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Cruise tourism on the Baltic Sea and implications of water quality legislation : A case study on balancing the interests of the cruise industry and local economies with long-term environmental sustainabilityPolack Huamán de Duijvelaar, Sandy January 2012 (has links)
No description available.
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Födosammansättning hos gråsäl (Halichoerus grypus) samt test av flotte för insamling av sälfekalier.Lagström, Christian January 2008 (has links)
During the 1960´s and 1970´s the number of grey seals in the Baltic Sea was decreasing rapidly, mostly due to hunting and toxic substances like DDT and PCB. When hunting became less intense and toxic substances decreased in the environment the grey seal population started to increase. Today grey seals are found common in the Baltic Sea and have started to become a big treat and a problem to the fishing industry. The grey seal destroys and enters fishing traps and consumes large quantities of the fish that have been caught. The knowledge of the grey seal, like abundance and food preferences, is today limited. It is also important to define the position of the grey seal in the ecosystem in the Baltic Sea and to be able to predict changes that could occur if the population would rapidly decrease or increase. This project was therefore started in an attempt to increase the knowledge about the grey seals food preferences. The study was made in tree separate parts. Part one contained analyses of prey remains from stomachs and digestive tract from fourteen individuals put down in two geographically separate areas. The collected material from the seal digestive tract was cleaned and otoliths (hearing stones from fish), scales and back vertebra from fish eaten by the grey seal were sorted out. With the help of hard parts collected from the intestines the food preferences of the seals could be estimated. Eight different species of prey was found. The species were herring (Clupea harengus membras), sprat (Sprattus sprattus), common whitefish (Coregonus spp), perch (Perca fluviatilis), salmon (Salmo salar), trout (Salmo trutta) and roach (Rutilus rutilus). In two of the digestive tracts several individuals of the isopod Saduria entomon were found. No earlier studies describe the isopod as a food source for the grey seals in the Baltic Sea. The findings are therefore unique information. The results showed that during summer the main part of the grey seal diet in the gulf of Sundsvall and in the surrounding coastal area of Hårte was herring and sprat. No significant difference in food preferences was shown between the investigated seals from the gulf of Sundsvall and seals from the surrounding coastal area of Hårte. The second part was made to investigate if it was possible to build a floating platform that would work as a resting place for the grey seal. The surface of the platform was covered by a layer that keeps the seal scats on the platform so that it could be collected. Otoliths from herring and common whitefish were found on the floating platform. Because the platform could not be under surveillance during the whole study some uncertainties about whether the otoliths found came from grey seal or from resting cormorants or other fish eating birds. However, the otolit size is linearly related to the fish size and this relationship can be used to track the predator. Otoliths from herring taken by grey seals and otoliths found on the platform were significantly bigger than the otoliths originating from the prey of cormorants. The results indicated that the common whitefish size was too big for a full grown cormorant bird to consume. The common whitefish size showed that it probably not had been cormorants that had deposited the otoliths on the platform. The platform method was concluded promising but it needs to be modified in order to work more effective in the future. In the third part scats were collected from the area of Österåsen to increase the amount of information about the grey seals food preferences. The knowledge of the grey seals diet in the Baltic Sea is today limited and few similar study’s have earlier been made. The collected scats and otoliths in this project are therefore unique. 2008:Bi 2
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An Economic Analysis of Transparency Improvement in the Baltic Proper, Baltic SeaQuwsar, Mohammad Abu January 2007 (has links)
<p>The Baltic Sea is the one of the most studied seas area in the world and it is severely affected by human activities where eutrophication is the overall environmental problem. Although there is an international agreement that nutrient input to the Baltic should be reduced, the measures taken so far have not resulted in major reductions in nutrient inputs nor in environmental improvements. Sewage reduction is the most important factor for transparency improvement of the Baltic Proper and wetland restoration and change of N spreading time have no effective role in this aspect. Within the Baltic area, establishment of sewage treatment technology in Russia and Poland is more cost-effective than it would be in Sweden. Without this measure transparency improvement would be expensive. In Sweden NOx reduction is most cost-effective measure for transparency improvement in the Baltic Proper and without this measure the total cost would be ~ 58.5 million euro.</p>
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Biomarkers for exposure and for the effects of contamination with polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in Baltic ringed and grey seals /Nyman, Madeleine. January 2000 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Helsinki, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 35-43). Also available in electronic format via Internet.
