(in English): My goal in this diploma thesis is to verify the claim that "dandy is a work of art". The figure of Dandy is often defined by the claim that it truly is a work of art. Dandy is after all defined like that by the founders of the debate on dandysm (Barbey d`Aurevilly, Charles Baudelaire and Oscar Wilde) and also by contemporary theoreticians of dandysm (such as Francois Coblence, Daniel S. Schiffer and Karin Becker). However, despite the numerous occurrences of the definition, the claim was never extended into general theory of dandy as work of art. I am here trying to do that. First, I am looking for a definition that best suits the concept of dandy according to the founders. I confront the concept of dandysm with several definitions of art (mimetic, expressive, formalistic, institutional or functionalist). With the definition that the comparison shows as the most appropriate - the functionalist theory of art - I continue to operate. With a structuralist definition of Jan Mukařovský. From the structuralistic point of view I answer the basic questions connected within the discourse of aesthetics with the concept of the work of art. I am looking for a basic material (material norm) that would create the identity of dandy as a specific kind of artwork. Based on that, I distinguish artistic...

From Introduction: Upon first reading the writings of both Pascal and Baudelaire, one cannot help being struck by a sensation of awe at the penetrating insight into the human condition possessed by both writers. A further exploration of the realms of Pascalian and Baudelairian thought considerably strengthens this initial reaction into a recognition that both authors were men of equal moral and spiritual intensity. Despite their outward differences, both sought to attain a deep understanding of human nature, but without attempting to offer any excuses on behalf of man. Furthermore, the two writers employ an identical term to describe the condition of humanity: "ennui". Although the word exists in the writings of contemporaries of both Pascal and Baudelaire, no other author makes such full, unique and significant use of ennui. As this thesis will hopefully prove, Baudelaire was indeed directly and positively influenced by Pascal. However, it is not our intention to concentrate upon such an influence; rather, we wish to indicate the parallels and development of the theme of ennui, so central to each man's outlook, in their respective writings. Evidently, it would be beyond the boundaries of this thesis if we were to try to analyse closely the entire creative output of Pascal and Baudelaire; and so, although their other works will act as points of reference, the two books which are generally regarded as their masterpieces will be used as the basis of the unfinished Christian "Apologie" which was projected by Pascal, now known as the Pensées (1670), and Baudelaire’s Les Fleurs du Mal (1857 and 1861)

À la fin du XIXe siècle, avec l’avancée de la pensée démocratique, le décadent fait l’expérience de la rupture ontologique d’avec l’ordre ancien dont les hiérarchies, sous la pression de l’égalité sociale, ont été ruinées. Du système hiérarchique de l'Ancien Régime, qui par définition est transcendant et garant de la volonté divine, l'individu passe à un système démocratique du nivellement et de l’indifférenciation de l’immanence. Consécutive au mal fin de siècle, la haine que voue le décadent à la démocratie se manifeste par la condamnation de tout son fondement idéologique. Ainsi les Lumières se trouvent être la cible privilégiée de sa critique, en particulier Rousseau et son hypothèse philosophique de « l'homme naturellement bon », mais aussi leur héritage direct à travers la notion de Progrès. Car le décadent ne saurait être en accord avec l’idée concernant le progrès indéfini qui ne peut qu’être néfaste pour l’âme humaine, un frein à son Salut. Devant l'avènement de la démocratie, le décadent voit également son statut de poète menacé. Car la désacralisation et le désenchantement du monde sont aussi synonymes de la dé poétisation du poète. Sous l'effet de l'uniformisation des masses, la pensée conformiste et contagieuse de la société démocratique met en péril la singularité, l'individualité et le caractère aristocratique du décadent. Face à cet état de fait, il se retrouve face à une alternative. Ou bien il se retranche dans sa tour d’ivoire, à l’abri des valeurs bourgeoises de la société, afin de préserver sa singularité et son unicité, ou bien, dorénavant sans auréole, poète maudit, il chante la modernité en prose, celle d’un monde en déréliction, dans une compassion fraternelle avec tous les déshérités, pour ainsi créer une nouvelle harmonie. / At the end of 19th century, as the democratic thought process was evolving, the decadent experienced an ontological break away from the old order, whose hierarchies were crushed under the pressure of social equality. From the hierarchical system of the Ancien Régime which, by definition, transcended and pledged the divine will, one adopted a democratic system of levelling and non differentiation of immanence. As a consequence of the end of century malaise, the hatred which the decadent had for democracy was apparent through the condemnation of its entire ideological basis. Hence, Rousseau and his philosophical premise of « man being naturally good » became the preferred target of his critique, which besides was directed at the entire legacy of the Enlightened, particularly their belief in the notion of Progress. Indeed, the decadent could not agree with the idea that indefinite progress could but be harmful to the human soul and hinder its Salvation. During the advent of democracy, the status of poet enjoyed by the decadent was also in jeopardy, because the deconsecration and disillusionment of the world also lead to the poet being depoetized. In view of the standardisation of the masses, the conformist and contagious reflection of the democratic society endangered the singularity, the individuality and the aristocratic character of the decadent. Faced with such a situation, he had a choice : he could retreat in his ivory tower, away from the bourgeois values of society, in order to preserve his singularity and uniqueness, or, like a damned and haloless poet, he could henceforth talk in prose about modernity, that of a world in a state of dereliction, within the compassionate brotherhood of all deprived people, in order to create a new harmony.

