter dans trois réservoirs animaux (volaille, bovin, animaux de compagnie), ainsi que la diversité génétique des isolats de C. jejuni, en comparaison à celle d’isolats cliniques, à l’aide des techniques MLST (Multilocus sequence typing) et CGF (Comparative Genomic Fingerprinting). Afin d’identifier l’origine des campylobactérioses avec précision et de compenser notamment les limites techniques de la MLST, 15 marqueurs génétiques ont été sélectionnés comme marqueurs potentiellement indicateurs de l’hôte, après analyse de plus de 800 génomes de C. jejuni. Par la suite, la capacité de la MLST, la CGF40 et des 15 marqueurs à identifier l’origine des campylobactérioses a été étudiée. Ainsi, les 15 marqueurs se sont révélés être particulièrement performants pour l’attribution de sources des campylobactérioses, suivis ensuite par la MLST, tandis que la CGF40 est apparue comme étant peu adaptée. A partir des données MLST et des 15 marqueurs génétiques, une implication majoritaire des volailles et des bovins a été mis en évidence en France, tandis que les animaux de compagnie et l’environnement (comprenant eau et oiseaux sauvages) étaient faiblement impliqués. Ceci permet ainsi de renforcer les efforts de recherche relatifs aux moyens de lutte contre Campylobacter menés dans ces réservoirs. Ce travail a également permis de mettre en évidence de potentielles spécificités nationales dans la dynamique de transmission de C. jejuni à l’Homme. / Campylobacter is the causal agent of the main bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis in Europe. Since Campylobacter is frequently found in animal reservoirs, sources of human infection and transmission routes are various. However, to decrease the human burden of campylobacteriosis, it is essential to quantify the relative importance of the several reservoirs in human infections. For this purpose, we assessed the contamination of chicken, cattle and pets by Campylobacter spp., and further characterized C. jejuni isolates using MLST (Multilocus Sequence Typing) and CGF (Comparative Genomic Fingerprinting) in comparison with French clinical isolates. Then, in order to identify the most likely origin of campylobacteriosis cases in France and overcome MLST limitations in source attribution, about 800 C. jejuni genomes were analyzed which resulted in the identification of 15 genes as promising host segregating markers for source attribution. Subsequently, we assessed the ability of MLST, CGF40 and the 15 host-segregating markers to identify the most likely origin of campylobacteriosis. The 15 host-segregating markers were the most powerful in source attribution, followed by MLST, while CGF40 appeared to be not suitable for source attribution in our study. Based on MLST and the 15 markers, assignments of clinical cases emphasize the significant implication of chicken and ruminant in human infection by Campylobacter, while pets and the environment (including water and wild birds) were slightly involved, reinforcing the interest to focus control strategies on livestock. Finally this work highlights potential national variations in the transmission dynamics of C. jejuni to human.

No description available.

Les événements extrêmes sont l'expression de la variabilité climatique naturelle. Puisque les émissions anthropiques affectent le climat mondial, il est naturel de se demander si les événements extrêmes observés récemment sont une manifestation du changement climatique. Cette thèse se propose de contribuer à la compréhension de l'influence du changement climatique anthropique sur les événements extrêmes observés, tout en évaluant si et comment cette information scientifique - et plus généralement, l'attribution d'événements extrêmes (AEE) - pourrait être utile à la société. Je propose des outils statistiques et j'utilise un ensemble d'entretiens qualitatifs pour répondre à ces questions.La partie statistique s'applique aux vagues de chaleur européennes. Je quantifie le rôle joué par la circulation atmosphérique dans l'intensité de quatre vagues de chaleur récente. Cette analyse s'appuie sur des analogues de circulations, qui identifient des jours ayant une circulation similaire à celle de l'événement étudié. Ensuite, je dissocie l'influence du changement climatique sur les processus dynamiques et non dynamiques menant aux vagues de chaleur. Je calcule des tendances sur l'occurrence de circulations favorisant les fortes chaleurs et sur la température pour une circulation fixée, pour les vagues de chaleur de 2003 en Europe de l'Ouest et de 2010 en Russie. Je trouve que la significativité des résultats dépend de l'événement étudié, ce qui montre l'intérêt de calculer des tendances pour des types de circulation atmosphérique précis.La partie épistémologique analyse les utilisations sociales potentielles de l'AEE. Je mesure comment elle pourrait informer les négociations internationales sur le climat, en particulier les pertes et préjudices, en réponse à des arguments de scientifiques dans ce sens. Je trouve que le seul rôle que l'AEE puisse jouer pour renforcer les pertes et préjudices est un rôle de sensibilisation des politiques, en marge du processus de négociations. Je compare également les motivations avancées par les scientifiques dans les entretiens avec les résultats existants sur l'utilité sociale de ce type d'information scientifique. Je montre que la pertinence sociale des résultats d'AEE est ambiguë, et qu'il y a un manque de données empiriques pour mieux comprendre comment différents acteurs s'approprient et réagissent à cette information. / Extreme events are an expression of natural climate variability. Since anthropogenic emissions affect global climate, it is natural to wonder whether recent observed extreme events are a manifestation of anthropogenic climate change. This thesis aims at contributing to the understanding of the influence of anthopogenic climate change on observed extreme events, while assessing whether and how this scientific information - and more generally, the science of extreme event attribution (EEA) - could be useful for society. I propose statistical tools to achieve the former, while relying on qualitative interviews for the latter.The statistical part focuses on European heatwaves. I quantify the role played by the atmospheric circulation in the intensity of four recent heatwaves. This analysis is based on flow analogues, which identify days with a similar circulation pattern than the event of interest. I then disentangle the influence of climate change on the dynamical and non-dynamical processes leading to heatwaves. I calculate trends in the occurrence of circulation patterns leading to high temperatures and trends in temperature for a fixed circulation pattern, applied to the 2003 Western Europe and 2010 Russia heatwaves. I find that the significance of the results depend on the event of interest, highlighting the value of calculating trends for very specific types of circulation.The epistemological part evaluates the potential social uses of extreme event attribution. I assess how it could inform international climate negotiations, more specifically loss and damage, in response to a number of claims from scientists going in this direction. I find that the only potential role EEA could play to boost the loss and damage agenda would be to raise awareness for policy makers, aside from the negotiation process itself. I also evaluate how the different motivations stated by EEA scientists in interviews fare compared to the existing evidence on social use of this type of scientific information. I show that the social relevance of EEA results is ambiguous, and that there is a lack of empirical data to better understand how different non-scientific stakeholders react and appropriate EEA information.