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Nord Stream dujotiekio projektas ir Baltijos jūros regiono šalys / The Nord Stream gas pipeline project and states of the Baltic sea regionMockus, Artūras 09 June 2008 (has links)
Pastaruoju metu nevengiama pabrėžti, kad keičiasi valstybių saugumo pobūdis ir grėsmių specifika – dažnai ir išsamiai kalbama apie tradicinių, karinių grėsmių reikšmės sumažėjimą ir naujo tipo grėsmių atsiradimą. Dar visai neseniai ryšys tarp energetikos ir užsienio bei saugumo politikos nebuvo nei toks akivaizdus, nei taip stipriai akcentuojamas. Tačiau per pastaruosius kelerius metus tarptautinė situacija dėl energijos apsirūpinimo smarkiai pasikeitė. Garantuotas energetinių išteklių tiekimas stabiliomis kainomis tapo rimta tarptautinių santykių problema.
Europos Sąjungos priklausomybė nuo Rusijos energijos šaltinių ypač padidėjo. Jau šiuo metu apie 40 procentų dujų ir apie trečdalį naftos daugelis ES �����alių gauna iš Rusijos, kitos, sakykim, Lenkija ar Baltijos valstybės, – dar daugiau. Lietuva jau ir šiandien yra per daug priklausoma nuo Rusijos energetinių išteklių, o kai bus uždaryta Ignalinos atominė elektrinė, priklausomybė nuo išorinių šaltinių - o tai reiškia, nuo Rusijos - dar padidės. Rusijai ir Vokietijai Baltijos jūros dugnu nutiesus Šiaurės Europos dujotiekį, Lietuva taps dar labiau izoliuota Europos „energetinė sala”.
ES nesugeba suformuoti vieningos ES energetinės politikos Rusijos atžvilgiu, nes dauguma ES narių vis dar yra linkusios palaikyti joms palankų dvišalį dialogą su Rusija, neretai neatsižvelgdamos į kaimyninių valstybių ar ES interesus plačiąja prasme. Dėl to atskirų ES valstybių energetinė priklausomybė nuo Rusijos yra linkusi didėti. Tuo pačiu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Energy security is, at its essence, an issue of national security. Due to the power that energy-producing states have relative to transit and consumer countries, energy security must be understood in terms of geopolitics. The gas cutoff to Ukraine on January 1, 2006 is often called a “wake-up moment” for Europe, in other words, the point at which Europeans became aware of their over-dependence on Russian gas.
Recognizing the risk, that East and Central Europe countries will have difficulty resisting Russian political and economic pressure, US Vice President Dick Cheney underlined on May 4 at the 2006 Vilnius Conference that “No legitimate interest is served when oil and gas become tools of intimidation or blackmail, either by supply manipulation or attempts to monopolize transportation.” That said, and while countries ranging from Central Asia to the Baltic Sea want to diversify their sources away from Russia, to date, there is still no coherent energy security policy in Europe or the US.
Despite some recent efforts, a real common energy strategy of the European Union is still in the making. Every single EU-member has therefore opted for bilateral policies towards energy exporters in order to tackle mounting energy demands at a time when global hydrocarbon resources are slowly but steadily being depleted.
