Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, detectar o vírus da Influenza aviária, Paramyxovirus tipo 1 (doença de Newcastle), Mycoplasma gallisepticum e Mycoplasma synoviae, respectivamente pelas técnicas de RT-PCR e PCR, em aves domésticas e aves em vida livre próximas às granjas avícolas nas cidades de Mogi das Cruzes e Louveira do Estado de São Paulo. As aves silvestres foram capturadas, anilhadas, submetidas à avaliação de estado geral e à coleta de suabes de orofaringe e cloaca. As aves de subsistência ou fundo de quintal seguiram o mesmo protocolo com a exceção do anilhamento, e tiveram amostras de sangue coletadas para a pesquisa de anticorpos contra o vírus da Doença de Newcastle, Mycoplasma gallisepticum e Mycoplasma synoviae pela técnica de ELISA indireto. Foram considerados os aspectos da biodiversidade entre as espécies silvestres capturadas e a biossegurança nas granjas. As aves silvestres apresentaram resultados negativos nesta pesquisa, no entanto, Mycoplasma gallisepticum e Mycoplasma synoviae foram detectados pela técnica da PCR nas aves de subsistência, assim como apresentaram títulos de anticorpos para os agentes acima citados e para o Paramyxovirus tipo I. Duas granjas não possuíam medidas de biosseguridade adequadas permitindo o contato de animais de vida livre com as aves de fundo de quintal e com as aves de produção, o que pode facilitar a disseminação de patógenos de interesse para a saúde pública e para a avicultura comercial. / The aim of this study is to detect avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus (Paramyxovirus I), Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in backyard chicken and wildlife birds around commercial poultry farms using RT-PCR and PCR. The birds were captured with mist nets, identified with alluminium leg rings, subjected to the assessment of clinical conditions and samples were collected by oral and cloacal swabs. The same was done with backyard chicken without the identification with leg rings. Blood samples were collected from backyard chicken and tested for antibodies against Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae and Paramyxovirus I by indirect ELISA test. This study was conducted in Mogi das Cruzes and Louveira, São Paulo state, where the commercial poultry is considered an activity of great importance. The results were negative to wild birds, but we could detect Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae by PCR and antibodies titles for Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae and Newcastle disease in backyard chickens.Two farms didn´t have appropriate biosecurity measures, allowing intense contact with free-living birds, backyard chicken and poultry facilitating spread of pathogens with concern to human health and poultry farms.

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, detectar o vírus da Influenza aviária, Paramyxovirus tipo 1 (doença de Newcastle), Mycoplasma gallisepticum e Mycoplasma synoviae, respectivamente pelas técnicas de RT-PCR e PCR, em aves domésticas e aves em vida livre próximas às granjas avícolas nas cidades de Mogi das Cruzes e Louveira do Estado de São Paulo. As aves silvestres foram capturadas, anilhadas, submetidas à avaliação de estado geral e à coleta de suabes de orofaringe e cloaca. As aves de subsistência ou fundo de quintal seguiram o mesmo protocolo com a exceção do anilhamento, e tiveram amostras de sangue coletadas para a pesquisa de anticorpos contra o vírus da Doença de Newcastle, Mycoplasma gallisepticum e Mycoplasma synoviae pela técnica de ELISA indireto. Foram considerados os aspectos da biodiversidade entre as espécies silvestres capturadas e a biossegurança nas granjas. As aves silvestres apresentaram resultados negativos nesta pesquisa, no entanto, Mycoplasma gallisepticum e Mycoplasma synoviae foram detectados pela técnica da PCR nas aves de subsistência, assim como apresentaram títulos de anticorpos para os agentes acima citados e para o Paramyxovirus tipo I. Duas granjas não possuíam medidas de biosseguridade adequadas permitindo o contato de animais de vida livre com as aves de fundo de quintal e com as aves de produção, o que pode facilitar a disseminação de patógenos de interesse para a saúde pública e para a avicultura comercial. / The aim of this study is to detect avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus (Paramyxovirus I), Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in backyard chicken and wildlife birds around commercial poultry farms using RT-PCR and PCR. The birds were captured with mist nets, identified with alluminium leg rings, subjected to the assessment of clinical conditions and samples were collected by oral and cloacal swabs. The same was done with backyard chicken without the identification with leg rings. Blood samples were collected from backyard chicken and tested for antibodies against Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae and Paramyxovirus I by indirect ELISA test. This study was conducted in Mogi das Cruzes and Louveira, São Paulo state, where the commercial poultry is considered an activity of great importance. The results were negative to wild birds, but we could detect Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae by PCR and antibodies titles for Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae and Newcastle disease in backyard chickens.Two farms didn´t have appropriate biosecurity measures, allowing intense contact with free-living birds, backyard chicken and poultry facilitating spread of pathogens with concern to human health and poultry farms.

