Workshop Mensch-Computer-Vernetzung Der Vortrag stellt das im Rechenzentrum der TU Chemnitz eingesetzte Verfahren zur Datensicherung im Kontext von OpenAFS vor.

Backup power is essential to supply important functions in society with electricity in case of a blackout. Today in Sweden most backup generators are based on diesel fuel and seldom used, but they are still associated with bad environmental impact while operating. What if a backup system could be designed to increase its value and at the same time lower the environmental impact? This study has investigated alternative solutions for backup power and applied them on a specific case. A food providing industry with great variations in their load profile (40 - 240 kW) is looking for a backup solution able to supply the industry for 12 h in case of a blackout. The study started off by investigating different techniques and their suitability for providing backup power, such as diesel generators (DG), battery energy storage systems (BESS), micro gas turbines (MGT) and fuel cells (FC). Most suitable to be compared with the traditional diesel solutions in terms of cost, climate and technique was found to be two hybrid systems. The first one a combination of a DG and BESS and the second a combination of a MGT and BESS. The two hybrid systems were primarily dimensioned to a size of 100 kW (DG/MGT) with a 350/350 kWh/kW BESS based on terms and after analyzing the industry's load profile. The two hybrid systems were compared with a 350 kW DG in two aspects over a time frame of 15 years, life cycle costs (LCC) and carbon dioxide emissions. Compared with only DG the result showed a 15% LCC increase and a 26% emission reduction for the hybrid solution with DG + BESS. For MGT + BESS the LCC increase was 30% but the emission reduction was 52%. Included into the LCC analysis is utilization of the BESS for grid services such as peak shaving, arbitrage and grid support which had a major positive economic impact. The LCC results were however sensitive to changes in some parameters such as investment costs and rates. Finally, the study tried to optimize the cost and climate performance of the two hybrid systems. By reducing a few terms, sizing of the systems could be adjusted. This resulted in both hybrid systems being more profitable and climate friendly with a larger DG/MGT and a smaller complementing BESS for peak loads, outperforming the only DG solution.

Få personer säkerhetskopierar tillräckligt ofta, trots att de riskerar att förlora viktiga filer. Vad beror det på? Denna uppsats har genom en kvantitativ undersökning försökt klarlägga vilka faktorer som har störst påverkan på detta beteende och om det finns ett samband mellan dessa. Datainsamlingen skedde genom en enkätundersökning, med över 300 svar från olika studenter på Uppsala universitet. Resultaten analyseras med hjälp av det teoretiska ramverket “Protection Motivation Theory” (PMT) och jämförs sedan med liknande forskning. Resultaten visar att lättja och glömska är de två faktorer som respondenterna själva anser har störst påverkan. Utöver detta har även det studieprogram vilket studenten går på betydelse. Resultaten visar också att hur studenterna bedömer sannolikheten för dataförlust och graden av de problem som kan uppstå vid en dataförlust båda har ett positivt samband med hur ofta säkerhetskopiering utförs. Av dessa har uppskattat problem störst påverkan. Detta resultat skiljer sig från vad delar av tidigare forskningen har visat, men ligger i linje med vad PMT säger om detta beteende. / Few people backup their files frequently enough, even though they risk losing important files. Why is this? This paper has through a quantitative survey attempted to elucidate which factors have the biggest impact on this behavior and if there is a correlation between these. The data was collected using a questionnaire which got over 300 answers from students at Uppsala University. The results were analyzed using the theoretical framework “Protection Motivation Theory” (PMT) and was then compared to similar research. The results show that laziness and forgetfulness are the two biggest factors that the respondents themselves say have the biggest impact on their behavior. In addition to this the kind of program the student is attending also has an effect. The results show that the assessed probability of losing data and the severity of the problem of losing data have a positive correlation with how often backup is done, where assessed problem has the biggest impact. These results differ from what some of the earlier research has shown, but is in line with what PMT says about this behavior.

