Dans la période actuelle, la gestion financière des établissements publics d'enseignement au Vietnam fait l'objet d'une profonde réforme ayant pour but la légalité, la régularité, l'efficacité et la transparence. Cette gestion financière portant sur le modèle de la gestion budgétaire axée sur les moyens fait face aujourd'hui à l'inefficacité et à l'opacité dans la gestion et l'utilisation des dépenses publiques, dans la prévision des ressources disponibles ainsi que dans la responsabilisation des gestionnaires et le contrôle a posteriori. Par ailleurs, il faut également relever qu'elle est inadaptée au mécanisme actuel de l'autonomie de gestion des établissements, à la recherche des motivations raisonnables des dirigeants, enseignants et des usagers et notamment au développement de ressources propres permettant aux établissements de répondre non seulement à une progression exceptionnelle des besoins éducatifs mais encore à leur processus de modernisation à venir. Il est proposé que la réforme de cette gestion financière doive s'aligner sur la réforme actuelle des finances publiques ainsi que sur celle de l'enseignement. En ce sens, il convient de mettre en place un modèle de la gestion budgétaire axée sur les résultats et accroître à la fois l'autonomie de gestion, notamment de gestion financière des établissements publics d'enseignement en cohérence étroite avec la responsabilité des gestionnaires et le contrôle financier. / In the current period, the financial management in public educational institutions in Vietnam has been the main target of the comprehensive reform for enhancement of legality, regularity, efficiency and transparency. Indeed, in the country, the model of input-based budgeting management now is not suitable, efficient and cleans enough for spending and auditing public expenditure. It also lacks of planning function for potential resources and supervising of managerial accountability and a posteriori control. Moreover, this financial management does not completely satisfy the today demand of managerial autonomy mechanism in public educational institutions. It can neither create a good motivation for managers, teachers and users nor mobilizing the development of their own resources which are very necessary to expanse their training needs as well as their modernization process in future. It is therefore proposed that the reform of the management must go in line with the current reform of public finances and that of education. For the purpose, in public educational institutions, a model of performance-based management should be implemented at the same time with the enhancement of managerial autonomy, especially in financial field as well as the responsibilities of managers in accountability and financial control.

This thesis deals with the theory of moral sentiments as put in Adam Smith's work. The thesis reflects the legacy of Adam Smith and enlightened sentimentalism as whole in field of contemporary philosophy and sociological science. Hence the thesis gives attention to misinterpretations of Smith's work, to his economical heritage with emphasis on Hayek's elaboration of the theory of spontaneous order (which has foundation in the notion of the "invisible hand") and also to his legacy in political philosophy. Here the thesis introduces particularly the debate on reflective autonomy, which is crucial for the lining of fundamental features of the disagreement between rationalistic and sentimentalistic account of the origin of morality, and tries to advocate the significance of sentimentalistic claims in todays society. The aim of this thesis is to convince the reader that the aspects of our mind, which the theory of moral sentiments and sentimentalism emphases and which are rather overlooked or devalued in todays world, are absolutely necessary in public debate.

