Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) is native to freshwater wetlands of Florida. The vitality of cypress within coastal freshwater wetlands is threatened by saltwater intrusion. Biomarkers to detect sub-lethal salinity stress were developed using a controlled greenhouse study. Cypress saplings maintained at elevated salinities of 4 and 8‰ exhibited a decrease in maximum quantum yield (MQY) and an increase in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Cypress leaves exhibited an increase in Na+, H2O2, and free proline content compared to plants maintained in freshwater. These biomarkers were used to detect salinity stress within a population of cypress associated with the lower St. Johns River where saltwater intrusion is occurring. Cypress in a basin swamp exhibited signs of salinity stress with low MQY and elevated NPQ values compared to Cypress at other sites. Cypress leaves at the basin swamp also had the highest Na+, lipid peroxidation, and proline content compared to plants at other sites. Detached Cypress leaf experiments were conducted to explore the mechanisms of salt tolerance. Detached cypress leaves were first exposed to elevated NaCl concentrations for 24, 48, or 72 hours. Elevated salinity caused a decrease in leaf transpiration for all times tested. Total peroxidase activity exhibited an increase in response to salt stress after 48 hours. Enhanced peroxidase activity was found to be associated with the induction of a ~37 kDa peroxidase isoform. Treatment of leaves with clofibrate caused an increase in activity of the ~37 kDa peroxidase. Pre-treatment of leaves with brefeldin A (BFA) blocked the induction of the ~37 kDa peroxidase associated with salt stress. Pre-treatment of Cypress leaves with diphenyliodonium (DPI) blocked the decrease in transpiration associated with salt stress, suggesting that H2O2 is enzymatically produced within the stomata in response to salt stress

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This essay investigates impoliteness in the context of Twitter-based comments on award announcing tweets for the Most Valuable Player-award (MVP) in the National Basketball League (NBA) and the Women´s National Basketball League (WNBA). A comparison was made between how impoliteness is realized in the male NBA and the female WNBA,allowing for a comparison of received impoliteness based on gender. The essay spans the period of five years of MVP-winners for each league for a total of five Twitter posts per league. The data were analysed using a discourse analytical framework and werecategorised using Jonathan Culpeper´s (2005) impoliteness strategies. The essay offers an insight into how often and what type of impoliteness athletes receive on social media. As the study concludes, the results were compared and contrasted with the findings of other impoliteness studies, as well as how the landscape of sports media contributes to the presence of impoliteness on social media.

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La tesi prende in considerazione i tre trattati dallo stesso titolo, De corpore et sanguine Domini, sull’eucaristia composti nel IX secolo da Pascasio Radberto, Gotescalco d’Orbais e Ratramno di Corbie, analizzandoli sotto due diversi aspetti. In una prima parte se ne ricostruiscono i rapporti interni e i loro legami con le controversie teologiche e filosofiche dell’epoca, soprattutto con quella della predestinazione e della nascita verginale di Maria. A conclusione di questa analisi viene proposta una datazione relativa della composizione dei trattati differente da quella comunemente accolta, valorizzando un frammento del trattato di Gotescalco testimoniato da un solo manoscritto nella Biblioteca Reale di Bruxelles. In una seconda parte, a partire da una rilevazione sistematica di tutti i passi biblici e patristici citati nei tre trattati (riportata nelle tabelle in appendice), si prendono invece in considerazione le pratiche esegetiche in essi attuate, cercando di mettere in luce la metodologia di lavoro degli autori nei confronti delle fonti patristiche. In particolare viene svolta l’analisi dell’interpretazione di un passo di Ambrogio, presente nel De Mysteriis e nel De sacramentis, che risulta cruciale per l’argomentazione di ciascuno dei testi in causa. / The thesis considers three treatises of the same title, De corpore et sanguine Domini, on the Eucharist composed in the ninth century by Paschasius Radbertus, Gottschalk of Orbais and Ratramnus of Corbie, analyzing them under two different aspects. In a first part the internal relations and their ties with the theological and philosophical controversies of the period are reconstructed, above all with that of predestination and the virginal birth of Mary. At the end of this analysis a different date, relative to the composition of the treaties, is proposed from the one commonly accepted, valuing a fragment of the Gottschalk treaty testified by a single manuscript in the Royal Library of Brussels. In a second part, starting from a systematic survey of all the biblical and patristic passages mentioned in the three treatises (shown in the tables in the appendix), the exegetical practices implemented in them are taken into consideration, trying to highlight the methodology of authors' work towards their patristic sources. In particular, the analysis of the interpretation of a passage by Ambrose, present in De Mysteriis and in the De sacramentis, which is crucial for the argumentation of each of the texts in question, is carried out.

Le règne de Charles le Chauve fut une période de transformations politiques et idéologiques pour la royauté carolingienne. Les conflits de la marche de Bretagne et d’Espagne ainsi que les incursions externes sont les troubles ayant probablement le plus retenu l’attention des médiévistes. La prétendue quête émancipatrice des Armoricains ou encore les ambitions personnelles et familiales des magnats aristocratiques septimaniens et ibériques sont encore citées comme preuves de l’affaiblissement du pouvoir royal carolingien, suite au traité de Verdun de 843. En s’attardant sur les politiques de résolution de conflit du roi dans ces deux territoires, à priori hostiles à son pouvoir, ce mémoire veut établir si les tensions dans les marches étaient aussi complexes et insurmontables que les sources primaires le laissent entendre. En comparant les politiques de terrain visibles dans les actes royaux, nous remarquons que ces troubles n’étaient pas fondamentalement différents de ceux présents ailleurs dans le royaume. Les stratégies employées par le souverain montrent que la royauté détenait les moyens de venir à bout des obstacles à sa suprématie politique. Visiblement, ces dissidences ne semblent pas aussi particulières. Les enjeux politiques et économiques qu’elles impliquaient étaient, de toute évidence, à l’image des principales préoccupations politiques des rois carolingiens suite à la guerre civile de 840-843. Il importait d’argumenter leur légitimité divine ainsi que d’apparaître comme le seul choix politique. / Charles the Bald’s reign was a period of political and ideological transformations for the carolingian royalty. The troubles with the Breton and Spanish march along with the external raids are probably the sources of tension which have captured the most attention from medievalists. The so-called armorican emancipatory quest or the personal and familial ambitions of the septimanian and iberian magnates are still cited as evidences of the weakening of Carolingian political power following the 843 treaty of Verdun. By focusing on the king’s conflict resolution policies in these two territories, apparently hostile to his power, this study wants to establish wheter the tensions in the marches were as complex and irremediable as the primary sources suggested. By comparing the field policies visible in the royal charters, we noticed that theses troubles were not fundamentally different from those present elsewhere in the kingdom. The strategies employed by the king shows that the royalty had the means to overcome these obstacles and to affirm his political supremacy. Noticeably, these oppositions do not seem to be so particular. The political and economic issues that they were impliying were reflecting the main political concerns of the Carolingian kings following the 840-843 civil war. It was important to them to promote their divine legitimacy as well as appearing as the only political choice for the kingdom’s elites.

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