Detta arbete har som syfte att kontrollera hur verksamheter har anpassat sig inför General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR, sv. Dataskyddsförordningen), både vad det gäller rutinarbete och förändringar som de har genomfört. Arbetet behandlar hur företagen har förändrat sina rutiner gällande säkerhetskopior av kritisk företagsdata och även rutiner kring rätten att bli bortglömd. Vid detta arbetes slut kommer GDPR har trätt i kraft (25:e maj 2018) och därmed bör samtliga verksamheter ha genomfört någon form av förändring inför den ändrade lagstiftningen som börjar gälla då. Då GDPR är en ny lagstiftning ( som dock varit aktuell de senaste 2 åren ) finns en del arbeten kring just GDPR och vilka verksamhetsförändringar man bör vidta. Dock har inget fokus skett på hur företag bör anpassa sina rutiner kring säkerhetskopior och hur företagen bör resonera kring rätten att bli glömd. Därmed blir detta arbete väldigt aktuellt då detta är något som många verksamheter bör ha förändrat, tänkt på och dokumenterat. Metoden som använts i denna studie är en kvalitativ form, där intervjuer har genomförts med representanter från olika verksamheter inom utvecklingsbranschen. Verksamheterna säljer sina programvaror och tjänster till kunder och de hanterar därmed ofta stora mängder personlig information som antingen passerar igenom systemen eller som lagras hos de. Organisationerna som intervjuas har jobbat med GDPR ett tag. I flera av fallen ett år tillbaka för att säkerställa att de deras åtgärder överensstämmer med GDPR. Fem intervjuer genomfördes i sin helhet. Därefter har en tematisk analys genomförts på resultatet från intervjuerna. I intervjuerna är fokus på om och vad för förändringar företagen har genomfört samt hur det ser ut i dagsläget. Efter analysen framträder tydligt att företagen har genomfört vissa förändringar i organisationen, men till större del har dessa förändringar enbart genomförts i form av kontroll av var information finns och dokumentation kring detta och de olika rutiner som finns vid företaget. / The purpose of this work is to check how companies have been adapted to the General Data Protection Regulation, both in terms of routine work and changes that they have implemented. The work addresses how companies have changed their routines regarding backups of critical business data and routines about the right to be forgotten. At the end of this work, the GDPR will come into force (25th of May 2018) and therefore all activities should have implemented some form of change in view of the changed legislation that will apply. Since GDPR is a new legislation (which has been up to date in the past 2 years), some work is being done about just GDPR and what business changes should be made. However, no focus has been on how companies should adapt their routines about backups and how businesses should reason about the right to be forgotten. This makes this work very relevant as this is something that many businesses should have changed, thought about and documented. The method used in this study is a qualitative form, in which interviews have been conducted with representatives from different activities in the development industry. The businesses sell their software and services to customers, and they often handle large amounts of personal information that either passes through the systems or is stored with them. The organizations interviewed have been working for GDPR for a while. In several of the cases a year back to ensure that their actions are in line with the GDPR. Five interviews were conducted in full. Then a thematic analysis has been conducted on the results ofthe interviews. The interviews focus on whether and what changes the companies have made and how it looks today. Following the analysis, it is clear that companies have made certain changes inthe organization, but to a large extent these changes have only been conducted in terms of checking where information is available and documentation about this and the different routines available at the company.