Cette thèse propose une approche globale des Déserts de l’Amour de Rimbaud. Étant donné les nombreuses incertitudes véhiculées par l’œuvre, une étude de son manuscrit autographe s’impose tout d’abord, étude visant à établir l’ordre des feuillets, l’établissement du texte, la date de transcription par une expertise en écritures, mais encore à évaluer son degré d’achèvement, l’éventualité de détenir en l’état un manuscrit complet et déterminer enfin l’auteur de la numérotation atypique des feuillets. L’approche générique, après être revenue sur la notion même de genre et ses implications, s’appliquera à définir le caractère générique du récit de rêve puis problématisera le genre formel des Déserts de l’Amour à partir d’une réflexion sur le poème en prose. Dans le souci d’une approche générique contextuelle seront abordés plusieurs auteurs représentatifs de nos deux genres (Nodier, Bertrand, Nerval) et plus particulièrement le Baudelaire des Petits Poëmes en prose. Nous proposerons enfin une lecture, un commentaire littéraire détaillé des Déserts de l’Amour. / This thesis proposes a global approach to The Deserts of Love. Given the many uncertainties surrounding this text, the prerequisite for its analysis is the exploration of Rimbaud’s manuscript, to prove the order of the folios, to provide an accurate text, to establish its date of transcription by a diachronic study of the poet’s handwriting ; the ambition is also to judge the extent to which this is a finished work, whether the known text is complete and, lastly, to determine the source of the untypical numbering of the folios. After examining the concept of genre and its implications, the generic approach will seek to define the generic status of the dream narrative and then problematise the formal genre of The Deserts of Love on the basis of a reflexion on the subject of the prose poem. The need to contextualise this generic approach requires the analysis of several representative authors in the two generic fields involved (Nodier, Bertrand, Nerval) and in particular of the Baudelaire of the Petits Poëmes en prose. The thesis concludes with a detailed literary commentary of The Deserts of Love.

Cette thèse envisage de regarder la poésie de Yahya Kemal qui a vécu pendant une périodequi correspond au temps de l'écroulement de l'Empire ottoman et de la fondation de laRépublique turque, à un moment où les problèmes de la modernisation, de l'identitéoccidentale et orientale occupent intensément le climat intellectuel turc, sous l'angle de laquestion de l'influence. Yahya Kemal est considéré, avec Ahmet Ha#im, comme le fondateurde la poésie turque. La première partie de la thèse a pour objectif d'interpréter la modernitédans le cadre de la notion de 'devenir' avancée par Gilles Deleuze et Felix Guattari.Dans la deuxième partie, la position de Baudelaire en tant que fondateur de la poésie moderneoccidentale est de nouveau traitée dans le cadre des notions mises en avant par Deleuze etGuattari. Ces concepts sont les suivants : 'et', 'devenir', 'régime signifiant', 'régime postsignifiant'et 'synthèse disjonctive'. Dans cette partie, d'une part les reflets de l'approchecritique de Baudelaire sur Yahya Kemal, et de l'autre le 'devenir moderne' de la poésie deYahya Kemal sont traités en partant de certaines notions avancées pour définir la poésiemoderne. Il s'agit du 'lyrisme', de l''obscurité' et de l''intertextualité'. Ces notions vontmontrer que le 'devenir moderne' de la poésie n'est pas indépendante de son 'demeurertraditionnel'. En outre, l'interaction entre la poésie de Yahya Kemal et celle de l'autrefondateur de la poésie turque, Ahmet Ha#im, est significative. La dernière partie de la thèseenvisage une reflexion sur la façon dont l'influence de Baudelaire et celle de Nedîm serejoignent, s'interagissent et jouent un rôle dans la construction de la poésie de Yahya Kemal.Cette partie vise à comprendre pourquoi Baudelaire et Nedîm se distinguent parmi lesnombreux poètes ayant influencés Yahya Kemal. Pour conclure, la thèse veut accentuer quel'effort de Yahya Kemal afin de s'appropier les traditions poétiques occidentales et orientalesl'installe à une position privilégiée par rapport aux poètes qui adoptent l'une ou l'autre de cestraditions.

