Attributive phrases of advertising text Attributive phrases are one of the most important methods to express syntax of advertising text. These texts clearly states the domination of qualifying attributive phrases (86,4 %). Possessive phrases here are rare (10,3 %) and secondary name phrases are almost unrepresentative (3,3 %). An object in the advertisement is defined not directly. Dominant kinds of qualifying attributive phrases emphasise actual attributive relationship in the advertisement text. The biggest part among the qualifying attributive phrases institutes clear feature phrases in the exploratory texts (large package, ideal cleanness), which generally state non-inherent feature of an object (fantastic shine, ideal cleanness, special flavour), defining (varietals) feature (cool tankard, mobile connection), the quantity of features (intensity) (more tasty cheese, the hottest news). The advertisement also features with purposive (14,7 %) (air fresher, supermarket) and distinctive feature phrases (12,3 %) (sweet curd, products of highest quality) which differentiates audio and written advertising texts – audio advertisements have less such phrases, because imitating of live situations where the purpose of an object and show up are not declared so freely. These texts feature also such attributive phrases whose possessive component, verbal (more rarely adjectival) noun together with the main one express objective relations (9,4 %) (displaying of goods, accommodation... [to full text]

This thesis is a corpus-based description of the attributive suffix -k in Pastaza Kichwa, a Quechuan language spoken in lowland Amazonian Ecuador. The goal of this work is, first, to describe the behaviors, characteristics, and functions of the suffix using data from the Corpus of Pastaza Kichwa (Rice 2018a), and second, to offer a typological analysis of these behaviors in order to identify the most appropriate classification for the suffix. The suffix has previously been described as a nominalizer (Nuckolls & Swanson, forthcoming), and the equivalent suffix in other Quechuan varieties has been described as an agentive nominal relativizer (Weber 1983; Weber 1989; Cole 1985; Lefebvre & Muysken 1988) or a participle (Markham 1864; Weber 1989; Guardia Mayorga 1973; Catta Quelen 1985; Debenbach-Salazar Saenz 1993, Muysken 1994). This work claims that the function of the -k suffix in Pastaza Kichwa more closely conforms to crosslinguistic descriptions of active participial functions. After introducing Pastaza Kichwa and the -k suffix, I use numerous examples to describe the behavior of the suffix. The data is taken from the Corpus of Pastaza Kichwa, which is composed of 40 narrative texts and contains 32,127 tokens. 846 examples of the -k suffix are found in the corpus. Following the presentation of the data, I offer an analysis based on previous descriptions of nominalizations and participles in Quechuan languages, as well as typological descriptions of nominalizations and participles crosslinguistically. I rely chiefly on the typological description of participles found in Shagal (2017) to conclude that verb + -k forms function as active (or nominative) participles in Pastaza Kichwa.

<p>This study investigates how best to solve difficulties that may arise when translating bird literature from English into Swedish. The focus of the study lies on the translation of attributive adjectives and bird terminology. The text chosen for the translation, which serves as the basis for the analysis, is the section on general habits of the <em>Turdidae-family </em>in the comprehensive work <em>Handbook of the Birds of the World. </em>Translation theory that proved helpful in the translation process and in the subsequent analysis was primarily that of Vinay and Darbelnet (1995, 2004), Nida (1964a) and Newmark (1981). In most cases a literal translation could be perfonned, both in regard to attributive adjectives and bird tenninology, however, in some cases other translation procedures, such as transposition and equivalence, proved useful. Attributive adjectives that could not be translated literally, or that were preferred not to be translated literally, were translated through the use of transposition, into for instance: compound nouns, prepositional phrases, relative clauses and <em>that-clauses. </em>Bird terminology for which no suitable corresponding terminology could be found in the target language, was translated non-literally through the use of equivalence, into structures maintaining the equivalent semantic meaning in a natural way.</p>

This study investigates how best to solve difficulties that may arise when translating bird literature from English into Swedish. The focus of the study lies on the translation of attributive adjectives and bird terminology. The text chosen for the translation, which serves as the basis for the analysis, is the section on general habits of the Turdidae-family in the comprehensive work Handbook of the Birds of the World. Translation theory that proved helpful in the translation process and in the subsequent analysis was primarily that of Vinay and Darbelnet (1995, 2004), Nida (1964a) and Newmark (1981). In most cases a literal translation could be perfonned, both in regard to attributive adjectives and bird tenninology, however, in some cases other translation procedures, such as transposition and equivalence, proved useful. Attributive adjectives that could not be translated literally, or that were preferred not to be translated literally, were translated through the use of transposition, into for instance: compound nouns, prepositional phrases, relative clauses and that-clauses. Bird terminology for which no suitable corresponding terminology could be found in the target language, was translated non-literally through the use of equivalence, into structures maintaining the equivalent semantic meaning in a natural way.