[pt] A presente dissertação tem por objetivo geral validar em condições reais de operação, a técnica (desenvolvida em ambiente laboratorial) de monitoramento remoto de baterias estacionárias e como objetivos específicos identificar as limitações das tecnologias convencionais de monitoramento de baterias estacionárias, avaliar a confiabilidade do método de monitoramento remoto proposto e justificar a alternativa tecnológica proposta à luz do impacto econômico que dela decorrem. O desenvolvimento deste tema de dissertação de mestrado foi motivado pelas contribuições que poderá produzir para a Light e demais empresas dos setores elétricos, óleo e gás, bancário, de telecomunicações, entre outros setores que utilizam baterias estacionárias. A Light e o CPqD realizaram o projeto de PeD Light-Aneel 033/2008. Este projeto teve como objetivo o aumento da confiabilidade dos serviços auxiliares das subestações e redução dos custos de manutenção. Para tal efeito, foi desenvolvido um sistema automatizado de monitoramento e gestão individual e remota de todos os elementos que compõe o banco de baterias. A pesquisa de mestrado avaliou, quantitativamente, a confiabilidade da medição remota realizada na subestação Baependi da Light, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A metodologia aplicada na presente dissertação consiste em estudos estatísticos (Testes de hipóteses paramétricos e não paramétricos) para comparação de resultados de tensão elétrica e impedância obtidos em condições reais de operação (Medições SIMBA-GEBAT) em relação ao equipamento portátil de medição. A pesquisa validou aos níveis de significância de 90 por cento, 95 por cento e 99 por cento, a metodologia empregada para avaliação remota de baterias para os ensaios de impedância e tensão elétrica e identificou a repetitividade da metodologia da avaliação remota. O resultado da pesquisa foi fundamental para provar a credibilidade do sistema de monitoramento remoto de baterias. A utilização desse sistema ora validado contribuirá para o aumento da confiabilidade dos equipamentos que utilizam sistema de backup, além de redução dos custos de manutenção preventiva. / [en] The present work has the general objective of validating, under real operation conditions, the technique (developed in a laboratorial environment) of remote monitoring of stationery batteries. The development of this MsC dissertation theme was motivated by the contributions that it is expected to give to the Light S.E.S.A. and other companies of the Electric Sector, Oil and Gas, Bank, IT and many others which use stationary batteries in their DC energy supply. Light and CPqD developed together a Research and Development Project named ReD Light-ANEEL 033/2008. This project had as its main objective to increase the reliability of the ancillary services of substations and to reduce their maintenance costs. To reach this target, was developed an automated monitoring system and a remote individual management of all elements that form the batteries bank. The MSc research evaluated, quantitatively, the reliability of the remote metering, performed to the Light’s Baependi substation, which is located in the south zone of Rio de Janeiro City. The methodology applied in this dissertation consists of statistical studies (Hypothesis testing parametric and nonparametric), for comparison of voltage and impedance results obtained in actual operating conditions (Measurements SIMBA-GEBAT) compared to portable measurement. The research has validated, to the significance levels of 90 per cent, 95 per cent and 99 per cent, the methodology used to the remote evaluation of batteries relatively to the impedance and voltage essays, and has also identified the repetitivity of the remote evaluation methodology. The research results were fundamental to prove the credibility of the remote monitoring system of batteries. The use of this system will contribute to increase the reliability of the equipments which use backup systems, besides promoting a cost reduction of the predictive maintenance.

This master thesis is mainly focused on the backup systems and describes each individual backup techniques in detail. Next main point of this thesis, is explaining functionality of IPv4 and FTP, which are closely related to the topic. Outcome is a backup application written in Java language, which is capable of backup files on FTP server or on local/ network storage area. Backup application also allows settings for automatic backup and restoring files from the storage area. Finally there was made a measurment, where were point out advantages and disadvantages of transfer mediums and where was practically shown a logic of creating the backup system. Goal was a creation of multiplatform backup application.

Objective assessment for the effect of hearing protectors, background noise levels, and backup alarm acoustic features on listeners' abilities to localize backup alarm signals in the horizontal dimension, as well as on their ability to detect backup alarm signals in the distance dimension, is lacking in the acoustics and safety literature. Accordingly, two research experiments were conducted for this dissertation. In the first experiment, the effect of seven hearing protectors, two background pink noise levels (60 dBA and 90 dBA), and two backup alarm signals (standard and spectrally-modified) on the ability of normal hearing listeners to localize backup alarm signals in the horizontal dimension was investigated. Results indicated that a diotic sound transmission earmuff significantly degraded localization accuracy as compared to all other hearing protectors and the open ear condition. In addition, no significant difference existed between the open ear condition and the other hearing protectors in localization accuracy in most of the conditions tested. However, the E-A-R/3M HiFiTM earplug was advantageous in localization performance since it provided a significantly higher percentage correct localization than the Moldex foam earplug, the diotic earmuff, and the dichotic earmuff in 90 dBA pink noise. As for main effects of the other independent variables, the 90 dBA pink noise significantly degraded localization performance as compared to the quiet condition of 60 dBA, and a spectrally-modified backup alarm significantly improved localization performance as compared to the standard (narrowband) backup alarm. Potential application of these results includes the revision of backup alarm standards. In addition, these results provide clear advice for safety professionals to avoid the application of diotic sound transmission earmuffs for workers if localizing backup alarms is important. In the first experiment, listeners' feeling of comfort for each hearing protector was assessed subjectively by using a comfort rating scale. In addition, a subjective assessment for listeners' confidence in their localization decisions was established. Results indicated no significant difference between the hearing protectors in terms of comfort. However, in terms of listeners' confidence in localization decisions, their confidence was significantly degraded when they were fitted with the diotic earmuff. By contrast, they showed significantly more confidence in their localization decisions when they were fitted with the E-A-R/3M HiFi™ earplug as compared to when they were fitted with the Moldex foam earplug, the E-A-R/3M Ultrafit™ earplug, and the Bilsom passive earmuff. In the second experiment, listeners' performance in detecting a stationary backup alarm signal, including both a standard (narrowband) and broadband (pulsed white noise) alarm, was determined while they were equipped with various passive and electronic hearing protection devices. Listeners' performance was quantified by detection distance, which was defined as the distance between the stationary backup alarm device and the position where the listener detected the backup alarm signal. The resultant data demonstrated that normal hearing listeners detected a standard (narrowband) backup alarm signal at significantly longer distances as compared to the broadband (Brigade™) backup alarm signal, thus indicating the earlier forewarning by the standard alarm. In addition, passive hearing protection devices characterized with high attenuation significantly reduced the detection distance. These results may be applied to assist safety professionals in selecting hearing protectors and backup alarm signals that provide on-foot workers with ample time to react to an approaching backing vehicle, thus improving their safety. / Ph. D.