O Javali (Sus scrofa scrofa) é uma espécie com ampla distribuição mundial e presente no Brasil. No Rio Grande do Sul, nos últimos anos, aumentaram os relatos de ataques e prejuízos causados pela presença de javalis asselvajados, sendo seus impactos negativos observados na degradação da vegetação nativa e água de superfície, na predação sobre a fauna e pecuária, e na possibilidade de transmissão de doenças para humanos e animais. A localização destes animais de vida livre e os possíveis fatores associados à sua presença são de extrema importância para a Gestão Ambiental e de Saúde Animal, uma vez que estes animais podem assumir um importante papel na introdução e disseminação de doenças para a pecuária gaúcha. Um estudo foi realizado nos anos de 2012 e 2014 no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul visando identificar possíveis fatores associados à presença destes animais de vida livre junto às propriedades de suínos de subsistência e apresentar uma análise espacial para identificar possíveis aglomerados da presença destes animais no Estado. As propriedades amostradas no estudo foram propriedades de suínos de subsistência, que apresentam uma menor tecnificação e biosseguridade quando comparada com as propriedades comerciais, o que pode facilitar essa interação. Foi utilizada uma amostragem proposital, onde foram selecionadas 640 propriedades em cada ano, primeiramente destinada para comprovar a ausência de atividade do vírus da Peste Suína Clássica nos criatórios do Rio Grande do Sul. Um questionário epidemiológico foi aplicado nas propriedades amostradas a fim de caracterizar e identificar as que apresentam relatos da presença de javalis asselvajados e elencar os possíveis fatores associados a sua presença. De todas as 640 propriedades amostradas, em 63 (9,8%) os proprietários relataram a possível presença de suínos asselvajados. Para análise dos fatores associados, foi utilizado um modelo de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. No modelo final, os fatores associados à presença de javalis asselvajados foram: ter suínos criados próximos a reservas naturais (RP=2,29; IC 95% 1,10- 4,75), criação extensiva de suínos (RP=2,63; IC 95% 1,59- 4,34), ter criação de híbridos de javalis e suínos (RP=2,37; IC 95%1,09-5,19), criações de javalis na propriedade (RP=3,22; IC 95% 1,21- 8,58) e tamanho da propriedade em Km²(RP=0,54; IC 95% 0,26-1,11). Através da análise espacial foi possível identificar aglomerados de relatos da presença destes animais nas regiões sul e nordeste do Estado. Com esse estudo, espera-se dar auxilio do ponto de vista teórico a gestores públicos na implantação de políticas de saúde animal e de conservação que visem mitigar os possíveis riscos da interface animais de produção e vida selvagem. / The wild boar is a species from Eurasia which is widely distributed, being introduced in several countries, including Brazil, where it is considered an exotic invasive species. Considering the fact that pigs and wild boar belong to the same species and share the same pathogens, they have been regarded a reservoir for various harmful diseases for livestock. It is essential scientific knowledge about these free-living populations interactions with commercial pig farming. There are increasing reports numbers regarding attacks and damage caused by feral pig presence in Rio Grande do Sul. It has been causing negative impacts on native vegetation, wildlife predation, and the likelihood of transmitting diseases to humans and animals. This study aims to identify where feral pigs are in the state and assess factors associated with domestic pigs contact. The study was conducted in 2012 and 2014 using a purposive sampling, intended primarily to demonstrate and document the absence of classical swine fever virus in the farms within a free zone. A total of 640 subsistence farms were sampled throughout the state. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied in these farms to identify attack and/or wild boar existence in the vicinities of the property (response variable). A Poisson regression model was used to determine factors associated with wild boar presence in these farms through the estimates of prevalence ratio (PR) and a scan statistic was used to find possible cluster of the wild boars presence in Rio Grande do Sul state. The variables associated with wild boar presence were farms located near forest reserves (PR=2.29; CI 95% 1,10-4,45), Total farm Area (PR=0.54; CI 95% 0.26-1.11), Farms raising outdoors pigs (PR=2.63; CI 95% 1.59-4.34) and farms raising wild boars (PR=3.22; CI 95%1.21- .8.58) and farms raising hybrid with wild boar and swine (PR=2,37; CI 95% 1,09-5,19). In the Northeast region and the Southern state two clusters were identified and overlapped in each year of study. Factors associated with feral pig presence in backyard pig farms were primarily linked with environmental variables. Properties near forest reserves, indigenous reserves and rural settlements had higher prevalence ratio (PR). This can be explained due to feral animals necessity to find refuge areas for its maintenance and stabilization, which increases contact probability with domestic pigs raised round these areas. It is proposed to support decision makers on animal health implementation policies in order to mitigate contact´s risk between domestic species and wild animals, minimizing pathogens transmission probabilities among them.

