Dissertação (mestrado) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, 2003 / Inclui bibliografias / O objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado é estudar, propor e implementar uma ferramenta para gerência de clusters abertos. Esta dissertação de mestrado faz parte do projeto ParaPUC que está em desenvolvimento desde outubro de 1998 no programa de Pós-Gradu / The goal of this Master thesis is to study, to define and to implement a management tool for open clusters. This activity is being carried under the ParaPUC project of the Postgraduate Program in Applied Computer Science of the Pontifícia Universidade Cat

While the political and social spaces of Old English literature are fairly well understood, this project examines the conceptual spaces in Old English poetry. The Anglo-Saxons possessed a richly metaphorical understanding of the world, not merely in the sense of artistically ornamental metaphor, but in Lakoff and Johnson's sense of conceptual metaphor, which reflects the structures of thought through which a culture understands their world. Three domains exhibit developed systems of conceptual metaphor for the Anglo-Saxons: the self, death, and the world. First, the Anglo-Saxon self is composed of four distinct entities--body, mind, soul, and a life-force--which each behave independently as they compete for control in poems like The Wanderer, The Seafarer, and Soul and Body. Second, death for the Anglo-Saxon is expressed through a number of metaphors involving the status or placement of the body: removal to a distant place; separation of the body and the soul; location down on or within the earth; and the loss of life as a possession. Predominance of a particular metaphor contributes to the effects of individual poems, from The Fates of the Apostles and Beowulf to The Battle of Maldon and The Wife's Lament. Third, the Anglo-Saxon world is a large structure like a building, with its three primary components--heaven, hell, and earth--each themselves presented as building-like structures. Old English poetry, including native versions of Genesis, reveal heaven to be a protective Anglo-Saxon hall, while hell is a cold prison. The earth, in poems like Christ II and Guthlac B, is either a wide plain or a comforting house. Christ I connects these worlds through gates, including Mary, characterized as a wall-door. Finally, the apocalyptic Christ III employs metaphorical spaces for all three conceptual domains treated in this study but dramatizes their breakdown even as it reveals spatial enclosure the overarching structure of metaphorical concepts in Old English poetry.

This project explores connections between hero and history, text and context. By engaging Postcolonial theories about the roles that invasion and oppression, play in developing national identity and how colonized people respond to such encounters in literature, I examine how experiences of invasion and hostile interaction as represented in medieval and early modern English literature influenced the creation of specific heroic values. In my first chapter, I analyze The Battle of Maldon and Beowulf as exemplars of the Anglo-Saxon culture, observing that Byrhtnoth and Beowulf work as fictional embodiments of a fantasy of power: men of super-human strength and exceptional resoluteness who, through remarkable sacrifices, inspire men to accomplish phenomenal deeds of their own. Next, I explore Arthur in The Alliterative Morte Arthure and Le Morte Darthur, who embraces his hybridity, fluidly moving between the Anglo-Saxon warrior tradition and the French romance tradition. Last, I consider Shakespeare’s Henry V, which depicts a conquering hero who possesses the prowess and nobility of his heroic predecessors and the ability to succeed where they failed, securing England’s continental dominance. In each era, I contend that the authors created heroes on whom they could project a fantasized identity which defied the realities of their time, heroes who changed based upon the type of threat faced by England. This study samples five hundred years of literature and uses this breadth to explore cross-periodic continuity, finding that the heroes of these texts respond not only to their historical context, but also to each other. This scope allows one to see how the emblem of the hero responds to the reality of the authors and audiences of these texts. The figure of the hero develops over centuries, demonstrating that as the needs of the authors and audiences change, so, too, does the character who represents them. These literary figures provide a unique window into the culture and concerns of the authors and audiences during the medieval and early modern eras. They represent desire for strength, inspiration, glory and triumph. They reflect the agony of anxiety, vulnerability, defeat, and hopelessness. Most importantly, they reimagine, reframe, and redress reality.

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This study views J. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings trilogy against its Anglo-Saxon background, specifically in light of Tolkien's 1936 Beowulf essay, and contends that the author consciously attempted to recreate the mood of the heroic poem. Chapter I compares Tolkien's use of historical perspective in Lord of the Rings with that of the Beowulf poet. His recognition of the poet's artistic use of history is stated in the "Beowulf" essay. Chapter II makes comparisons between Good and Evil as they are revealed in Beowulf and in the trilogy. Once again, much of the evidence for this comparison is found in Tolkien's Beowulf criticism. Chapter III examines the comitatus relationship fundamental to the heroic poem and to Lord of the Rings. It is the major element in Tolkien's portrayal of Good. Chapter IV concludes the study by asserting that the trilogy must be viewed as an heroic elegy, in exactly the same way that Tolkien viewed Beowulf. Thus, the theme of the trilogy, like Beowulf, is the mutability of man.