This is a corpus-based study on adjective use in eighty written compositions by Swedish learners of English from Grade 7 and Grade 9 in junior high school, and from Year 1 and Year 3 in senior high school. The aims of the study are to conduct an analysis of the use of attributive adjectives in noun phrases, and to investigate how attributive adjective use contributes to the syntactic complexity of noun phrases. This study proposes a hypothesis of the complexity of noun phrases in relation to different types of attributive adjectives, that is to say, an assumption that more complex types of attributive adjectives contain more compact information that requires more effort to learn and use.  The investigation shows that Swedish learners of English in junior and senior high school use an overwhelming number of noun phrases without premodifiers. The findings confirm that less proficient students use more adjectives as premodifiers in noun phrases than nouns as premodifiers. The results of the examination also reveal that students from the four school levels investigated use the most common attributive adjectives frequently, which accouts for more than half of the attributive adjectives used. However, a positive trend is that the use of more complex types of adjectives, such as derivational and participial adjectives, steadily increases in number when students advance in school level.  The comparision of the most common attributive adjectives in proportion to other adjectives used in the data from each grade shows that more proficient students use a richer variety of adjectives than less proficient students. Some pedagogical implications in this connection are the need to raise Swedish students’ awareness of different types of adjectives in language teaching and learning. Other pedagogical suggestions are the need to develop students’ skills in elaborating ideas and consolidating syntactic structures in their writing.       Keywords: syntactic development, noun premodification, attributive adjective, Swedish learners of English

Texte remanié de: Th. doct.--Droit public--Paris 2. / Bibliogr. p. 283-303. Index.

SANTRAUKA Nedarbas – Lietuvoje viena aktualiausių šių dienų problema. Ir nors šiuo metu bedarbių skaičius ženkliai mažėja, problema neišnyksta. Netekęs darbo žmogus skirtingai interpretuoja priežastis, o pagal tai pasirenka ir įveikos strategiją. Šiame darbe nagrinėjome, kaip bedarbiai aiškina savo bedarbystės, darbo praradimo, bei neradimo priežastis; kokią įveikos strategiją naudoja norėdami pakeisti esamą situaciją; ar demografiniai veiksniai nulemia atribucinio stiliaus pasirinkimą, bei įveikos strategiją. Tyrime dalyvavo 200 tiriamųjų : 100 Vilniaus rajone gyvenančių bedarbių ir 100 Akmenės rajone gyvenančių bedarbių. Tyrime naudoti tyrimo metodai - klausimynas, kurį sudarė 5 klausimų grupės: 1) išorinės – vidinės priežastys; 2) pastovios – kintančios priežastys; 3) kontroliuojamos – nekontroliuojamos priežastys; 4) į problemą – į emocijas orientuotos įveikos strategijos; 5) gynybos mechanizmai naudojami bedarbystėje. Atlikus tyrimą pasitvirtino mūsų keltos hipotezės: 1. Tiriamieji aiškinant bedarbystės, darbo praradimo ir darbo neradimo priežastis naudoja savitą, gynybiškumo atribucinį stilių, t.y. priežastis dažniausiai priskiria išoriniams veiksniams. 2. Tiriamieji bedarbiai, kurie jaučiasi kontroliuoją aplinką, renkasi į problemą orientuotas įveikimo strategijas ir atvirkščiai, tiriamieji bedarbiai, kurie mano negalįs kontroliuoti esamos padėties, renkasi į emocijas nukreiptas įveikos strategijas. Tyrimo metu išryškėjo šios tendencijos: &#61656; Tiriamieji bedarbiai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / SUMMARY Unemployment is one of the most relevant problems in Lithuania. Currently the number of unemployed declines but the problem hadn‘t disappear. The person who have lost his or her job he or she interpret every reason in his or her one way and he or she choose strategy of coping. In this study we discuss how the unemployed explain reasons of losing or not finding job, what strategy of coping with unemployment they use and demographical factors influence or not choosing of attribution style and coping strategy. In this study were selected 200 participants: 100 unemployed in Vilnius district and 100 unemployed in Akmene district. There was used test which yields five sub-cores: 1) Internal – external reasons; 2) Stable - unstable reasons; 3) Controlled – uncontrolled reasons; 4) Coping strategy; 5) Defensive element using coping with unemployment. This study validates our hypothesis: 1. Unemployed are using defensive attribution style to explain reasons of losing or not finding job (external attribution style). 2. Unemployed who feel that they can control environment chose the coping strategy applying to problem and unemployed who feel that they can‘t control environment chose the coping strategy applying to emotions. This study gives such tendencies: • Unemployed usually use the coping strategy applying to problem (they are searching for job actively). Only some of the unemployed coping with unemployment have changed their qualification even when they thought that the... [to full text]

