In this dissertation, I consider whether parties influence support for regional nationalism in four regions of Spain: the Basque Country, Catalonia, the Valencian Community, and Galicia. I argue that the fundamental way parties influence citizens' opinions is by offering party cues. Citizens adapt their opinions to party cues even in the absence of persuasive arguments or other information. The current literature suggests that such influence takes place via partisan motivated reasoning. However, it is not clear whether parties influence people in the context of nationalism, since party influence seems to involve adjusting preferences to people's partisan identities, while nationalism involves a competing identity, with a collectivity people may consider a nation. There is also substantial ambiguity about whether citizens are influenced by parties they like, by parties they dislike or whether they are influenced by both at the same time. I propose that exposing citizens to the positions of parties citizens dislike is key to party influence. I then analyze both observational and experimental data to determine whether citizens of the four Spanish regions where nationalism is present adapt their nationalist preferences to the positions expressed by parties. In chapter 4, I focus on the measurement of party positions using automated text analysis of legislative speeches. In chapter 5, I consider whether people who like a party move in the same direction as that party when it changes its nationalist positions and whether those who feel distant from a party move in the opposite direction when it shifts its positions. We will see that the results suggest that nationalist parties influence their partisans in the Basque Country and Catalonia. Statewide parties seem to play a stronger role in Galicia and the Valencian Community. In chapter 6, using experimental data, I show that, people who did not already know the position of their most liked party, when exposed to that position as well as to the position of a party they dislike, adapt their opinions to make them more consistent with the position of their most liked party. The positions of parties citizens like are not enough to induce them to change their opinions. I conclude that parties influence the opinions of citizens on nationalism. However, this influence depends on the presence of the positions of parties citizens do not like. Parties cannot simply influence their own partisans by adopting the positions they would like them to adopt. / Dans cette thèse, je cherche à déterminer si les partis politiques influencent l'appui au nationalisme régional dans quatre régions espagnoles: le Pays basque, la Catalogne, la Communauté valencienne et la Galice. Je souligne d'abord l'importance de l'influence de l'information concernant les positions des partis sur les opinions des citoyens. Les partis influencent les opinions des citoyens même sans qu'ils présentent des arguments persuasifs ou d'autre informations. La littérature suggère actuellement que cette influence passe par le biais du raisonnement motivé partisan. Cependant, il n'est pas clair si les partis influencent les opinions dans le contexte du nationalisme, parce que l'influence des partis semble impliquer l'ajustement des préférences aux identités partisanes, alors que le nationalisme implique une identité concurrente, avec une collectivité que les citoyens peuvent considérer une nation. Il y a aussi une ambiguïté substantielle par rapport au parti (ou aux partis) qui influence les citoyens. Il n'est pas clair si les partis que les citoyens aiment influencent leurs opinions, si ce sont les partis qu'ils n'aiment pas qui les influencent ou si ce sont les deux en même temps. Je propose que l'exposition aux positions des partis que les citoyens n'aiment pas est nécessaire pour que les partis influencent leurs opinions. Ensuite, J'analyse des données observationnelles et expérimentales pour déterminer si des citoyens de quatre régions espagnoles où le nationalisme est présent adaptent leurs préférences nationalistes aux positions exprimées par les partis. Dans le chapitre 4, je me concentre sur la mesure des positions des partis à l'aide de l'analyse automatisée des discours législatifs. Dans le chapitre 5, je considère si, quand un parti change sa position, ses partisans changent leurs opinions dans le même sens et si les citoyens qui n'aiment pas ce parti changent leurs opinions dans le sens contraire. Nous verrons que les résultats suggèrent que les partis nationalistes influencent leurs partisans au Pays Basque et en Catalogne. En Galice et dans la Communauté valencienne, les partis nationaux semblent jouer un rôle plus important. Dans le chapitre 6, à l'aide de données expérimentales, je démontre que, quand les citoyens sont exposés à la position du parti qu'ils aiment le plus et à celle d'un parti qu'ils n'aiment pas, ils adaptent leurs opinions pour les rendre cohérentes avec celle du parti qu'ils aiment le plus. Les partis que les citoyens aiment n'influencent pas elles seules les préférences des citoyens. Je conclus que les partis influencent les opinions des citoyens au sujet du nationalisme. Cependant, cette influence dépend de la présence des positions des partis que les citoyens n'aiment pas. Les partis ne peuvent donc pas tout simplement influencer leurs propres partisans en exprimant les positions qu'ils veulent qu'ils adoptent.