Au carrefour de la théorie des genres, de l’histoire littéraire et de l’herméneutique, ce travail entreprend de repenser le statut de l’idylle dans la littérature française du XIXe siècle. Allant à l’encontre du lieu commun selon lequel l’idylle ne serait plus, après André Chénier, qu’un genre figé dans des clichés définitivement anachroniques, il propose quelques outils conceptuels permettant d’analyser la dynamique actuelle des formes et des significations de l’idylle. La notion articule, au XIXe siècle, trois logiques majeures : une logique rhétorique, qui inscrit l’idylle dans une poétique des genres ; une logique historico-philosophique, qui, depuis le XVIIIe siècle, envisage l’idylle comme un mythe de l’origine et une figuration de l’Idéal ; une logique psychologique, enfin, issue de la révolution Romantique, qui définit l’idylle en termes d’illusion, de fantasme ou de rêve. Du fait même de cette complexité, l’idylle est un point d’observation privilégié des grandes mutations de la modernité. En brossant un panorama général des évolutions du genre au XIXe siècle et en interrogeant les références explicites à l’idylle dans certaines œuvres poétiques et romanesques majeures de Nerval, Hugo, Baudelaire, Mallarmé, Balzac et Zola, cet ouvrage propose un point de vue nouveau sur la crise de la subjectivité, sur la crise de la représentation littéraire et sur la redéfinition du traditionnel partage entre prose et poésie. / This work aims to re-think the status of the idyll in the French literature during the 19th century by combining theory of literary genres, literary history and hermeneutics. Objecting to the common-sensical idea that the idyll has evolved into a frozen genre full of anachronical clichés after André Chénier, it provides some conceptual ressources to analyze the actual dynamics of the idyll, both in terms of form and signification. The notion follows three main logics : a rhetorical one, which places the idyll into the poetic of literary genres, an historical and philosophical one, which, since the 18th century, considers the idyll as a cue of a mythical origin and an image of the Ideal, and lastly, a psychological one, born with the romantic revolution, which understands the idyll in terms of illusion, fantasies or dreams. Because of its intrinsic complexity, the idyll provides a priviliged point of view to examine the most important changes of the modern times. This work gives an overview of the evolution of the genre during the 19th century and examines the explicit references to the idyll made by Nerval, Hugo, Baudelaire, Mallarmé, Balzac and Zola in some of their major poetical works and novels. In doing so, it develops a new perspective on the crisis of the subjectivity, the crisis of literary representation and the redrawing of the traditional distinction between prose and poetry.