This study investigates the adjectival passive, in accordance with Beedham's (2005, 1982) analysis of the passive as an aspect, with the caveat that telicity is an optimal, not sufficient, condition. The affinity of the adjectival passive with attributive participles and the existence of implicit agents in adjectival passives has divided opinion amongst linguists. The thesis deploys grammaticality judgment questionnaires surveying 1043 2nd participles and a corpus-based study investigating 1035 2nd participles. A subsective gradience (Aarts 2007, 2006, 2004) is modelled on five morpho-syntactic properties of 2nd participles: attributive function without modification, attributive function with modification, adjectival, verbal and prepositional passive, measuring formally the ability of 2nd participles to function like adjectives. The thesis consists of seven chapters. Chapter one introduces the research questions, adjectival passives and theoretical background. Chapter two reviews the aspect analysis, telicity, offers a qualification, and sets the theoretical approach. Chapter three is about the data and methodology. Chapter four discusses the affinity between adjectival passive and attributive participles. Chapter five discusses subsective gradience. Chapter six discusses the implications of the findings. Chapter seven gives a summary and conclusion. The empirical findings in our study provide further evidence in support of a subsective gradience in 2nd participles indicative of how ‘adjectival' a participle can be, on a continuum or gradient ranging from ‘verby' 2nd participles – relatively low compatibility with adjectival properties – to very adjectival 2nd participles. 2nd participles in this study are shown to have an inherent meaning of ‘action + state'. 2nd participles which form adjectival passives function attributively and form verbal passives. However, a 2nd participle functioning attributively does not entail that it will form an adjectival passive. There is evidence that attributive un- participles can host manner adverbials. It was also found that the interpretation of attributive participles goes beyond a simple passive/perfect dichotomy, and there are cases whereby a 2nd participle modifies an NP that is not an argument of the corresponding verb. This study makes a contribution to the wider analysis of the adjectival passive and provides further support for the similarity between adjectival and verbal passives.

The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the attributive noun classes, as well as their suffixal counterparts, firstly in Bantu, and secondly in Zulu. The investigation will be done with reference to aspects such as the following: the general distribution, meaning and function of the attributive noun class prefixes in Bantu. This study will also investigate the distinction between those prefixes which are exclusively used to categorise size and shape deviations, namely those belonging to classes 12/13, 19, 20, 21 and 22; and those class prefixes which have a secondary function of indicating such deviations, namely the prefixes of classes 5/6, 7/8 and 11. The main concern is the way in which these prefixes are often associated with positive or negative emotive perceptions regarding size and shape, and are therefore often used to express amelioration and derogation. In languages such as Zulu and Northern Sotho the existence of possible frozen remnants of such attributive noun class prefixes will be investigated. Some Bantu languages such as Venda that express variations in size and shape as well as the emotive perception by means of suffixes, or by a combination of prefixes and suffixes will be investigated. The possible semantic overlap between the meanings expressed by attributive class prefixes, and/or between the meanings expressed by attributive class prefixes and so-called ‘attributive suffixes’ will also be scrutinized. Apart from the aspects mentioned above, the relationship between augmentative and diminutive suffixes and the notion [+ feminine] in languages such as Zulu and Northern Sotho will be scrutinized. The occurrence of the Zulu suffix -azana/-azane, which is apparently a combination of the diminutive and augmentative suffixes, will also be investigated. This study will firstly provide a typological overview of the various strategies employed in Bantu in order to express variations in shape and size, as well as of the emotive perceptions that accompany such variations. Secondly, this study will provide an insight into the way in which shape and size variations, amelioration and derogation are expressed in Zulu through the utilisation of diminutive and augmentative suffixes. An indication will also be given of the possible diachronic development of attributive categories in this language. This study will make a significant contribution not only to the field of diachronic and comparative Bantu linguistics, but also to Zulu linguistics. This research will furthermore lead to a deeper understanding of the strategies employed in Zulu to express the semantic nuances of amelioration and derogation. / Dissertation (MA (African Languages))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / African Languages / unrestricted

<p>This study deals with difficulties of different nature encountered in the process of translating a tourist booklet on Dover Castle, published by English Heritage. The study focuses on grammatical aspects as the translation of the passive and attributive adjectives, and lexical aspects as the translation of terminology and cultural words and expressions. The analysis is based on Peter Newmark's translation theory and translation strategies. Passives and adjectives have been divided into groups based on the translation models and strategies used, and the focus is on changes in the grammatical structure. Most passives were rendered as passives in Swedish by the use of s-passives, which involves a change in the grammatical structure. Most adjectives in the source text were translated by the use of a corresponding adjective in the target language, with no change in the grammatical structure. However, some adjectives were translated using for example a prepositional phrase or a compound noun.</p><p>The analysis on terminology and cultural aspects focuses on what translation strategies have been used and problems that may occur concerning such aspects. Most source language terms were translated by the use of corresponding target language terms found in dictionaries or parallel texts. Some of the terms were transferred into the target text in their source text form, with an added explanation.</p><p>The cultural aspects consisted mainly of names, which were dealt with in different ways. Some were transferred using the source language form, and in some cases conventionalised Swedish forms were used. The main aim of the translation has been to render the text as natural as possible in Swedish, and the main aim of the analysis has been to discuss certain aspects of difficulty that occurred in the translation process.</p>