Europe is wedged between energy producers in the North Sea, North Africa and the Middle East, but Russia has come to be one of the most interesting exporters of energy to... [to full text]
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Baltų diasporos tapatumo paieška po 1990-ųjų: lietuvių ir latvių bendruomenių jaunimo ugdymo procesai Los Andžele / Search for identity in Baltic diaspora after 1990: education of Lithuanian and Latvian youth in Los AngelesMackevičiūtė, Milda 09 June 2008 (has links)
Nors emigracijos mastai į JAV iš Baltijos valstybių mažėja, naujausia banga – po nepriklausomybės atkūrimo, daug lietuvių ir latvių išvyko įgyvendinti svajonių į Ameriką. Visgi, ne vienas jų stengėsi kuo greičiau adaptuotis „lydomajame katile“ ir kuo greičiau tapti tikrais amerikiečiais. Apie lietuvių diasporą JAV, ypač rytinėje šalies dalyje, galima rasti medžiagos ir apytikslius skaičius, tačiau apie latvių išeivius duomenų ypatingai trūksta.Tad šiame darbe ir bus apžvelgiama lietuvių ir latvių bendruomenių veikla Los Andžele ypač po 1990-ųjų, išskirtinį dėmesį skiriant išeivių pilietiškumo, tapatumo ir švietimo klausimams.
Darbo tyrimo objektas – Latvijos ir Lietuvos valstybių politika diasporos atžvilgiu, lietuvių ir latvių bendruomenės Kalifornijos valstijoje, JAV. Šio darbo tikslas – palyginti tapatumo formavimąsi po nepriklausomybės atgavimo Lietuvoje ir Latvijoje ir baltų bendruomenėse Kalifornijoje, bei pristatant išeivių tapatumo palaikymui kylančias problemas, atksleisti pilietiškumo suvokimą išeivijoje.
Darbe iškeliami šie uždaviniai: pateikti baltų tapatumo formavimosi istoriją; pristatyti Lietuvos ir Latvijos vyriausybių poziciją išeivių klausimu, atskleisti pilietinės visuomenės svarbą valstybės gyvenime, pateikti baltų diasporos, kaip brandžios ir aktyvios pilietinės visuomenės, veiklos pavyzdį, supažindinti su diasporos mokyklų problemomis ir galimais išeivių jaunosios kartos ugdymo būdais, tyrimo „Lietuviškasis tapatumas ir pilietiškumo samprata Los... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The geopolitical situation of the Baltic States fated that wars, annexations, and incorporations into various empires were part of their history. At the end of the WWI the countries became independent, but due to the secret protocols of Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, burried their independence for fifty years. Consequently, many people migrated to the United States (and other countries), where they found their new home. The migration continued after Lithuania and Latvia regained their independence in 1990’s and still does. Though the Lithuanian communities in the Eastern part of the US have been analyzed by Eidintas, Kuzmickaitė, and Van Reenan, the Western part got less attention. The Latvian diaspora has received little attention by scholars, thus needs to be discussed in more detail.
The object of the thesis is the policy of Lithuanian and Latvian governments towards the Baltic diaspora, the Latvian and Lithuanian communities in Los Angeles.
The goal of the thesis is to compare the issue of identity in Latvia and Lithuania, and in Baltic communities in Los Angeles. The identity problems as well as the perception of civil society in the Baltic diaspora will be presented.