Datahallar behöver reservkraft av god kvalitet för att garantera upprätthållandet av dess funktion. Laster i en datahall kommer att generera ström och spänningsövertoner som kan skapa problematik med elkvaliteten. Coromatic är intresserade av att veta mer hur dessa laster påverkar reservkraftsgeneratorn. En mätning utfördes på en datahall under ett funktionsprov. Resultatet blev att halten av THD ökade, främst är det 3:e övertonen som är framträdande. Mätvärdena för THDV ligger under gränsvärdena för SS-EN 50160 och 61000-2-2, men gränsvärdena för 3:e ton ligger långt över. Ingen åtgärd föreslås i nuläget för att hantera problemet. Denna avhandling har gett värdefull information till Coromatic att ta i beaktande vid utförande av nya reservkraftsanläggningar. / A facility full with computers needs backup-power to guarantee the function. Loads in this facility will produce current and voltage harmonics that can pollute and cause trouble with the quality of electricity. Coromatic are interested in knowing more about how these loads can affect the generator. A measurement was performed on a facility when they ran a functional test. The results indicated that THD increased, the third harmonic turned out to be the single harmonic with the highest value. The value is within the boundaries for THDV according to SS-EN 50160 and 61000-2-2, except for the third harmonic. Its value was far too high. No action is propsed to deal with the problem at the moment. This thesis has provided Coromatic with valuable information too consider when they building new systems.