O Javali (Sus scrofa scrofa) é uma espécie com ampla distribuição mundial e presente no Brasil. No Rio Grande do Sul, nos últimos anos, aumentaram os relatos de ataques e prejuízos causados pela presença de javalis asselvajados, sendo seus impactos negativos observados na degradação da vegetação nativa e água de superfície, na predação sobre a fauna e pecuária, e na possibilidade de transmissão de doenças para humanos e animais. A localização destes animais de vida livre e os possíveis fatores associados à sua presença são de extrema importância para a Gestão Ambiental e de Saúde Animal, uma vez que estes animais podem assumir um importante papel na introdução e disseminação de doenças para a pecuária gaúcha. Um estudo foi realizado nos anos de 2012 e 2014 no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul visando identificar possíveis fatores associados à presença destes animais de vida livre junto às propriedades de suínos de subsistência e apresentar uma análise espacial para identificar possíveis aglomerados da presença destes animais no Estado. As propriedades amostradas no estudo foram propriedades de suínos de subsistência, que apresentam uma menor tecnificação e biosseguridade quando comparada com as propriedades comerciais, o que pode facilitar essa interação. Foi utilizada uma amostragem proposital, onde foram selecionadas 640 propriedades em cada ano, primeiramente destinada para comprovar a ausência de atividade do vírus da Peste Suína Clássica nos criatórios do Rio Grande do Sul. Um questionário epidemiológico foi aplicado nas propriedades amostradas a fim de caracterizar e identificar as que apresentam relatos da presença de javalis asselvajados e elencar os possíveis fatores associados a sua presença. De todas as 640 propriedades amostradas, em 63 (9,8%) os proprietários relataram a possível presença de suínos asselvajados. Para análise dos fatores associados, foi utilizado um modelo de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. No modelo final, os fatores associados à presença de javalis asselvajados foram: ter suínos criados próximos a reservas naturais (RP=2,29; IC 95% 1,10- 4,75), criação extensiva de suínos (RP=2,63; IC 95% 1,59- 4,34), ter criação de híbridos de javalis e suínos (RP=2,37; IC 95%1,09-5,19), criações de javalis na propriedade (RP=3,22; IC 95% 1,21- 8,58) e tamanho da propriedade em Km²(RP=0,54; IC 95% 0,26-1,11). Através da análise espacial foi possível identificar aglomerados de relatos da presença destes animais nas regiões sul e nordeste do Estado. Com esse estudo, espera-se dar auxilio do ponto de vista teórico a gestores públicos na implantação de políticas de saúde animal e de conservação que visem mitigar os possíveis riscos da interface animais de produção e vida selvagem. / The wild boar is a species from Eurasia which is widely distributed, being introduced in several countries, including Brazil, where it is considered an exotic invasive species. Considering the fact that pigs and wild boar belong to the same species and share the same pathogens, they have been regarded a reservoir for various harmful diseases for livestock. It is essential scientific knowledge about these free-living populations interactions with commercial pig farming. There are increasing reports numbers regarding attacks and damage caused by feral pig presence in Rio Grande do Sul. It has been causing negative impacts on native vegetation, wildlife predation, and the likelihood of transmitting diseases to humans and animals. This study aims to identify where feral pigs are in the state and assess factors associated with domestic pigs contact. The study was conducted in 2012 and 2014 using a purposive sampling, intended primarily to demonstrate and document the absence of classical swine fever virus in the farms within a free zone. A total of 640 subsistence farms were sampled throughout the state. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied in these farms to identify attack and/or wild boar existence in the vicinities of the property (response variable). A Poisson regression model was used to determine factors associated with wild boar presence in these farms through the estimates of prevalence ratio (PR) and a scan statistic was used to find possible cluster of the wild boars presence in Rio Grande do Sul state. The variables associated with wild boar presence were farms located near forest reserves (PR=2.29; CI 95% 1,10-4,45), Total farm Area (PR=0.54; CI 95% 0.26-1.11), Farms raising outdoors pigs (PR=2.63; CI 95% 1.59-4.34) and farms raising wild boars (PR=3.22; CI 95%1.21- .8.58) and farms raising hybrid with wild boar and swine (PR=2,37; CI 95% 1,09-5,19). In the Northeast region and the Southern state two clusters were identified and overlapped in each year of study. Factors associated with feral pig presence in backyard pig farms were primarily linked with environmental variables. Properties near forest reserves, indigenous reserves and rural settlements had higher prevalence ratio (PR). This can be explained due to feral animals necessity to find refuge areas for its maintenance and stabilization, which increases contact probability with domestic pigs raised round these areas. It is proposed to support decision makers on animal health implementation policies in order to mitigate contact´s risk between domestic species and wild animals, minimizing pathogens transmission probabilities among them.