Cette étude se propose de comparer des traductions en portugais de quelques poèmes des Fleurs du mal de Charles Baudelaire. Nous avons crée un corpus de trente poèmes pris dans le texte original afin de comparer les traductions respectives des traducteurs brésiliens et portugais. L´analyse a été étayée sur des théories descriptives fondées sur la linguistique appliquée, en prenant en considération le portugais du Portugal, le portugais du Brésil, les théories sur les traductions et la possibilité d´appliquer par les traducteurs les postulats théoriques, en regardant si, dans la pratique, ils ont suivi, pour la traduction, une attitude naturalisée ou exotisée, ou encore, s´ils ont utilisé un style tamisée entre les deux. Dans le premier cas, les traducteurs ont produit une version collant au contexte linguistique et littéraire de la langue portugaise utilisée dans leur pays afin que le lecteur ait l´impression de lire un texte dans sa propre langue. Alors que, dans le deuxième, ils ont transgressé les règles de la langue cible et gardé les caractères de la langue source, employant parfois des mots étrangers ou créant des néologismes en vue d´universaliser le texte. S´agissant de traductions de poèmes, on a aussi examiné la façon dont ces traducteurs ont intégré, dans la pratique, les diverses théories sur le rendu des traductions, comment ils ont résolu les difficultés qui ont surgi quand il a fallu transposer les messages du texte d´origine dans le texte traduit et s´ils ont eu le souci de préserver le style de Baudelaire et les règles de versification. / This work aims at making a comparative analysis of Portuguese translations of some poems chosen from the book Les Fleurs du mal, by Charles Baudelaire. First of all a corpus was prepared with thirty poems extracted from the original book. Then, a comparison was made with the respective translations written by Brazilian and Portuguese translators. The analysis was based on descriptive theories through applied linguistics taking into account the Portuguese language used in Portugal and the one used in Brazil, the translation theories, and the applicability of theoretical presuppositions of the translators. It was observed if they Ŕ in their real practice of translation Ŕ followed a trend of keeping natural translation - that one which stresses the original text-, if they followed a trend of adaptation to the target language, or if they used both approaches. In the first case the translators show a version adapted to the cultural context inserted in the linguistic/literary tradition of the Portuguese language used in their country, so that the reader can have the impression that he is reading a passage in his native language, while in the second situation they made transgression of the target language rules and kept the characteristics of the original language by using, at times, foreign words or creating neologisms aiming at making the text universal. Having in mind translation of poems, it was also considered how those translators learned the several theories of translation in practical real situation, how they found solution to difficulties that appeared when they were changing the messages of the original text into the target language, and also, whether they preserved Baudelaire‟s style as well as the rules of versification.

Although one of the best-known cases of intercultural literary partnership, Charles Baudelaire's translations of Edgar Allan Poe's works have been little analysed with a methodology appropriate to Translation Studies. Relying on a functionally target-oriented approach to translation and an empirical methodology, the present thesis undertakes this analysis. Positioning the prospective function(s) of the translations as intended by the translator within their historical context, Chapter One explores the para-discourse of the translator and its contemporary reception. Beyond the Romantic critical tradition of the whole project, Baudelaire's introductory writings on Poe appear to target in a propagandist way the literary elite of the time. On the contrary, the selection and organization of the five volumes of translations for publication suggest primarily a popularising strategy intended to capture, through the fictional genre, the attention of the growing mass audience of the Second Empire. In Chapters Two and Three, traditional appraisals of the translations in terms of quality assessment are questioned in favour of an explanation of interpretative frameworks and translation strategies as seen through the analyses of two translated tales and of textual variables throughout the corpus. Baudelaire's biographical interpretation of the narrative voice combines with clear strategies to normalize the stylistic authority of the texts and to increase their dramatic and expressive impact, offering in the end a less rhetorical, but aesthetically more Romantic and narratively more Realist reading of Poe's fantastic tales. Baudelaire would thus have managed to reconcile at a textual level the ambiguities of his para-discourse in terms of targeted readership as seen in Chapter One. It is finally argued that beyond the constraints of the receiving system and the strategies of the translator to accommodate these, the French image of Poe as produced by Baudelaire owes much to a French resistance to the narrative ambiguity and style that Poe's writing represents. Confirming or challenging existing criticism on the Poe-Baudelaire case, the present thesis thus hopes to contribute, not only to our relatively limited knowledge of mid-nineteenth-century French translation, but also to our understanding of French short fiction and its conflicting stakes in terms of aesthetics and readership.