Beaucoup ont qualifié la construction de mouvements identitaires à base linguistique de Nouveaux Mouvement Sociaux dans les années 70. S’il est vrai qu’en France ils se sont fait connaitre à ce moment-là, en réapparaissant sous de nouvelles formes, il n’en demeure pas moins qu’ils puisent leurs racines dans une opposition historique aux Etats modernes européens. La longévité et la structuration des réseaux militants des langues basque et catalane, tant en France qu’en Espagne, en sont la preuve. Ainsi, outre les grands cycles de protestation, ce sont surtout les nouvelles formes de l’action publique locale et de la construction européenne qui vont permettre une prise en compte et une mise en œuvre de politiques linguistiques en Pays Basque et en Catalogne. La construction collective de manière transfrontalière des politiques linguistiques de la langue montre combien les acteurs collectifs deviennent des acteurs essentiels à la mise en œuvre de politiques publiques contemporaines. Et ce, non seulement en les cadrant lors des luttes politiques et lors de leurs élaborations mais également en étant des acteurs essentiels à l’expertise et à la mise en œuvre, puisqu’ils en sont la cause et les bénéficiaires à part entière. Finalement, les réseaux d’action politique en faveur de la langue se transforment, une fois la langue devenue enjeu et objectif de politique publique, en réseaux d’action publique local ouvrant ainsi un nouveau cycle d’action. / The construction of language-based identity movements was called New Social Movements in the 70’s. If in France, they make themselves known at that time, reappearing under new forms, the fact remains that they originate from an historical opposition with the Europeans Modern States. The longevity and the structuration of the language-based militant networks of basque and catalonian languages, both in the Basque country and in Catalonia, are the proof. Besides the larges protest cycles, it is above all the new forms of local public policy and of European construction which will permit consideration and implementation of language policies in the Basque country and in Catalonia. The collective construction and across borders of language policies shows how collective actors become key players in the implementation of contemporary public policy, not only framing politics and policy making but also being essentials in the expertise and implementation because they are the cause and the beneficiaries. Finally, policy networks based on language turn, once the language become issue and target of public policy, on local public networks opening a new cycle of action.

Les aquifères fracturés sont un enjeu majeur de l’hydrogéologie actuelle. Ils constituent une ressource essentielle pour de nombreuses populations. Le massif de l’Ursuya (France, 64), en est une illustration. Constitué de formations métamorphiques fracturées, il est intensément exploité pour l’alimentation en eau potable. Une approche multidisciplinaire a permis la compréhension du fonctionnement de ce système. Les résultats obtenus constituent une avancée dans la connaissance des aquifères discontinus et offrent des pistes pour une gestion raisonnée de cette ressource.Le signal d’entrée est caractérisé dans sa composante quantitative et qualitative. Le suivi des paramètres climatiques permet d’estimer la lame d’eau participant à la recharge de l’aquifère. La caractérisation isotopique de l’eau précipitée met ensuite en évidence une origine majoritairement atlantique des masses d’air, responsables des précipitations sur le nord-ouest du Pays Basque. Des circulations atmosphériques sur la péninsule Ibérique, l’Europe du Nord et la région méditerranéenne sont cependant responsables de certains événements pluvieux. La composition chimique de l’eau de pluie, résultant de ces origines, est caractérisée par une faible acidité et par des concentrations en éléments anthropiques parfois élevées.L’hydrochimie des