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O presente estudo, inserido na linha de pesquisa âPolÃticas PÃblicas e Desenvolvimento Rural SustentÃvelâ, analisa a dinÃmica sociotÃcnica de quintais produtivos, a partir de experiÃncias de agricultores/as familiares beneficiados/as pelo projeto âQuintais para a Vidaâ, coordenado pela OrganizaÃÃo NÃo Governamental (ONG) Centro de Estudos do Trabalho e de Assessoria ao Trabalhador (CETRA). A ideia central da abordagem sociotÃcnica visa desvendar os requisitos principais do sistema tecnolÃgico e as possÃveis influÃncias destes sobre o desempenho do sistema social, de modo que a eficÃcia do sistema produtivo total dependerà da adequaÃÃo do sistema social em atender os requisitos do sistema tÃcnico. Assim, para o entendimento desse trabalho, seu objeto de estudo foi considerado como sendo a tecnologia social quintal produtivo, visto como um instrumento que introduz e resgata valores culturais e identitÃrios das famÃlias rurais inerentes aos espaÃos do entorno da casa. Por meio de uma investigaÃÃo qualitativa, procedida por um estudo de caso, busca-se detectar qual à a importÃncia e a influÃncia do projeto no cotidiano dos/as agricultores/as. Na hipÃtese de considerar a tecnologia social quintal produtivo como uma estratÃgia para o desenvolvimento rural sustentÃvel, baseada nos princÃpios da agroecologia, da socioeconomia solidÃria e da seguranÃa alimentar, procura-se identificar as mudanÃas ambientais, socioculturais e socioeconÃmicas repercutidas na vida de nove (9) famÃlias contempladas, localizadas em cinco comunidades de dois municÃpios do TerritÃrio da Cidadania do Cearà â Vales do Curu e AracatiaÃu, no CearÃ. Para a anÃlise do estudo fundamentou-se em autores como Navarro (2001), Schneider (2010), Veiga (2001), Altieri (1998), Gliessman (2000), Maluf (2007), Menezes (2001), Arroyo e Schuch (2006), Singer (2002), Dagnino, BrandÃo e Novaes (2010). As trajetÃrias, sentidos e significados dos sujeitos pesquisados, analisadas a partir das entrevistas semiestruturadas, revelaram que ocorreram transformaÃÃes relevantes na realidade das famÃlias beneficiadas. As mudanÃas foram caracterizadas por inovaÃÃes e continuidades, ou seja, pelo aprimoramento e substituiÃÃo das prÃticas convencionais e a reduÃÃo do uso de insumos externos, produzindo, consumindo e comercializando os alimentos de forma ecologicamente correta, aumentando, com isso, a diversidade da produÃÃo antes restrita a mandioca, milho e feijÃo e, no caso das hortaliÃas, ao coentro e a cebolinha. Conclui-se ser possÃvel construir relaÃÃes de convivÃncia com a natureza tendo por base a sustentabilidade ambiental e assegurando a qualidade de vida e implementando as atividades econÃmicas apropriadas. Considerando a importÃncia dessa pesquisa na atualidade, por sua pretensÃo em suscitar novas reflexÃes sobre as prÃticas e dinÃmicas sociotÃcnicas para a academia, a sociedade civil organizada e aos/as agricultores/as, busca-se identificar e analisar as dimensÃes de desenvolvimento propostas. Este estudo tambÃm pode contribuir para a ressignificaÃÃo de projetos e polÃticas sociais voltadas para a agricultura familiar no estado do Cearà e subsidiar seus ÃrgÃos pÃblicos e ONGâs, no que se refere Ãs reflexÃes de suas dimensÃes ambiental, sociocultural e socioeconÃmica, aqui trazidas sobre a tecnologia social quintal produtivo. / The present study, inserted in the research line "public policies and sustainable Rural Development", analyzes the dynamics of sociotechnical productive backyards, from experiences of family farmers benefited by the project "Backyards for life". The project is coordinated by the non-governmental organization (NGO) "Centre of Labor Studies and Worker‟s Counselingâ (CETRA, portuguese acronym). The central idea of sociotechnical approach aims at uncovering the main requirements of the technological system and the possible influences of these on the performance of the social system, so that the effectiveness of the production system will depend on the suitability of the total social system to meet the requirements of technical system. Thus, for the understanding of this work we will have as object of study the social productive backyard technology which is seen as an instrument that introduces and rescue cultural values and identity of the rural families inherent in spaces around the house. Through a qualitative research, preceded by a case study, we seek to detect the importance and influence of the project on the daily life of farmers. In the hypothesis of considering social productive backyard technology as a strategy for sustainable rural development, based on the principles of Agroecology, the socioeconomics of solidarity and food safety, seeks to identify the environmental, socio-cultural and socioeconomic changes that affect the life of nine (9) benefited families, located in five communities of two municipalities in the Citizenship Territory of Ceara â Vale do Curu and AracatiaÃu in CearÃ. For the analysis the study was based on authors such as Navarro (2001), Schneider (2010), Veiga (2001), Altieri (1998), Gliessman has given (2000), Mackin (2007), Mark (2001), Arroyo and Schuch (2006), Singer (2002), Dagnino, Barron and Nana (2010). The trajectories, senses and meanings of the subject researched, parsed from the semi-structured interviews revealed that relevant transformations occurred in the reality of the benefited families. The changes were characterized by innovations and continuities, i.e. by the improvement and replacement of conventional practices and reduction in the use of external inputs, producing, selling and consuming in an ecologically viable way, thus increasing the diversity of production once restricted to cassava, corn and beans and, in the case of vegetables, coriander and chives. It appears to be possible to build relations of coexistence with nature based on environmental sustainability and life quality assurance implementing appropriate economic activities. Considering the importance of this research today, for its purpose of eliciting new reflections on the practices and sociotechnical dynamics to the Academy, organized civil society and to the farmers, we look forward to identifying and analyzing the dimensions of the proposed development. This study may also contribute to the redesign of projects and social policies geared towards family agriculture in the State of Cearà and subsidizing their public bodies and NGOs, with regard to its environmental socioeconomic and sociocultural dimensions, brought about in this study on social technology and productive backyards.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Poultry production is a very important economic activity in Brazil once the country is among the highest world avian producers. The knowledge of the pathogens epidemiology is essential to the control of infectious diseases and such control is very strict in chickens and turkeys on the avian industry. However, the avian population of the country shows a big diversity of domestic and wild birds and the chicken backyard population is out of this control. To investigate the presence of antibodies against specific viruses in the backyard chicken population, blood was collected of 867 non-vaccinated birds, from 60 farms and 22 counties from the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Neutralizing antibodies against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were detected in 65% (564/867) of the individuals, against avian reovirus (ARV) in 21.6% (187/867) and, against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in 80.2% (695/867). The results presented on the first chapter indicated that the tested viruses are circulating among this population. Among the wild species there is a group of Galliformes, classified at the Cracidae family and commonly known as guans, chachalacas and curassows which deserved a special attention in the present study. To determine the microbiota, the bacterial resistance and the presence of antibodies against specific viruses in these birds, fifty one serum and cloacal swab samples were collected from 10 different cracid species captive in the Rio Grande do Sul State during 2007. Serum samples were submitted to serum-neutralization test and specific antibodies were detected against IBV in 5.9% (3/51) of the cracids, against ARV in 15.7% (8/51) and, against IBDV in 35.3% (18/51). All the samples were found to be negative to fowlpox virus by the AGID test. Bacterial isolation and identification were performed from the cloacal swabs. After that, the isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Ninety three bacterial isolates were obtained from 10 different genera. Escherichia spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are among the most prevalent genera. Antimicrobial resistance was observed in several isolates, with Serratia marcescens presenting the highest level of resistance to multi drugs followed by Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, among others. The results from the second chapter of this dissertation allowed us to conclude that bacterial resistance is spread in the captive cracid microbiota and, most importantly, these species are susceptible to the infection by IBV, IBDV and ARV. / A avicultura é uma das principais atividades econômicas do Brasil, que ocupa posição de destaque entre os exportadores de frango e subprodutos. O conhecimento da epidemiologia de patógenos que podem gerar prejuízos a essa atividade é essencial para o controle das enfermidades infecciosas. Este controle é realizado em larga escala em galinhas e perus criados no sistema industrial. Entretanto a população avícola do país consiste de uma grande diversidade de aves domésticas e selvagens, sendo o grupo conhecido como galinhas de terreiro formado por indivíduos desta espécie criados fora do sistema industrial. Com o objetivo de investigar a presença de anticorpos contra alguns vírus específicos na população de galinhas de terreiro, foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 867 galinhas não vacinadas, em 60 propriedades de 22 municípios do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, que foram testadas pela técnica de soroneutralização. Anticorpos contra o vírus da bronquite infecciosa das galinhas (IBV) foram detectados em 65% (564/867) destas aves, contra o reovírus aviário (ARV) em 21,6% (187/867) e contra o vírus da doença infecciosa da bolsa (IBDV) em 80,2% (695/867). Os descritos no primeiro capítulo desta dissertação permitiram demostrar a circulação dos vírus testados na população descrita. No segundo capítulo trabalhou-se com aves da ordem Galliformes, pertencentes à família Cracidae e conhecidos popularmente como jacus, jacutingas, araquãs e mutuns, com o intuito de conhecer a microbiota, resistência bacteriana e a presença de anticorpos contra vírus de aves, 51 amostras de soro e swab cloacal de 10 diferentes espécies de cracídeos cativos do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul foram coletadas durante o ano de 2007. As amostras de soro foram utilizadas para a detecção de anticorpos neutralizantes contra o IBV, ARV e IBDV, onde obteve os seguintes resultados: contra o IBV em 5,9% (3/51) das amostras positivas, contra o ARV em 15,7% (8/51) e contra o IBDV em 35,3% (18/51). Através do teste de imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA) determinou-se que todas as amostras de soro eram negativas para o vírus da bouba aviária. Para o isolamento e identificação bacteriana foram realizados dos swabs cloacais e, posteriormente, foi testada a susceptibilidade antimicrobiana. Foram obtidos 93 isolados bacterianos, divididos em 10 diferentes gêneros. Entre os gêneros bacterianos mais prevalentes estavam Escherichia spp., Staphylococcus spp. e Streptococcus spp. Foi observada em grande número de isolados resistência à antimicrobianos, sendo que a bactéria Serratia marcescens apresentou o maior índice de resistência múltipla antimicrobiana. Os altos índices de resistência também foram detectados para Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli. Os resultados apresentados permitem concluir que a resistência bacteriana está disseminada na microbiota de cracídeos cativos e que indivíduos destas espécies são suscetíveis à infecção pelo IBV, IBDV e ARV, assim como as galinhas de terreiro.

No description available.

Backyard gardens has been identified as one of the possible solutions to some of the issues surrounding poverty alleviation in the Bojanala Platinum District Municipality. The main objective of the study was to determine the economic contribution of backyard gardens in alleviation of poverty in rural communities of Bojanala Platinum District Municipality in the North West Province, South Africa. The study used purposive sampling for data collection from the study respondents which enabled the researcher to select a sample with experience and knowledge about the study variables. The questionnaire used as data collection instrument was pretested, validated and subjected to reliability test to improve the efficiency of the use of the questionnaire. The collected data was sorted, coded and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 23.0 software. Frequency count and percentage were used to summarize the data into tables and graphs. The linear multiple regression model specification was employed to examine the demographic and socio-economic factors (predictors) that influence the generation of income from backyard gardens. Multinomial logistics regression model was also used to determine factors influencing the respondents’ objectives for the Backyard gardens, while the logit regression model was used to analyse determinants of the proportion of backyard land used for backyard farming by respondents/growers. The findings of the study are that: more females (68.2%) were involved in the study than males (31.8%); youth involved in the study were 27.7%; the majority (60.4%) of respondents are in the age group of 41-70 years of age; majority (69.5%) of respondents had matric education, 20.9% had tertiary education, and 3.6% had below matric education whilst 5.9% had no formal education; most of respondents are unemployed (86.6%); 32.2% of respondents are dependent on pension as their source of income, 12.3% depend on grant, 15% depend on monthly salaries, 0.5% depend on investments, 2.3% depend on remittance, and 18.6% depend on piece jobs, whilst 19.1% reported other source of income; majority (99%) of respondents reported that backyard garden contribute a significant proportion to both household income and food security, whilst 1.0% did not agree; 40% of the respondents could not manage to farm the whole garden area, while 60% were able to farm the entire garden area; the majority (70.9%) of respondents provide own solutions to their backyard garden challenges; majority (53.7%) of respondents reported that extension officers never visited their gardens, whilst 46.3% had extension visits on weekly, monthly and quarterly bases; 23.2% of the respondents created permanent employment while 34.1% of them created seasonal employment. The results of the OLS regression analysis showed that gender of respondents, with formal employment, ownership of a farm besides the Backyard garden (BYG) by respondent, farmers’ years of experience in farming and annual income from the sale of livestock by respondent had positive and statistically significant influence on the annual income from Backyard garden with all other factors held constant. The results of the multinomial regression analyses show that a unit change in number of years involved in backyard gardening (YRSBG) does not significantly change the odds of being classified