L'invention de la photographie bouleverse le monde de l'estampe entre 1850 et 1865. Le burin et la lithographie, pourtant récente, ne sont plus les seuls moyens de reproduire les tableaux, et l'eau-forte renaît. Dès ses premiers Salons, Baudelaire est attentif aux différents procédés. Vers 1859-1862, son action et ses articles en faveur de Charles Meryon et de la Société des aquafortistes font de lui un des principaux défenseurs de l'eau-forte originale. Après avoir acheté dans sa jeunesse des tableaux anciens, Baudelaire constitue alors une collection importante d'estampes, en rapport avec son activité de critique d'art. D'un autre côté, l'essai sur le rire, ceux sur les caricaturistes français et sur les caricaturistes étrangers, ainsi que les projets d'articles sur « L'Art philosophique » et les « Peintres de mœurs » sont entièrement ou en partie inspirés par des estampes. Ces textes donnent à Baudelaire l'occasion de poser des questions de poétique et d'esthétique, – le statut de l'artiste comique, la beauté de l'éphémère et la trivialité en art, par exemple. Comme les poèmes inspirés d'estampes, ils montrent aussi la façon dont le poète met à l'épreuve le sens des images. La dernière partie de notre travail est consacrée à l'histoire des frontispices dont Baudelaire voulut faire orner plusieurs de ses œuvres, et en particulier à celui qu'il projetait de donner à la deuxième édition des Fleurs du mal. / The invention of photography drastically changed the world of printing between 1850 and 1865. Lithography – though recent – and engraving were no longer the only means to reproduce paintings – etching came back to life. Since his first Salons, Baudelaire had been interested in these different techniques. Around 1859-1862, he became one of the key figures in the defense of original etching through his action and his articles in favour of Charles Meryon and the Société des Aquafortistes. After having bought antique paintings in his youth, Baudelaire built up a large collection of prints – in relation to his activity of art critic. Besides, his essay on laughter, the ones on French caricaturists and on foreign caricaturists, as well as his drafts of articles on “L’Art philosophique” and the “Peintres de mœurs” are entirely or partly inspired by prints. These texts gave Baudelaire the opportunity to raise issues of poetics and aesthetics, such as the position of the comic artist, the beauty of transience and triviality in art. Like his poems inspired by prints, they also show how the poet questions the meaning of images. The final part of this work is devoted to the history of frontispieces which Baudelaire wanted to use to illustrate several of his works with, and more particularly the one he planned to illustrate the second edition of Les Fleurs du mal with.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:27:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joana Pinheiro Gomes Areas.pdf: 523569 bytes, checksum: f89389a990e28bf09eef39b32d415ce9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation aims to analyse how Walter Benjamin rehabilitates the allegoric form of Charles Baudelaire´s Fleurs du mal poetry and, in doing so, allows for another approach of the poet, revealing his critical character. Through the notions of time and history, Benjamin articulates the allegoric images of the spleen with the symbolic images of the ideal, which offer a critical image of modernity when juxtaposed in the Baudelarian poetry. The presentation of this interpenetration of images, both allegoric and symbolic, makes evident the ambiguity of time in modernity. The retrieval of the allegoric form in Baudelaire is, first of all, the recovery of a historicity and a temporality that reveal time in its senility. The discussion on the rehabilitation of the modern allegory in Baudelaire comes together with the Benjaminian study of the allegory, also present in the baroque drama theatre. Both in the baroque and in modernity, the allegory sheds light on that dimension of historic temporality, which opposes eternity and the plenitude of the symbol / Almeja-se, com esta dissertação, analisar como Walter Benjamin reabilita a forma alegórica da poesia das Fleurs du mal de Charles Baudelaire e, com isso, possibilita uma outra abordagem do poeta, revelando o seu caráter crítico. Através das noções de tempo e de história, Benjamin articula as imagens alegóricas do spleen com as imagens simbólicas do ideal, que, ao se justaporem na poesia baudelariana, oferecem uma imagem crítica da modernidade. É, justamente, a apresentação desta interpenetração de imagens, alegóricas e simbólicas, que evidencia a ambigüidade do tempo na modernidade. O resgate da forma alegórica de Baudelaire é, antes de tudo, o resgate de uma historicidade e de uma temporalidade, que revela o tempo em sua caducidade. A discussão da reabilitação da alegoria moderna de Baudelaire, vem acompanhada do estudo benjaminano da alegoria também presente no teatro do drama barroco. Tanto no barroco quanto na modernidade, a alegoria lança luz a essa dimensão da temporalidade histórica, que se contrapõe à eternidade e a plenitude do símbolo