eaux souterraines est étudiée conjointement avec des données de temps de séjour acquises par l’interprétation des concentrations en 3H, CFC et SF6. Les caractéristiques physico-chimiques, les temps de séjours mesurés (moins de 10 ans à plus de 50 ans) et les phénomènes de mélanges associés permettent de proposer un modèle conceptuel des écoulements souterrains. Celui-ci met en exergue le rôle prépondérant du profil d’altération développé dans les milieux cristallins (de la surface vers la profondeur : altérites, roche fissurée et roche saine), du point de vue de la minéralisation de l’eau comme de celui des modalités d’écoulement.Une approche quantitative est finalement proposée. Du point de vue hydrodynamique, l’hétérogénéité spatiale est importante (10–4 m s–1 < K < 10–8 m s–1). Les altérites offrent une capacité de stockage et de régulation de la recharge. Un modèle numérique synthétise et valide ces résultats. Les simulations montrent de fortes interactions entre les réseaux d’écoulements superficiel et souterrain et de faibles impacts de l’exploitation actuelle sur les flux d’eau souterraine. Les évolutions climatiques ne modifieront pas significativement les écoulements durant les prochaines décennies. Une diminution des débits des sources et des cours d’eau est toutefois probable. Ce modèle numérique et l’ensemble des résultats obtenus serviront de base pour une gestion raisonnée de la ressource en eau de l’aquifère de l’Ursuya. / Hard-rock aquifers are one of the major challenges for the current hydrogeology. These fractured formations are intensively exploited for drinking water supply becoming an essential resource for many people. The metamorphic massif of Ursuya (France, 64) is one of this strategic aquifer. A multidisciplinary approach has led to understand the functioning of this system. The results help to progress in the knowledge of discontinuous media and they provide supports for a rational management of this resource.The input signal is characterized by both quantitative and qualitative methods. Monitoring of climate parameters is used to estimate the amount of aquifer recharge. Isotopic characterization of rainwater highlights the principal Atlantic origin of air masses which are responsible of precipitation on the north-western Basque Country. Some rainfall events are also due to atmospheric circulation over the Iberian Peninsula, the Northern Europe and the Mediterranean region. The chemical composition of rainwater, resulting from these origins, is characterized by a low acidity and sometimes by high concentrations of anthropogenic elements.The hydrochemistry of groundwater is studied in conjunction with residence time data. These are acquired by the interpretation of 3H, CFCs and SF6 concentrations. The chemical characteristics, the measured residence times (less than 10 years to over than 50 years) and the associated mixing processes allow the achievement of a conceptual model of groundwater flow. It points out the role of the weathering profile (from the surface to the depth : weathered layer, fractured rock and fresh bedrock) from the point of view of the mineralization as well as the flowpaths.A quantitative approach is finally proposed. Boreholes studies show highly heterogeneous hydrodynamic properties (10-4 m s-1 < K <10-8 m s-1). Weathered materials provide a storage capacity and a smoothing of the recharge variations, these results are synthesized and validated by a numerical model. The simulations show strong interactions between the surface flow network and the water table. It also highlights the low impact of the current groundwater exploitation on the aquifer and that climate change will not significantly modify the groundwater flows in the coming decades. Nevertheless, a decrease of the springs and streams flow is probable. This numerical model and all these results constitute the basis for a rational management of water resources from the Ursuya aquifer.