The aims of the thesis are:
to present the history of forming the Baltic identity,
to present the position of Latvian and Lithuanian governments towards the diasporas,
to portray the importance of civil society for a country,
to present Baltic diaspora as an active civil society,
to get acknowledged... [to full text]
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Towards a sustainable food system : On entrepreneurship, resilience and social capital in Baltic Sea agricultureLarsson, Markus January 2013 (has links)
This thesis presents a comparison of conventional agriculture and Ecological Recycling Agriculture (ERA) in terms of their environmental and socio-economic effects. Environmental effects include greenhouse gas emissions and energy use but the focus is on leakage of nutrients. Socio-economic effects include production, costs and benefits at macro, firm and household levels. The comparison is made at regional (Baltic Sea), national (Swedish) and local (Järna community/Södertälje municipality) levels. At regional level the main challenge is to transform agricultural production in an environmentally friendly direction and reduce nutrient loads while sustaining food production. At national level the challenges are to shift the product mix towards more vegetables and less meat, and to address the geographical division of animal and crop production. At local level the challenge is to achieve sustainable rural development in environmental, economic and social terms. Results: at regional level the empirical findings were scaled up to calculate three scenarios. A scenario where the agriculture sectors of Poland and the Baltic States transform in such a way that their structure and use of resources resembles the Swedish average resulted in a 58% increase of nitrogen and an 18% increase in phosphorus surplus from agriculture and increased food production. Two other scenarios where agriculture in the entire Baltic Sea area converts to ERA resulted in reductions of 47-61% in nitrogen surplus from agriculture and eliminated the phosphorus surplus. In these scenarios food production decreased or remained stable depending on the strategy chosen. At national level, the environmental effects of different production methods, transport and different food baskets were compared. A household survey was performed to construct an alternative food profile. This food basket was high in vegetables, low in meat and high in locally produced organic food compared to the average Swedish food profile. It was also 24% more expensive. Food basket content was found to be as important as production methods in reducing the environmental effects. Localized production and processing was less important. At local level, a network of entrepreneurs engaged in the production, processing and distribution of organic food was studied. Semi-structured interviews were used to assess the network, which was found to be a resilient self-organized network characterized by economic stability and social capital. A high share of locally produced and consumed food was coupled with social and economic sustainability. This was facilitated by well-functioning cooperation within the network and between entrepreneurs, consumers and the municipality. EU expansion can be seen as a window of opportunity for governance of the Baltic Sea and the agriculture sector. A new agricultural regime with large-scale ERA production would result in several environmental gains. Sustainable governance of the Baltic Sea as agreed on in HELCOM cannot be achieved while simultaneously maximizing agricultural production in the surrounding countries. Agricultural production bears large external costs. There is substantial willingness to pay for an improved Baltic Sea environment among the public: this justifies environmentally sound farming practices. The contracting parties of HELCOM, including the Swedish government, have both environmental and economic incentives to use this window of opportunity before it closes. This thesis is the result of a collaboration between Mälardalen University and Stockholm Resilience Centre at Stockholm University. Both universities contributed with supervision and financial support at different stages of the research process. / I den här avhandlingen jämförs konventionellt jordbruk med ekologiskt kretsloppsjordbruk. Jämförelsen görs med avseende på miljöeffekter och socio-ekonomisk påverkan. Av miljöeffekterna är fokus på läckage av växtnäring men utsläpp av växthusgaser samt energianvändning studeras också. Till de socio-ekonomiska effekterna räknas effekter på produktionsvolym samt kostnader och nyttor på såväl samhälls- som företags- och hushållsnivå. Jämförelsen görs på regional (Östersjöområdet), nationell (Sverige) och lokal (Järna/Södertälje kommun) nivå. På regional nivå är den stora utmaningen att omvandla jordbruksproduktionen i miljövänlig riktning och att