Entre 1780 et 1830, la conception du paysage évolue radicalement. Au tournant des XVIIIème et XIXème siècles, Rome accueille une fraternité d’artistes qui construisent un nouveau regard sur l’architecture et la nature, qui se place aux origines du paysage moderne. Les itinéraires artistiques de quatre paysagistes français, Jérôme-René Demoulin (1758-1799), Jacques Moulinier (1757-1828), François Liger (1757-?) et Antoine-Laurent Castellan (1772-1838) appartenant à cette même génération, constituent le sujet de notre étude. Entretenant tous un lien avec la ville de Montpellier, ces hommes, exerçant la profession de « dessinateurs voyageurs », empruntent des grands itinéraires à travers une Europe en guerre. Engagés au sein de missions scientifiques ou de voyages pittoresques, ces artistes réalisent une moisson de dessins depuis Madrid jusqu’à Constantinople. Cette étude se donne comme objectif premier de (re)constituer le parcours et la production de chacun des artistes afin de nous approcher de leur personnalité artistique. Le musée Fabre de Montpellier conserve, disséminée dans ses collections, une grande partie de ces dessins de voyage. Ainsi, un travail considérable de réattribution fut nécessaire afin d’élaborer quatre catalogues rigoureux et inédits relatifs à chaque artiste (450 dessins au total). Dans un second temps, l’analyse de ces corpus retrouvés et augmentés, donne à voir la place de chacun dans les tendances artistiques contemporaines. Ne formant ni un groupe, ni un échantillon d’étude, ces quatre hommes représentent en fait, par leur parcours et leur production, un fragment des pratiques contemporaines du paysage, depuis les vues pittoresques de Jacques Moulinier, héritières du XVIIIème siècle, jusqu’à l’intuition d’Antoine-Laurent Castellan, qui réalise des études dans la forêt de Fontainebleau dès 1819, préfigurant alors lesdéveloppements futurs du genre du paysage. / Between 1780 and 1830 the conception of landscape, changed radically. At the turn of XVIIIth and XIXth centuries a brotherhood of artists were in Rome who had a new concept of the relationship between architecture and nature. The aesthetic journeys undertaken by these four Frenchmen of the same generation, Jérôme-René Demoulin (1758-1799), Jacques Moulinier (1757-1828), François Liger (1757-?) and Antoine-Laurent Castellan (1772-1838) are the subject of this study. Whilst following their profession as artists, travellers and making long journey across Europe in time of war, they maintained their link with the city of Montpellier. Involved at the heart of scientific investigations or making journeys in pursuit of the picturesque, these men made a harvest of designs from Madrid to Constantinople. The object of this study is firstly torediscover the individual journeys and drawings of each one and to come close to their individual aesthetic. The musee Fabre at Montpellier holds a large proportion of the drawings made during their travels within its collections. Thus in order to complete a definitive catalogue for each of these artists, 4 new catalogues from a total of 450 designs, a great deal of exacting research was necessary. Secondly to analyse each body of work to discover the place each one held in contemporary artistic trends more exacting study was required. These men form neither a group or a sample study. By their works and travels they represent a fragment of the landscape work of their time. Inheritors of their ideas in the XIXth century from the picturesque views of Jacques Moulinier, to the intuition of Antoine-Laurent Castellan, who made his studies in the forest of Fontainebleau from 1819, prefigure the future concepts of landscape.