Ce travail s’inscrit dans une tendance historiographique récente visant à mieux comprendre la « vocation industrielle (…) beaucoup trop souvent sous-estimée » du Sud-Ouest de la France. Il tente pour cela de reconstituer les trajectoires des activités textiles à l’œuvre dans le département des Basses-Pyrénées au cours de la période contemporaine, à partir de l'étude des entreprises et de leur environnement, des statistiques et discours sur l'industrialisation, et des « cycles de vie » des articles fabriqués et commercialisés. L’étude met d’une part en évidence l’importance, la structuration et la diversité des activités textiles : les Basses-Pyrénées se caractérisent en effet par la grande variété des fabrications, en renouvellement constant (tissage, bonneterie, confection), et s’imposent même comme le principal espace de production de certains articles à la diffusion internationale (bérets, linge basque, lainages des Pyrénées, sandales). Elles présentent en parallèle des filières complètes, parfois uniques dans le Sud-Ouest, pour différentes matières premières (coton, lin, laine, jute).D’autre part, le maintien sur la longue durée des organisations productives diffuses, le recours massif à l’énergie hydraulique et la domination de la petite entreprise familiale s’articulent avec l’adoption souvent rapide des innovations techniques et une forte capacité de reconversion de multiples centres industriels ruraux ou urbains.Enfin, bien que limitée par la concurrence des grandes régions industrielles françaises vis-à-vis desquelles elles peuvent apparaître comme périphériques, les trajectoires textiles des Basses-Pyrénées parviennent à s’inscrire dans différentes échelles, du local à l’international. Elles témoignent d’échanges techniques et l’élargissement du capitalisme familial s’inscrivent dans des logiques endogènes et exogènes. L’exploitation des opportunités régionales joue à ce titre un rôle prépondérant : proximité de l’Espagne, cohérence vestimentaire d’une vaste aire pyrénéenne, extension des débouchés par l’émigration et la demande touristique, exploitation de l’aura régionaliste du Béarn, du Pays Basque et des Pyrénées. La position excentrée des Basses-Pyrénées, tout en étant une source de marginalisation économique, est un facteur de dynamisme industriel certes limité mais solidement inscrit dans la longue durée. / This study comes within the scope of a recent historiographical trend to change perception of the industrialisation of the South-West of France which is often approached from the perspective of underdevelopment . It aims at reconstructing the « paths » of different textile industries in the Basses-Pyrénées / Pyrénées-Atlantiques from late 18th century to late 20th century, based on the study of produce, markets, producting organisations, firms, views and representations. The research points out the importance, structuring and the diversity of textile industries : complete industrial processes can be found in Basses-Pyrénées for several fibres (cotton, linen, wool, jute) and some products are produced and sold by millions (berets, sandals and, to a leaser extent, basque linen, wool of the Pyrénées...). The maintain of “soft” producting organisations, the massive use of hydraulic power and the domination of family businesses are also linked with fast technical changes and strong ability of industrial reconversion inside various industrial countries and small or middle-sized towns.In the end, these industrial “paths” reveal the economical integration of Basses-Pyrénées on different scales, from local to international, as regards raw material, markets or technical, or financial and human movements. The exploitation of regional opportunities plays a major role in the continuity of these textile industries : proximity of Spain, continuing consumption in the pyrenean area, emigration to America, tourism, regionalistic vogue for Bearn, Basque Country and Pyrénées.

Au cœur des terrains d’Itxassou (Pays basque) et de Sefrou (Maroc), une nouvelle méthodologie de collecte de matériaux a été appliquée afin d’étudier et de comparer les processus de patrimonialisation à l’œuvre autour de la cerise et de ses corollaires dont les fêtes des cerises. Cette nouvelle approche méthodologique anthropologique a été développée depuis le concept d’aire transitionnelle du psychanalyste anglais Donald Woods Winnicott, l’un des fondements majeurs de ma profession d’ergothérapeute. La créativité et le jeu sont au centre de cette approche. Cette ethnographie clinique et transitionnelle a été déployée auprès d’enfants et d’adultes et a permis d’augmenter la collecte d’objets sur les terrains. Egalement, la théorie de la transitionnalité de Winnicott a aidé à distinguer différents états du patrimoine : l’objet, le patrimoine intime, le patrimoine collectif, le patrimoine et le patrimoine total. Cette