in the 4th category of the outcome variable (Produce to help the needy, the poor, to feed the orphans, and for home based-cares around their communities = 4) relative to the first or second or third categories of the outcome variable, while controlling for the influence of the others. On the other hand a unit change in being employed (EMPLO) and involved in non-farm activities (NFA) do significantly change the odds of being classified in the 4th category of the outcome variable relative to the second or third categories of the outcome variable, while controlling the influence of the others. The Logit coefficient estimate associated with Age, Income per month from BYG, Engage in non-farm activities, Years of experience in gardening, Proportion of produce consumed, having a business plan, Own a farm besides BYG and to lease your backyard have statistically significant impact on respondents area of cultivation for BYG with other factors held constant. Policies to improve BYG in the district should be informed by the aforementioned variables from the results of the inferential analyses. / Agriculture / M. Sc. (Agriculture)

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa embarked on an ambitious program to rehouse the informally housed poor. These initiatives were formerly called the RDP and later the BNG programmes. This was aimed at improving the living conditions of the urban poor and consequently their health and poverty status. These low-cost houses were quickly augmented by backyard shacks in almost all settlements. The present study is an epidemiological assessment of the health and sanitation status of inhabitants of specific low cost housing communities in the City of Cape Town as contrasted with those occupying ‘backyard dwellings’ on the same premises. The study was undertaken in four low-cost housing communities identified within the City. A health and housing evaluation, together with dwelling inspections were carried out in 336 randomly selected dwellings accommodating 1080 inhabitants from Tafelsig, Masipumelela, Driftsands and Greenfields. In addition, the microbiological pollution of surface run-off water encountered in these settlements was assessed by means of Escherichia coli levels (as found by ColilertTM Defined Substrate Technology) as an indication of environmental health hazards. The study population was classified as ‘young’ - 43% of the study population was aged 20 years or younger. Almost a third of households were headed by a single-parent female. In all four communities combined, 47.3% of households received one or other form of social grant. At the time of inspection 58% of the toilets on the premises were non-operational, while all the houses showed major structural damage - 99% of homeowners reported not being able to afford repairs to their homes. In 32% of dwellings one or more cases of diarrhoea were reported during the two weeks preceding the survey. Five percent of the participants willingly disclosed that they were HIV positive, while 11% reported being TB positive (one of them Multiple Drug Resistant TB). None of the HIV positive or TB positive persons was on any treatment. The E. coli levels of the water on the premises or sidewalks varied from 750 to 1 580 000 000 organisms per 100 ml of water - thus confirming gross faecal pollution of the environment. Improvements in health intended by the re-housing process did not materialise for the recipients of low-cost housing in this study. The health vulnerability of individuals in these communities has considerable implications for the health services. Sanitation failures, infectious disease pressure and environmental pollution in these communities represent a serious public health risk. The densification caused by backyard shacks also has municipal service implications and needs to be better managed. Policies on low-cost housing for the poor need realignment to cope with the realities of backyard densification so that state-funded housing schemes can deliver the improved health that was envisaged at its inception. This is in fact a national problem affecting almost all of the state funded housing communities in South Africa. Public health and urban planning need to bridge the divide between these two disciplines in order to improve the health inequalities facing the urban poor. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika is besig met 'n ambisieuse program om diegene wat in informele behuising woon te hervestig. Hierdie inisiatiewe is voorheen die HOP en tans die “BNG” programme genoem. Hierdie hervestigingsprogramme is gemik daarop om die lewensomstandighede van die stedelike armes en dus hulle gesondheid- en armoedestatus te verbeter. Hierdie laekoste huise is algou in byna alle nedersettings aangevul deur krotwonings in die agterplase. Die huidige studie is 'n epidemiologiese beoordeling van die gesondheid en sanitasiestatus van inwoners van spesifieke laekoste behuisingsgemeenskappe in die Stad Kaapstad in vergelyking met diegene wat krotwonings op dieselfde erwe bewoon. Die studie is onderneem in vier laekoste-behuising gemeenskappe geselekteer in die stadsgebied. 