Il s’agit dans cette étude des processus créatifs des systèmes automatiques et autogénératifs. Notre problématique se base sur le paradoxe suivant : comment est-il possible à un système automatique et autopoïétique de créer quelque chose de doté d’une valeur esthétique ? Peut-on parler d’une poïétique et d’une esthétique propres aux systèmes autogénératifs ? Si cela est possible, en quel sens peut-il avoir ? Et quels seraient les implications et les enjeux ? Comment faire concilier la conscience, l’intentionnalité, l’émotion, la subjectivité, l’intelligence créative et la libre décision avec l’automatisation et la programmation algorithmique ? En s’appuyant sur un échantillon de neuf artistes, et à partir d’une approche inductivo-déductive, nous avons essayé de réfléchir sur les liens nécessaires entre : automatisation, autonomie, auto génération et énaction. Nous nous sommes rendu compte qu’il y avait une évolution continue qui dirigeait toute l’histoire de l’instrumentalisation dans l’art. Cette médiation, toujours en évolution, a finalement abouti à un changement qualitatif, c'est-à-dire à un passage de paradigme du faire au paradigme du faire faire avec lequel les processus d’automatisation, d’autonomisation, d’autogénération et d’énaction se sont devenus de plus en plus déterminants pour l’acte de création artistique.Le paradigme du faire faire est un paradigme d’automatisation, d’autogénération, d’autopoïèse et d’émergence dans lequel, l’« artiste » ne génère plus directement l’œuvre, mais plutôt il instaure le contexte de son auto génération. Cette autogénérativité progressive prendra des formes et des degrés multiples, à commencer par la générativité combinatoire, exploratoire, adaptative et transformationnelle…, à travers les quelles, le triangle créatif traditionnel s’est trouvé inopérationnel, et par conséquent, la théorie de l’art condamnée à changer ses catégories.Dans ce contexte de changement paradigmatique, une « nouvelle hybridation homme-machine », une « créativité collective et distribuée » ou une « auto générativité éco systémique » se présentaient comme des pistes possibles vers des nouvelles pratiques créatives énactives, vers des nouvelles aventures de théorisation et de réflexions esthétiques ? / The purpose of this study is the creative processes of automatic and self-generating systems. The raised issue is based on the following paradox: how is it possible for an automatic and autopoietic system to create something that has an aesthetic value? Can we speak of poietic and aesthetic that are characteristics of self-generating systems? If possible, in what sense it is. And what would the implications and the stakes be. How to reconcile consciousness, intentionality emotion, with automation and algorithmic programming? Based on a sample of nine artists, and from a deductive-inductive approach, we have tried to reflect on the necessary links between: automation, autonomy, self-generation and énaction. We have come to realize that there is a continuous evolution that runs the entire history of the instrumentalization of art. This mediation, always evolving, has eventually led to a qualitative change. That is to a passage from a paradigm of do to a paradigm of make do with which the processes of automation, self-generation and enaction have become increasing crucial to the act of artistic creation. The make do paradigm is a paradigm of autopoiesis and emergence, in which, the artist no longer generates directly the work of art, but rather establishes the context of its self-generation. This progressive self-generation takes multiple forms and degrees, beginning with the combinatorial, explaratory, adaptive and transformational generativity through which the traditional creative triangle is found inoperative, and therefore the theory of advance art has changed its categories. In this context of paradigmatic change, à “new hybridization Human-Machine”, a “collective and distributed creativity” or “ecosystem auto-generativity” have become possible leads to new enactive and creative practices, to new adventures of aesthetic theory.