Syftet med undersökningen var att undersöka skillnader i elitidrottssatsande gymnasieungdomars attributionsstil vid motgång jämfört med framgång. I studien undersöktes skillnader mellan individuella- jämfört med lagidrotter samt skillnader mellan kvinnor och män. Totalt deltog 209 idrottare (76 kvinnor och 133 män), varav 85 individuella idrottare och 124 lagidrottare. Metoden bestod av en digital enkät uppbyggd på två situationer; en period av motgång och en period av framgång. För de båda situationerna mättes intern attribution, stabil attribution och upplevd påverkansgrad. Resultatet visade signifikanta skillnader mellan situationerna, där orsaksförklaringen vid framgång i högre grad beskrevs bero på utövaren själv (intern attribution) än vid motgång. Även graden av stabil attribution var högre vid framgång, alltså att orsaksförklaringen ansågs komma att bestå framöver. Vidare visade resultatet att män i högre utsträckning gör interna attributioner än vad kvinnor gör. Och slutligen påvisades att individuella idrottare i högre utsträckning använde sig av interna attributioner jämfört med lagidrottare och även att individuella idrottare upplever en högre grad av påverkan. / The aim of the study was to investigate differences in the attribution style of high school youth participating in elite sports in the event of adversity compared to success. The study examined differences between individual versus team sports as well as differences between women and men. A total of 209 athletes participated (76 women and 133 men), of which 85 were individual athletes and 124 were team athletes. The method consisted of a digital survey built on two situations; a period of adversity and a period of success. For both situations, internal attribution, stable attribution and perceived degree of influence were measured. The result showed significant differences between the situations, where the causal explanation in the case of success was described to a greater degree as being due to the practitioner himself (internal attribution) than in the case of failure. The degree of stable attribution was also higher in the case of success, meaning that the causal explanation was considered to persist in the future. Furthermore, the results showed that men more often use internal attributions, than woman do. And finally, it was shown that individual athletes used internal attributions to a greater extent compared to team athletes and also that individual athletes experience a higher degree of influence the situation.

In the last 20 years, various investigators have contributed valuable insights that shed light on the interconnected matrix of self-efficacy and attribution theories of motivation in instilling confidence and desire for academic achievement. However, these two areas of beliefs and their effects on students‟ achievement have rarely been researched together with writing performance here in Ethiopia. Both quantitative and qualitative methodologies have been integrated in the analysis of the data gathered from two secondary schools. The quantitative method was employed where participants were involved in taking composition test, filling out the self-efficacy scale and a questionnaire on attribution so as to investigate the relationships among the variables. The qualitative method was also used to examine the teachers‟ role in boosting students‟ motivation towards effecting goal-oriented striving at success in English writing performance The findings of this study indicated that there is a positive and strong relationship between writing self-efficacy beliefs and awareness and effective performance in writing tasks. It was also found that the learners who attributed their success to their ability and effort rather than to external causes achieved better results. Moreover, the findings of the qualitative data indicated that teachers‟ interest and motivation to teach writing can play a crucial role so as to raise the learners‟ feelings of self-worth and self-efficacy to do the writing activity. In other words, teachers need to capitalise on their learners‟ fervent desire for success and achievement in whatever line of endeavour, and the vital role effective writing skills play in the realisation of life goals. / English Studies / M.A. (Specialisation in TESOL)

In the last 20 years, various investigators have contributed valuable insights that shed light on the interconnected matrix of self-efficacy and attribution theories of motivation in instilling confidence and desire for academic achievement. However, these two areas of beliefs and their effects on students‟ achievement have rarely been researched together with writing performance here in Ethiopia. Both quantitative and qualitative methodologies have been integrated in the analysis of the data gathered from two secondary schools. The quantitative method was employed where participants were involved in taking composition test, filling out the self-efficacy scale and a questionnaire on attribution so as to investigate the relationships among the variables. The qualitative method was also used to examine the teachers‟ role in boosting students‟ motivation towards effecting goal-oriented striving at success in English writing performance The findings of this study indicated that there is a positive and strong relationship between writing self-efficacy beliefs and awareness and effective performance in writing tasks. It was also found that the learners who attributed their success to their ability and effort rather than to external causes achieved better results. Moreover, the findings of the qualitative data indicated that teachers‟ interest and motivation to teach writing can play a crucial role so as to raise the learners‟ feelings of self-worth and self-efficacy to do the writing activity. In other words, teachers need to capitalise on their learners‟ fervent desire for success and achievement in whatever line of endeavour, and the vital role effective writing skills play in the realisation of life goals. / English Studies / M.A. (Specialisation in TESOL)