Befolkningen i Stockholms län väntas öka med omkring 445 000 personer från år 2010 till år 2030. Det ställer krav på många samhällsfunktioner, däribland dricksvattenförsörjningen. Idag försörjs mer än 90 % av länets invånare med vatten från Mälaren. Vattenförsörjningen kommer behöva anpassas efter befolkningsutvecklingen, både för att producera tillräckliga dricksvattenvolymer och för en driftsäker leverans. Vid problem med den reguljära dricksvattenförsörjningen kan vattenleveranserna säkerställas genom tillgång till reservvatten-täkter. Redan idag (2014) är reservvattenförsörjningen i länet bristfällig och behöver utvecklas för att möta även det framtida vattenbehovet. Hur stora volymer reservvatten som behöver säkerställas, och till vilka områden, beror på vilka scenarier för driftsavbrott som ska kunna hanteras. Länets vattenresurser är geografiskt ojämnt fördelade och reservvatten-behovet är större i vissa delar av länet än i andra. Det innebär att för ett effektivt utnyttjande av de tillgängliga vattenresurserna krävs samordning mellan länets dricksvattenaktörer. Därför bör alternativ till hur reservvattenförsörjningen kan förbättras tas fram och utvärderas på regional nivå.   Syftet med examensarbetet var att studera scenarier och alternativ för reservvattenförsörjning i Stockholms län, framför allt genom en hållbarhetsanalys. Alternativen togs fram baserat på resultaten av tidigare studier av länets vattentillgångar. Fyra scenarier för avbrott i den reguljära vattenförsörjningen valdes ut. Med hänsyn till dessa och utifrån en uppskattning av vattenbehovet år 2030 identifierades två alternativ för reservvattenförsörjning, A och B, som kunde klara att ersätta hela vattenbehovet. Alternativen studerades med en hållbarhetsanalys, där de jämfördes med avseende på hållbarhetskriterier inom sex huvudkategorier: Hälsa och hygien, Miljö, Ekonomi, Sociokultur, Teknisk funktionalitet samt Grad av oberoende. Alternativen skiljde sig principiellt åt genom att systemalternativ A utnyttjade andra vattenresurser än Mälaren, medan systemalternativ B var fullständigt beroende av Mälaren.   Resultatet av hållbarhetsanalysen var att systemalternativ B är mer hållbart än system-alternativ A. Det beror framför allt på att systemalternativ B presterade bättre med avseende på de ekonomiska och miljömässiga kriterierna. Dock förutsattes i hållbarhetsanalysen att reservvattenlösningarna inte behövde vara oberoende av den ordinarie dricksvattentäkten (Mälaren). Om krav hade funnits på att reservvattenförsörjningen ska vara fullständigt oberoende av den reguljära vattentäkten skulle systemalternativ B inte uppfylla kravet. Om hållbarhetskategorin Grad av oberoende inte skulle ingått i analysen hade systemalternativ B blivit överlägset mer hållbart än systemalternativ A. Utifrån analysen kan konstateras att eventuella krav på reservvattenförsörjningens oberoende av den reguljära täkten behöver diskuteras i länet. Det är också intressant att diskutera om fördelarna med avseende på övriga hållbarhetsaspekter (förutom Grad av oberoende) överväger tillräckligt mycket hos system-alternativ B för att bortse från beroendet av Mälaren, även om det är olika delar av Mälaren som utnyttjas. / The population of Stockholm County will increase by approximately 445 000 people from 2010 until 2030. This makes demands on many societal services, including drinking water supply. Today more than 90 % of the Stockholm County inhabitants receive drinking water from Lake Mälaren. An adaption of the water supply to the population growth is necessary in order to produce enough water and to ensure reliable water supply. In case of problems in the regular water sources, water supply can be ensured by the use of backup water resources. Even today (2014), the backup water supply in the county is insufficient, and needs development in order to meet also the future water demand. The volumes of backup water needed, and their spatial distribution, depend on the scenarios for disruption of the regular supply to be handled. The water resources in the county are unevenly distributed and the need for backup water is greater in some parts of the county than in others. This means that in order to ensure an efficient use of the available water resources, coordination between the county’s different drinking water actors is necessary. Therefore, alternatives for improvements of the backup water supply should be developed and evaluated on a regional level.   The aim of the master’s thesis was to study scenarios and alternatives for backup water supply in Stockholm County, mainly by the use of sustainability analysis. The alternatives were developed based on results from earlier studies of the water recourses in the county. Four scenarios for disruption of the regular water supply were chosen. In regards to these scenarios and based on an estimation of the water need 2030, two alternatives for backup water supply were identified, systems alternative A and B. The alternatives were assessed by a sustainability analysis, where they were compared based on six main categories: Health and hygiene, Environment, Economy, Socio-culture, Technical robustness and Magnitude of independence. The alternatives were principally different in that systems alternative A included exclusively other water resources than Lake Mälaren, while systems alternative B was fully dependent on Lake Mälaren.   The result of the sustainability analysis was that systems alternative B is more sustainable than systems alternative A. This is mainly due to the fact that systems alternative B had a better performance in terms of the economic and environmental criteria. However, in the sustainability analysis it was assumed that the backup water systems did not have to be independent of the regular water source (Lake Mälaren). If there would have been a requirement of the backup water supply to be fully independent of the regular water supply, then systems alternative B would not have been qualified. If the sustainability category Magnitude of independence would not have been included in the analysis, then systems alternative B would have been far superior to systems alternative A. From the analysis it is clear that possible requirements of independency of the backup water supply from the regular water supply, need to be discussed in the Stockholm County. It is also interesting to discuss whether the advantages in terms of the other sustainability aspects (besides Magnitude of independence) are large enough for systems alternative B to motivate a disregard of the dependency of Lake Mälaren, which however uses different parts of Lake Mälaren.

General-purpose multi-access computing systems with files stored on random-access devices require that these files be protected. If the total on-line storage is inadequate there is a need for wellorganized off-line storage. This thesis discusses the management problems involved in handling backup and archive copies of files. In Part I we review what a number of systems, including the Edinburgh Multi-Access System (EMAS), have achieved. We also consider the influences of hardware and other forms of computing system. In Part II we return to EMAS and propose a design and an implementation to provide comprehensive facilities, for backup copies of files and recovery of them, and also for archive storage.