L'objectif de cette étude ethnographique est d'analyser la subjectivation des adultes atteints d´un handicap cérébral moteur et de dépendance physique à partir des stratégies quotidiennes conduisant à l´autonomie. Les résultats montrent trois éléments liés à l´action autonomisante :(1) le processus d'infantilisation : qui fonctionne comme un « modeleur » de la subjectivité. L´autonomie sera, alors, le résultat de la dynamique entre la résistance des sujets aux effets de l'infantilisation ; (2) la dépendance physique et les soins : un élément qui pose problème au projet d'autonomie en tant que détachement de l'autre. Le soin demandé par le corps abimé met en cause l'idéal d'autonomie comme auto- suffisance, ce qui exige une analyse qui prend en compte les deux pôles de la relation (soignant-soigné) ; (3) l'action autonomisante et l´invention de soi : l'autonomie est liée à des processus subjectifs et ne peut être vue qu´à travers les mouvements quotidiens d´auto-production qui ont lieu dans les rapports à l'autre et dans le monde culturel. L'accent est mis sur les stratégies (les actions, les interactions, les réactions) qui permettent aux personnes handicapées de s'inventer de façon originale et unique. L'hypothèse centrale est que le désir, plutôt que la raison, a un rôle central dans la quête de l'autonomie. / The objective of this ethnographic study is to analyze the subjectivation process of adults with cerebral palsy and physical dependence in everyday strategies for gaining autonomy. The results show three elements in the characterization of autonomy for physically dependents individuals:(1) the process of infantilization: which acts as a molder for subjectivity. Autonomy is, thus, the result from the dynamic range between resistance and submission on the effects of infantilization;(2) physical dependence and care: this is a problem-solving element of the project of autonomy. The demanded care puts into question the ideal of autonomy as self-sufficiency and requires an analysis that takes into account the two poles of the relation (caregiver – care recipient), (3) the automizating action and the invention of the self: autonomy is related to subjectivation process and as such can only be captured by means of daily movements of self-production which takes place into intersubjectivity. The emphasis is on strategies (actions, interactions, and reactions) used by individuals with disabilities to resist to the circumscription of the self and to invent an original and unique way of life. The central hypothesis is that the desire (rather than reason) has a central role in the quest for autonomy. / Nas últimas décadas, observa-se um deslocamento dos discursos médicos em direção a uma concepção sócio-construcionista sobre as pessoas com deficiência, o que tem animado os debates a respeito da autonomia e a inserção social desse grupo. No entanto, a dualidade estabelecida por essa nova abordagem entre social- biológico não parece dar conta da complexidade que o processo de autonomia assume na vida desses sujeitos e não se sustenta sob a luz das teorias aportadas pelo pensamento pós-estruturalista. Assim, a partir da crítica ao racionalismo e ao individualismo moderno – levantada pelas reflexões feministas sobre cuidado – a contribuição da fenomenologia e das filosofias da diferença, a presente tese propõe uma análise da relação entre dependência, deficiência e autonomia de modo a considerar os elementos frequentemente descarados nos discursos militantes sobre o tema. O objetivo do trabalho consiste em analisar o processo de subjetivação de adultos com paralisia cerebral e dependência física a partir das estratégias cotidianas de conquista da autonomia. A pesquisa de campo teve duração de 14 meses, ao longo dos quais foi realizada observação participante sobre a vida cotidiana de dois indivíduos adultos com paralisia cerebral e dependência física. Entrevistas semidiretivas foram desenvolvidas com os familiares e os sujeitos com deficiência de modo a reconstituir a trajetória pessoal de cada um deles. Os resultados apontam três elementos que se articulam no fazer-autônomo dos sujeitos sob dependência física: (1) o processo de infantilização – que funciona como uma espécie de força de formatação e reificação da subjetivação desses indivíduos. A autonomia resultaria da dinâmica entre a resistência à infantilização e os efeitos desta na vida dos sujeitos com deficiência. São descritos na tese três pontos que constituem a infantilização: o argumento da vulnerabilidade como explicação para a necessidade de controle e cerceamento, a negação da sexualidade e da desejabilidade do corpo deficiente e a afirmação da razão como meio de ascensão à vida adulta; (2) dependência física e cuidado – trata-se de um elemento problematizador do projeto de autonomia como desvinculação do outro e que não pode ser descartado na compreensão deste fenômeno. O cuidado demandado pelo corpo dependente coloca em xeque o ideal de autonomia como autossuficiência presente na concepção de indivíduo moderno e exige uma análise que leve em consideração os dois polos da relação (cuidador – pessoa sob cuidado); (3) ação automizadora e invenção de si – a autonomia está intrinsecamente relacionada com os processos de subjetivação e, como tal, só pode ser percebida a partir dos movimentos cotidianos de autoprodução na relação com o outro e com o mundo. A ênfase é dada nas estratégias (ações, interações, reações) utilizadas pelos indivíduos com deficiência para resistir à circunscrição da subjetividade e para inventarem a si mesmos de modo original e singular. A hipótese central é de que o desejo (tanto quanto a razão) tem um papel determinante na busca pela autonomia. Tornar-se adulto (logo, autônomo) para as pessoas com deficiência física grave não significa necessariamente assumir a rigidez e a retidão comumente associada a essa fase da vida. Mas guiar-se pelo devir-criança e pelo prazer de experimentar a diferença a partir da multiplicidade que abriga o conceito de deficiência.