théorie conjuguée à la théorie des systèmes et dans le sillage de l’anthropologue américain Gregory Bateson a permis l’élaboration d’un schéma de systémique patrimoniale. La créativité est à la fois l’énergie du sous-schéma de la transitionnalité et à la fois, l’énergie du schéma de la systémique patrimoniale. Par ailleurs, j'ai étudié les principaux blocages aux processus de patrimonialisation -les double bind- en mobilisant ensemble les travaux de quatre chercheurs pluridisciplinaires : Winnicott, Simmel, Bateson et Watzlawick. Trois double bind et leurs stratégies de dépassements issus des terrains ont ainsi été analysés. Bien que les sorties de double bind dépendent de chaque système, la similitude réside dans l'utilisation obligatoire de la créativité. / At the heart of the fields of Itxassou in the Basque country and Sefrou in Morocco, a new methodology to collect materials has been applied in order to study and compare the heritagization processes working in around cherries and the related events like cherry festivals. This new anthropological approach has been developed using the concept of transitional area due to the English psychoanalyst Donald D. Woods Winnicott, which is a fundamental concept of occupational therapy. Creativity and playing are at the core of this approach that we call clinical and transitional ethnography. It has been tested among children and adults and has allowed us to significantly improve the number of objects obtained during the field data collection. The transitional theory of Winnicott leaded us to distinguish and define different form of heritage : the object, the personal heritage, the collective heritage, the heritage and finally the total heritage. In the wake of the American anthropologist Gregory Bateson, the transitional theory together with systems theory allow us to define a systemic heritage scheme. Creativity is both the energy of the transitional sub-scheme and those of the systemic heritage scheme. We have also studied the main obstructions to the heritagization process, the so-called double bind, using previous works of four multidisciplinary researchers : Winnicott, Simmel, Bateson and Watzlawick. In particular, three double bind are defined and their exceeding strategies coming from the fields under investigation are analyzed. Although the outcomes of the double bind depends on each system, similarities can be found in the mandatory use of creativity.

Regional political parties and the European Union: Case study of Spain Abstract The diploma thesis "Regional political parties and the European Union: Case study of Spain" focuses on the area of the regional parties on the stage of the European Parliament, a subject which has not been analysed thoroughly in the past. Special emphasis is placed on the analysis of this phenomenon on the case of the Spanish historical regions (Catalonia, Basque Country, Galicia) which are a recognizable proof of the remarkable institutional strengthening in the framework of a regionalized unitary state. The methodology of triangulation was used for the analysis of this issue as the data of the diverse type (i.e. electoral results, party's material etc.) have been put together through different methods (as a qualitative and quantitative content analysis, deductive and comparative approaches) with the aim to reveal the complete character of the issue and to reach the objective results as possible. The study focuses on the analysis of the regional parties on the European level through their cooperation in the European federations of the political parties as well as the framework of the political groups in the European Parliament. The emphasis is also placed on the analysis of the own work of the members of the European Parliament...

The master thesis "Basque terrorist organization ETA - its activity since 2004, tactics, internal structure and future perspectives of development" deals with the analysis of development of the Basque terrorist organization ETA after 2004, when the islamic fundamentalists attacked Madrid. The first part of this thesis briefly presents basic theoretical principles of terrorism. The second part is focused on the history of ETA and its development from the very beginning till the year 2004. The third and the main part analyses the current development of ETA and the modification of its structure and strategy and also the counter- terrorist provisions, which have been taken by the Spanish state in order to paralyse the organization. All kinds of aspects which had and still have an influence on this issue had been taken into account - the changes of the internal structure of ETA and its financing, the changes in legislation or the changes in security forces strategy. A special chapter concentrates on the analysis of the strategic importance of ceasefire and the negotiations with the government.