minska närsaltsbelastningen samtidigt som produktionen hålls uppe. På nationell nivå är en utmaning att ändra produktionssammansättningen mot mer grönsaker och mindre kött samt att minska den geografiska uppdelningen av djurhållning och spannmål. På lokal nivå är utmaningen att uppnå en hållbar landsbygdsutveckling ur miljömässigt såväl som ekonomiskt och socialt perspektiv. Resultat: på regional nivå beräknas miljöpåverkan och påverkan på livsmedelsproduktion i tre olika scenarier. Enligt ett scenario omvandlar Polen och de baltiska staterna sina jordbrukssektorer efter samma struktur och resursanvändning som ett genomsnittligt svenskt jordbruk. Det resulterar i att överskottet av kväve och fosfor i jordbruket ökar med 58% respektive 18% samtidigt som livsmedelsproduktionen ökar. Två andra scenarier där jordbruket i hela Östersjöregionen ställer om till ekologiskt kretsloppsjordbruk resulterar i reduktion av kväveöverskottet från jordbruket med 47-61% samt att fosforöverskottet elimineras. I de här scenarierna skulle livsmedelsproduktionen minska eller vara i princip oförändrad beroende på vilken strategi som väljs. På nationell nivå jämförs miljöpåverkan av olika produktionsmetoder, av transporter samt av olika matkassar. En hushållsstudie genomfördes i en grupp miljömedvetna konsumenter för att konstruera en alternativ matkasse. Matkassen innehöll en stor andel grönsaker, en liten andel kött och mycket lokalt och ekologiskt producerad mat jämfört med en genomsnittlig svensk matkasse. Den var även 24% dyrare i inköp. Det visade sig att miljöbelastningen påverkades väl så mycket av matkassens innehåll som av produktionsmetod. Lokal produktion och förädling var inte lika betydelsefullt. På lokal nivå studerades ett nätverk av entreprenörer engagerade i produktion, förädling och distribution av ekologiska livsmedel. Semistrukturerade intervjuer användes för att studera nätverket. Ett resilient, självorganiserande nätverk karaktäriserat av ekonomisk stabilitet och socialt kapital observerades. En hög andel av lokalt producerad och konsumerad mat samt ett väl fungerande samarbete i nätverket av entreprenörer och mellan entreprenörer, konsumenter och kommunen bidrog till ekonomisk hållbarhet. EU:s utvidgning innebär en möjlighet till förändrad förvaltning av Östersjön och jordbrukssektorn. En omställning i stor skala till ekologiskt kretsloppsjordbruk skulle leda till miljöförbättringar. En hållbar förvaltning av Östersjön, något som överenskommits inom ramen för HELCOM, kan inte uppnås samtidigt som jordbruksproduktionen maximeras i länderna runt Östersjön. Jordbruket orsakar betydande externa kostnader. Betalningsviljan för en förbättrad Östersjömiljö är stor vilket motiverar investeringar i ett miljövänligare, hållbart jordbruk. Medlemmarna i HELCOM, däribland Sveriges regering, har såväl ekonomiska som miljömässiga incitament att utnyttja möjligheten som Polens och de baltiska staternas EU-inträde innebär. Den här avhandlingen är ett samarbetsprojekt mellan Mälardalens högskola och Stockholm Resilience Centre vid Stockholms universitet. Båda lärosätena bidrog med handledning och finansiering under avhandlingsprojeket.
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Švedijos karalystės politika Baltijos regione. Lyginamoji analizė XVIIa. ir XXa / Foreign policy of the Kingdom of Sweden in Baltic region. Comparative analysis: XVIIc. and XXcSimanavičius, Mantas 12 June 2009 (has links)
Švedijos karalystė, teritoriniu požiūriu būdama viena iš didžiausių XVIIa. ir XXa. valstybių, išsidėsčiusių aplink Baltijos jūrą, suponuoja faktą, kad savo politikos, vykdytos XVIIa., dėka gali ją atkartoti XXa. ir būti viena iš pagrindinių šalių formuojančių geopolitinį Baltijos regioną.
Magistrinio darbo objektas – atskirais laiko tarpsniais vykdoma Švedijos karalystės politika Baltijos regione.
Pagrindinis šio darbo tikslas – parodyti Švedijos karalystės, kaip valstybės, formuojančios Baltijos regiono vienetą, vykdomos politikos, veiklos metodų panašumus ir skirtumus, lyginant juos XVIIa. ir XXa.
Uždaviniai, leisiantys atskleisti šio darbo tikslą, yra šie:
1. Apibrėžti Baltijos regiono sampratą, nustatant geopolitines ribas;
2. Apžvelgti galimus švedų centrizmo atvejus;
3. Supažindinti su XVIIa. ir XXa. Švedijos geopolitine situacija;
4. Identifikuoti bendrus Švedijos karalystės politinius siekius Baltijos regione XVIIa. ir XXa.;
5. Įvardinti Švedijos karalystės XVIIa. ir XXa. bendras politikos kryptis ir jų įgyvendinimo metodus Baltijos regione.
Magistro darbe taikyti moksliniai metodai yra šie: aprašomasis, lyginamosios analizės, atpasakojamasis, analogijos ir svarbiausias – tarpdiscipilininis.
Magistrinio darbo tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad:
1. „Baltijos regiono“ terminas istorinio proceso metu nuolat kito. Jo tikslus identifikavimas neaiškus iki šiol, todėl jis gali būti įvardijamas siaurąja ir plačiąja prasmėmis.