The dissertation thesis Structures and hierarchies in professional discourse of journalists in the Czech Republic with a focus on the factor of gender deals with professional self-reflection of Czech daily news journalists from the perspective of feminist political economy. This attitude connects the field of gender media studies and the political economy of communication, stresses the intersection of gender and other factors (demographic, socio- cultural, economic, organizational) when examining the influences in the profession and poses questions about the extent of individual autonomy in both professional and extraprofessional hierarchies. The theoretical introduction defines the field of gender media studies in terms of topics and conflicting ideas, summarizes the conclusions of gender research on media institutions and focuses on the perspective of studying gender among many influences in the news such as economic, sociocultural and organizational factors. The analysis of in-depth interviews with Czech daily news journalists reveals how the importance of gender as an influence in news media is constructed in professional discourse in the context of other structural and organizational influences. Based on the collected data and its analysis, it suggests focusing in detail on the possible...

Au Cameroun, les transformations de la fiscalité locale qui se sont opérées au fil du temps n'ont eu aucune incidence sur l'autonomie financière des collectivités territoriales ; celle-ci demeure comprimée. Quant à la bonne gouvernance, elle apparaît parfaite sur le papier -signe de la pression des bailleurs de fonds internationaux-mais inexistante dans la pratique. Alors que les tentatives internationales de lutte contre la pauvreté semblent montrer leurs limites dans ce pays, les recettes fiscales locales y restent quant à elles insuffisantes, en raison notamment de l'ampleur du secteur informel et de l'inefficacité de la politique fiscale. Il s'ensuit une crise de la fiscalité locale qui s'accompagne d'une crise des finances locales. Aussi, des réponses appropriées de financement des collectivités territoriales doivent-elles être trouvées si le Cameroun entend rester sur la voie du développement. La piste des recettes non fiscales et celle de la coopération entre collectivités territoriales ne devraient pas être négligées. Si ces pistes sont nécessaires, elles ne sont pour autant pas suffisantes : elles ne sont pas à même de générer des ressources à hauteur des besoins des collectivités territoriales. Dès lors, une réforme axée sur l'amélioration des modes de financement des collectivités territoriales semble inévitable, voire urgente. Ainsi, le modèle camerounais des dotations étatiques devrait-il être revisité pour plus d'efficacité. Par ailleurs, si la réforme de la fiscalité locale devrait prioritairement être tournée vers la simplicité, l'efficacité, l'efficience et l'équité, il est tout aussi important qu'elle soit tournée vers la pertinence institutionnelle, une démarche qui peut se révéler très efficace en matière de mobilisation des ressources -y compris fiscales -dans le contexte camerounais. / No english summary available.