'n Gesondheid- en behuisingevaluasie tesame met 'n inspeksie van elke woning is uitgevoer in 336 ewekansig geselekteerde wonings wat 1080 inwoners gehuisves het. Die woonbuurte was Tafelsig, Masipumelela, Driftsands en Greenfields. Mikrobiologiese besoedelingsvlakke van oppervlak-afloopwater in hierdie gemeenskappe is bepaal deur middel van die bepaling van Escherichia coli vlakke (met behulp van ColilertTM Gedefinieerde Substraat Tegnologie) as aanduiding van gesondheidsgevare in die omgewing. Die studiepopulasie is as ‘jonk’ geklassifiseer - 43% was 20 jaar of jonger. Amper een-derde van die huishoudings het 'n enkelouer-vrou aan die hoof gehad. In al vier gemeenskappe gesamentlik het 47.3% van die huishoudings die een of ander vorm van maatskaplike toelae ontvang. Tydens inspeksie is 58% van die toilette op die erwe as "nie-funksioneel" bevind, terwyl al die huise substansiële strukturele skade getoon het - 99% van die huiseienaars het gerapporteer dat hulle nie herstelwerk aan hulle huise kan bekostig nie. In 32% van die wonings is daar een of meer gevalle van diarree gedurende die voorafgaande twee weke voor die opname gerapporteer. Vyf persent van die deelnemers het vrywillig gerapporteer dat hulle HIV positief was terwyl 11% gerapporteer het dat hulle TB positief was (een was Veelvuldige Middelweerstandige TB). Nie een van die HIV positiewe of TB positiewe persone was op enige behandeling nie. Die E. coli vlakke van die water op die erwe of sypaadjies het gewissel vanaf 750 to 1 580 000 000 organismes per 100 ml water - wat erge fekale besoedeling van die omgewing bevestig het. Die verbetering in gesondheid wat deur die hervestigingsproses voorsien is, het nie gematerialiseer vir die ontvangers van die laekoste-behuising in hierdie studie nie. Die kwesbaarheid van die gesondheid van die individue in hierdie gemeenskappe hou groot implikasies vir gesondheidsdienste in. Sanitasiefalings, infektiewe siektedruk en omgewingsbesoedeling hou groot openbare gesondheidsrisiko in. Die verdigting wat deur agterplaaskrotte meegebring word asook die gevolge vir munisipale dienste benodig beter bestuur. Beleide oor laekoste-behuising vir armes kort herbeplanning om die realiteite wat saamgaan met verdigting deur agterplaaskrotte te kan hanteer sodat die verwagte verbetering in gesondheid kan materialiseer. Hierdie is inderwaarheid 'n nasionale probleem wat omtrent alle staatsbefondste laekoste-behuising gemeenskappe in Suid-Afrika affekteer. Openbare gesondheid en stadsbeplanning behoort die skeiding tussen hierdie twee dissiplines te oorbrug om sodoende die ongelyke gesondheidstatus van die stedelike armes aan te spreek.

Cette recherche s’intéresse à la valeur d’usage du toit vert dans l’arrondissement du Plateau Mont-Royal, de la Ville de Montréal. Spécifiquement, elle s’intéresse à l’état problématique qu’est l’étalement urbain en tentant l’estimation de la valeur d’usage du toit vert, de la cour arrière et du balcon-terrasse soutenue par le dispositif argumentaire immobilier propre à chacun des aménagements. L’étalement urbain est la source de graves problèmes et la résorption de ses effets néfastes est devenue une priorité dans l’aménagement du territoire. L’une des principales raisons sousjacentes à l’exode urbain est la valeur d’usage accordée à la parcelle extérieure qu’offre l’habitat unifamilial pavillonnaire. Dans cette situation, la question est de savoir si l’insertion d’espaces verts privés en milieu urbain peut participer à la résorption de l’exode urbain. Or, dans l’agglomération, le sol manque. Le toit vert privé apparaît comme une alternative astucieuse, bien que limitée, au terrain entourant la maison. Reste à savoir si les gens le valorisent tel un espace vert privé d’extrême proximité, à même le sol. À la lueur de l’analyse, il advient que le toit vert ne présente pas de valeur d’usage comparable à celle de la cour arrière dans le contexte observé, précisément parce que leurs publics cibles s’opposent d’emblée. En revanche, le balcon-terrasse et le toit vert semblent être, en fonction des données construites, des aménagements à valeur d’usage comparable. / This research focuses on the use-value of green roofs in Plateau Mont-Royal, a borough in the city of Montreal. It focuses on the problematic state of urban sprawl by trying to estimate the use-value of the green roof, backyard and terrace, supported by the real estate argumentation of each facilities. Urban sprawl is the source of serious problems and the absorption of its harmful effects has become a priority in urban planning. One of the main reasons underlying the prevalent urban exodus is the value given to the use of exterior land offered by the single-family suburban habitat. In this situation, the main interest is to know if the inclusion of private open spaces in urban areas can participate in the resumption of the urban exodus. Because lack of soil in the city is an obstacle, the private green roof appears as a smart, although limited, alternative for the land surrounding a house. But this option is only relevant if people value these alternative private open spaces as they value the ground spaces. After analysis, it happens that the green roof has no use-value comparable to the backyard in the observed context, particularly because their respective public opposes outright. On the other hand, based on construction data, the terrace and green roof seem to have a comparable use-value.