2. Geopolitinė Švedijos situacija XVIIa. ir XXa... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The Kingdom of Sweden, from the viewpoint of territory, being one of the biggest countries in XVIIc. and XX c. situated around the Baltic Sea, suppose the fact that the Kingdom of Sweden can repeat it in the XX century and become one of the main countries who forms geopolitical Baltic region because of the policy prosecuted in XVII century.
The object of Master‘s degree final: the policy of the Kingdom of Sweden in Baltic region during different period of time. The aim of this paper: to show similarities and dissimilarities of the practice methods of the Kingdom of Sweden, as a country who forms executable policy of Baltic region, comparing it to XVII and XX centuries. Problems that will develop the aim of this paper:
1. To identify the conception of Baltic region defining geopolitical borders;
2. Review possible cases of Swedish centrism;
3. Presentation of Sweden geopolitical situation in XVII and XX centuries;
4. Identify general political objectives of Sweden in Baltic region in XVII and XX centuries;
5. Name general political branches of the Kingdom of Sweden in XVII and XX centuries and their realization in Baltic region.
Scientific methods applied in Master’s degree final: descriptive, comparative analysis, narration, analogy and the most important is interdisciplinary.
The analysis of results of Master’s degree final shows that:
1. The term of Baltic region was frequently changing during history. Its precise identification is unclear till nowadays. For this reason... [to full text]
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Svenska skogsinvesteringar i Baltikum : Omfattning, investeringsmotiv och skogliga skillnader mellanländerna / Swedish forest investments in the Baltic countries : Extent, investment motives and forestry differences between the countriesPetersson, Alf, Åkesson, Gert January 2013 (has links)
Uppsatsen beskriver omfattningen av svenska skogsinvesteringar i Estland, Lettland och Litauen. Studien kartlägger även de största aktörerna, investeringsmotiv och signifikanta skillnader i skogliga förutsättningar i de olika länderna. Eftersom vi inte har funnit tidigare studier av svenska skogsinvesteringar i något av dessa länder, har studien baserats på officiell statistik och faktauppgifter, litteraturstudier, intervjuer, e-postkommunikation, samt information från webbplatser. Vi har även genomfört intervjuer i form av en enkät med utvalda skogsägare. Resultat och analys innehåller en beskrivning av de skogliga parametrarna för respektive land, en sammanställning av enkätsvar, samt uppgifter om skogsmarkspriser i Baltikum. Baserat på vår uppskattning omfattar de svenska skogsinvesteringarna i Baltikum ca 300 000 ha, varav 150 - 200 000 ha i Lettland, ca 100 000 ha i Estland och ca 30 000 ha i Litauen. Detta motsvarar ca 4 % av skogsarealen i Baltikum. Bland skogsbolagen är de största aktörerna Bergvik Skog, Södra Skogsägarna, Tornator och Skogssällskapet som totalt äger 115 000 ha. Bland investeringsfonderna är SPP & Storebrand och Europeiska Skogsfonden störst och bland privatpersoner/företag är t.ex. Custos, Realfond, Koberg Gåsevadsholms Godsförvaltning och Bockasjö Skogar stora investerare. Över 1 500 privata svenska skogsägare äger skog i Estland, huvudsakligen av familjemässiga skäl. Investeringsmotiv är framtida värdestegring med en investeringshorisont på ca 10 år. För privata skogsägare i Estland kan även andra faktorer vara viktiga. De skogliga skillnaderna mellan länderna är främst att Lettland har den största skogsarealen och den största avverkningen i förhållande till tillväxt, samt en avsevärt lägre barrskogsandel i privatägda skogar och en medelareal på 10,3 ha per skogsfastighet. Estland har den största andelen privatägd skog, den största andelen mark avsatt för naturskydd och en medelareal på 9,1 ha per skogsfastighet. Litauen har den minsta andelen skogsmark och följaktligen en hög andel åkermark, samt den lägsta avverkningen i förhållande till tillväxt. I jämförelse med Estland och Lettland har Litauen den största andelen statligt ägd skog där ca 260 000 ha skall privatiseras, en mycket liten avverkningsvolym för privata skogsägare och en medelareal på 3,5 ha per skogsfastighet. Lettland svarade 2010 för 39 % av Sveriges virkesimport