Le régime de l'Église semi-autonome de Crète est aujourd’hui unique dans l’espace de l’administration des Églises orthodoxes et présente de ce fait des particularités et un intérêt accru. La présente étude relativement au régime de l'Église de Crète évolue autour de deux axes principaux : premièrement autour de l’étude de l’origine et de la formation historiques des relations institutionnelles actuelles entre l'Église de Crète et l’État grec et deuxièmement autour de l’étude et de l’interprétation nomocanonique du cadre institutionnel actuel déterminant et formant l’organisation (centrale et régionale) etle fonctionnement de l'Église semi-autonome de Crète dans l’État grec. L'Église de Crète est aujourd’hui régie par la Loi no 4149/1961 « Sur la Charte statutaire de l'Église orthodoxe en Crète », dont la rédaction fut considérablement influencée par les textes de la législation statutaire antérieure, tant de l'Église de Crète que de l'Église de Grèce. Ces textes antérieurs avaient introduit un certain nombre d’interventions de l’État dans l’administration ecclésiastique de Crète, dont les effets sont visibles aujourd’hui. L’élaboration et l’adoption d’une nouvelle Charte statutaire pour l'Église de Crète sous la lumière et les conditions de la nouvelle Constitution grecque de 1975 n’ont pas été rendues possibles jusqu’à aujourd’hui. C’est la raison pour laquelle l’objectif et le contenu de la présente étude ont été de présenter l’organisation de l'Église de Crète et toutes les formes de ses rapports avec l’État grec à travers le cadre actuel des garanties constitutionnelles sur la liberté religieuse aussi bien qu’à travers les saints canons de l'Église garantis par la Constitution. La contribution principale de la présente étude réside en l’approche des relations entre l'Église de Crète et l’État grec, non seulement du point de vue législatif et étatique, mais également du point de vue canonique-ecclésiologique, puisque les saints canons constituent le droit interne de l'Église. / The status of the semi-autonomous Church of Crete is currently unique in the field of administration of Orthodox Churches and therefore appears with peculiarities and current interest. Our present research is carried out around two basic axises.The first one concerns the study of the historical “birth” and development of contemporary public relations between the Crete Church and the Greek state. The second one is the study and the nomocanonical interpretation of the current institutional framework which determine the organisation and the function of the half – autonomous Church of Crete within the Greek state. The Crete Church is currently governed by the 4149/1961 law “the constitution law of the Orthodox Church on Crete” the syntax of which was greatly influenced by the previous constitutory laws of both the Church of Crete and the Greek Church. These texts introduced several state interventions in the administration of Crete Church, the results of which are obvious today. Untill now, the elaboration and the approval of a new Charter concerning the Crete Church enlightened by the new Greek constitution established in 1975, has not been possible. Thus the target of the present research has been the presentation of the internal administration of the Crete Church and its relations in all its forms with the Greek state through the contemporary religious beliefs concerning religious freedom as well as the Holy Rules of the Church protected by the state constitution. The main contribution of this research lies in the approach of the relations between the Church of Crete and the Greek state not only from the legislative point of view but also from the ecclesiastical one provided the Holy Rules are the internal principle of justice within Church.

This thesis deals with the social and ethical aspects of the approach to clients suffering from schizophrenia. The theoretical part presents schizophrenia as a mental disorder that seriously affects our perception of reality and in which changes in personality occur. As a result, problems arise in everyday life, such as establishing close relationships, employment, housing, education or meaningful leisure time activities. These social problems threaten human with social exclusion. The practical part looks into client satisfaction with treatment in medical facilities, the clients´ main problems and offers solutions to such problems by the mediation of follow-up services. The ethical part deals with ethical dilemmas connected with the approach to clients where the common denominator is a thin line between promoting human autonomy and its limitations caused by the treatment of disease.

This diploma thesis deals with fiscal rules at the sub-national government level. The main goal is to make an analysis of the evolution and current situation of fiscal rules at the sub-national government level and to make the systematic classification of fiscal rules parameters and their choice in the EU member countries. The literary overview includes the introduction into the topic of fiscal rules and explains the connection between short-terms and long-terms goals of public finances and motives for the implementation of fiscal rules. There is also presented their typology. The next important part of this theme is the fiscal decentralization, which is also introduced here. This part is concluded by the overview of studies, which examine and evaluate the strength and effectiveness of fiscal rules at sub-national government level. The part of solutions and results includes the descriptive analysis of evolution and current situation of fiscal rules in EU member countries (EU-27) with the focus on local and regional sub-national government level. Then some selected parameters (share of sub-national public debt to GDP, fiscal decentralization, fiscal autonomy and (non)membership of EU member countries in the Eurozone) are compared with the number of implemented fiscal rules at the sub-national government level and in some cases with the fiscal rule strength index to prove or refute the set hypotheses. The hypotheses which are formulated in the methodology of this thesis are not proved by the correlation and by the main graphs. But there are some examples supporting these hypotheses.

No description available.