This thesis investigates how everyday patterns of interactions among civil society organizations are transformed in a relatively short period of time when major changes in the broader political context occur. More precisely, it focuses on civic organizations engaged in environmental activism and advocacy in the Basque Country, examining whether ETA’s decision to abandon the armed struggle on October 20th, 2011 has affected their dynamics of collaboration. Combining diverse theoretical elements from the literature on social movements, together with insights from studies of civil society and peacebuilding, and relying upon the conceptual and methodological toolbox of social network analysis (SNA), I analyze the evolution of interorganizational networks of collective action before and after the end of violence, specifically, between the years 2007 and 2017. The empirical core of the dissertation is comprised by chapters 5, 6 and 7. Chapter 5 examines the varying impact of two main external ideological cleavages (national identity and position towards ETA’s violence) on interorganizational collaboration. The findings confirm that allegiances and conflicts related to these two dimensions used to condition collaborative ties between organizations up to 2011, while during the more recent post-conflict period collaborative patterns seem to be less segmented along ideological lines. Chapter 6 complements the preceding one by adding into the analysis several other non-ideological predictors of interorganizational collaboration. Results show that, with the end of ETA’s armed struggle, pragmatic-instrumental factors and interpersonal bonds seem to play a larger role as drivers of public collaboration. Next, chapter 7 engages in a quite different and more exploratory kind of analysis. Applying Diani’s modes of coordination (MoC) analytical framework, I explore whether the underlying relational logics through which civic actors engage with one another have significantly changed before and after the end of violence. The structural network analyses conducted reveal that social movement patterns of relations have expanded after 2011, becoming dominant vis-à-vis other modes of coordination. At the same time, actors embedded in a social movement mode of coordination are slightly more heterogeneous after the definitive demise of the violent conflict in comparison with the previous phase. Taken as a whole, these findings can be interpreted as positive signs of post-conflict normalization of socio-political life in the Basque Country. The fact that environmental civic networks are now denser and more cross-cutting does not only mirror the lower saliency of the cleavages that used to severely condition Basque politics, but it can also serve as a powerful mechanism through which a more tolerant and vibrant democratic community can progressively be built. Overall, this dissertation provides a more nuanced and complex view of the role played by organized civil society and social movements in deeply divided communities, underlining the need to focus on their relational structure in order to correctly assess their potential impact on social integration and the functioning of democracy. Moreover, by analyzing networks among civic organizations in a longitudinal perspective, this dissertation makes several original contributions to social movement scholarship, especially to the stream of literature focusing on coalition making. Methodologically, the replication or adaptation of the empirical design employed in this research could be instrumental in fostering more longitudinal examinations of collective action fields, which until now remain scarce. From a theoretical standpoint, this investigation underlines the context-dependent nature of even well-established patterns of political interactions, underscoring the need to pay more attention to the complex interplay between historical conjunctures and underlying everyday patterns of sociopolitical behavior.

The Spanish construction lo que pasa es que ‘what happens is that’, ‘the thing is’ is used in a wide variety of contexts and with a range of different meanings. Linguistic research that has been carried out on this relatively common construction often fails to include empirically collected data and, as a result, the diasystematic markers thereof have only been described to a very limited extent. The main focus of this article is to investigate the use of the construction lo que pasa es que and its phonetically reduced forms lo que pasa que and lo que in two Spanishlanguage oral speech corpora collected in Getxo (Basque Country) and Barcelona (Catalonia). These data are used to carry out a quantitative and qualitative study of the presence or absence of this construction in both regions of language contact, something which has yet to be considered or systematically analysed in the relevant research. The study identifies a statistically relevant diatopic markedness of the forms lo que pasa es que, lo que pasa and pasa que while also providing empirical proof for the pragmatic use of these constructions within the varieties investigated. Furthermore, it confirms the use of additional reduced forms of said constructions and describes their development.

The Spanish construction lo que pasa es que ‘what happens is that’, ‘the thing is’ is used in a wide variety of contexts and with a range of different meanings. Linguistic research that has been carried out on this relatively common construction often fails to include empirically collected data and, as a result, the diasystematic markers thereof have only been described to a very limited extent. The main focus of this article is to investigate the use of the construction lo que pasa es que and its phonetically reduced forms lo que pasa que and lo que in two Spanishlanguage oral speech corpora collected in Getxo (Basque Country) and Barcelona (Catalonia). These data are used to carry out a quantitative and qualitative study of the presence or absence of this construction in both regions of language contact, something which has yet to be considered or systematically analysed in the relevant research. The study identifies a statistically relevant diatopic markedness of the forms lo que pasa es que, lo que pasa and pasa que while also providing empirical proof for the pragmatic use of these constructions within the varieties investigated. Furthermore, it confirms the use of additional reduced forms of said constructions and describes their development.