av skogsråvara, jämfört med 14 % för Estland och 5 % för Litauen. Skogslagstiftningen i Estland har relativt sett minst restriktioner, medan Litauen har de striktaste kraven. Lagstiftningen har likheter med den svenska men den innebär en starkare detaljstyrning med bl.a. anmälningspliktiga eller tillståndspliktiga skogsåtgärder. Lägsta tillåtna slutavverkningsålder är markant högre än i Sverige. I Lettland och Litauen sker utländskt ägande genom inhemska bolag, medan Estland även tillåter utländska privatpersoner att äga skog. / This thesis examines the extent of Swedish forest investments in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The study is also surveying the largest investors, investment motives and forestry differences between the countries. Since we did not find any previous studies of Swedish forest investments in any of the countries, we have based the thesis on official statistics and facts, literature, interviews, e-mail correspondence, and information from web pages. We have also carried out an in-depth study with selected Swedish forest owners in the Baltic countries. The chapter "Result and analysis" includes plotting forestry parameters for each country, a summary of the in-depth study of forest owners and data on forest land prices. Based on our estimates, the Swedish forest investments in the Baltic countries comprise approximately 300 000 ha, whereof 150 – 200 000 ha in Latvia, about 100 000 ha in Estonia and 30 000 ha in Lithuania. This corresponds to about 4% of the forest land in the Baltic countries. Among the forestry companies the largest are Bergvik Skog, Södra, Tornator and Skogssällskapet, jointly with 115 000 ha. Amongst forest investment funds SPP & Storebrand and Europeiska Skogsfonden are the largest, amongst private/company forest owners the largest are Custos, Realfond, Koberg and Gåsevadsholms Godsförvaltning and Bockasjö Skogar. More than 1 500 Swedish private individual owns forest in Estonia, mainly of family reasons. The investment objective is appreciation with a 10 year deadline. Individual forest owners in Estonia, may have further reasons. The forestry differences between the countries are mainly that Latvia has the largest forest area, the largest felling compared to growth, a considerably lower quota of softwood in private forests, and an average forest area of 10.3 ha per forest property. Estonia has the largest share of privately owned forests, the largest share of nature protected forest land, and an average forest property area of 9.1 ha. Lithuania has the smallest share of forest land of all land and the largest share of arable land, the smallest felling compared to growth, the largest share of state owned forests with plans for privatization of 260 000 ha, a minor felling volume for private forest owners and an average forest property area of 3.5 ha. Latvia accounted 2010 for 39 % of the Swedish import of forest raw material, compared to 14 % for Estonia and 5 % for Lithuania. The forest legislation in Estonia has relatively the least restrictions, while Lithuania has the most. The legislation resembles the corresponding in Sweden, but has a stricter and a more detailed control, including notification or licensing for forest actions. The minimum rotation age is considerably higher than in Sweden. In Latvia and Lithuania foreign investments can only be accomplished by domestic companies, while individual foreigners may buy and own forest land in Estonia.
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Protection of the Environment of the Baltic Sea under the 1992 Helsinki Convention and the Law of European Community / Baltijos jūros aplinkos apsauga pagal 1992 m. Helsinkio konvenciją ir Europos Bendrijos teisęKlumbytė, Skirmantė 23 January 2008 (has links)
Summary of dissertation explains the object and tasks of the research, outlines its sources and methods, reveals academic novelty and practical importance of the study, lists the main theses of the dissertation and elaborates on the conclusions and proposals. / Disertacijos santraukoje nurodomas tyrimo objektas, tikslas ir uždaviniai, apžvelgiami tyrimo šaltiniai, atskleidžiamas darbo mokslinis naujumas ir praktinė reikšmė, nurodomi pagrindiniai disertacijos teiginiai, pateikiamos išvados ir pasiūlymai.
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