Através deste trabalho, pretendemos analisar o poema Beowulf e sua importância na sociedade da Inglaterra anglo-saxônica, em especial no que se refere às imagens aristocráticas e régias. Estabelecemos paralelos das personagens encontradas no poema e demais referencias do corpo poético anglo-saxão, com o quadro sócio-cultural do momento tendo por foco o período chamado em nossa pesquisa por período alfrediano. Segundo nossa hipótese, teria sido dentro deste período (final do século VIII e início do século XI) que provavelmente Beowulf teria sido composto, assim como outras obras de cunho heróico. A idéia central seria de que tais obras teriam uma finalidade modelar para a aristocracia guerreira durante o momento da reconquista dos territórios ocupados pelos escandinavos desde o início das primeiras invasões. Assim, as imagens encontradas nessas obras e em especial Beowulf, estariam espelhando um ideal aristocrático germânico, mas profundamente influenciado pela tradição cristã. Desta forma, o que teremos será uma produção poética incentivada pela ascensão da Casa de Wessex (iniciada pelo rei Alfred, o Grande) que irá refletir o ideário germânico de glória e honra unido a elementos cristão, principalmente do Velho Testamento. Ao reforçar tais elementos, o período alfrediano estabeleceria um modelo aristocrático e régio, tendo o poema Beowulf como um reflexo desta retomada cultural numa Inglaterra pré-conquista normanda / With this work, we intend to study the Beowulf poem and its importance on Anglo-Saxon society, mainly about the kingship and aristocratic images. We established some parallels of what could be found in the poem and other references of the Anglo-Saxon poetic staff, with the socio-cultural scenario of the age keeping on focus the moment that we call alfredian period. Following our hypothesis, it would have been on this period (end of 8th century and early 11th century) that Beowulf would have been composed, as other works of heroic style. The central idea is that such works had the purpose to be a role model to the warrior-aristocracy in a moment of reconquering of the territories occupied by the Scandinavians since the beginning of the invasions. So, the images found on this kind of work, and specially Beowulf, would have been a resemblance of a Germanic aristocratic ideal, but deeply influenced by the Christian tradition. With this in mind, what we have are a poetic enterprise supported by the ascension of the House of Wessex (started by king Alfred, the Great) which will reflect the Germanic ideal of glory and honor joined with Christian elements, mainly from the Old Testament. With the stressing of this elements, the Alfredian period would established an aristocratic and kingly model, having the Beowulf poem as a sign of this cultural renascence on an England before the Norman conquest.

This master thesis deals with the subject of mass graves as a result of war and violence; how, where and why they are created, what they represent and how they are used throughout the Scandinavian Iron Age and Middle Ages. To analyze and discuss these questions, I have used nine case studies as well as several literary sources such as Beowulf, Tacitus and Jordanes. To further increase the depth of this discussion and to help us understand the mass graves themselves, I have also included subject of warfare in the form of a walkthrough of violence and social psychology. Together, these pieces have helped me form the basis for an analysis and discussion of the three acts I have created: The Ingroup act of deposition, The Outgroup act of deposition and the Triumph act of deposition.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:56:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ClaudioACF.pdf: 1310703 bytes, checksum: 20942a00fb9b1da452758bbafaf1b59d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-09-23 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The last years have presented an increase in the acceptance and adoption of the parallel processing, as much for scientific computation of high performance as for applications of general intention. This acceptance has been favored mainly for the development of environments with massive parallel processing (MPP - Massively Parallel Processing) and of the distributed computation. A common point between distributed systems and MPPs architectures is the notion of message exchange, that allows the communication between processes. An environment of message exchange consists basically of a communication library that, acting as an extension of the programming languages that allow to the elaboration of applications parallel, such as C, C++ and Fortran. In the development of applications parallel, a basic aspect is on to the analysis of performance of the same ones. Several can be the metric ones used in this analysis: time of execution, efficiency in the use of the processing elements, scalability of the application with respect to the increase in the number of processors or to the increase of the instance of the treat problem. The establishment of models or mechanisms that allow this analysis can be a task sufficiently complicated considering parameters and involved degrees of freedom in the implementation of the parallel application. An joined alternative has been the use of collection tools and visualization of performance data, that allow the user to identify to points of strangulation and sources of inefficiency in an application. For an efficient visualization one becomes necessary to identify and to collect given relative to the execution of the application, stage this called instrumentation. In this work it is presented, initially, a study of the main techniques used in the collection of the performance data, and after that a detailed analysis of the main available tools is made that can be used in architectures parallel of the type to cluster Beowulf with Linux on X86 platform being used libraries of communication based in applications MPI - Message Passing Interface, such as LAM and MPICH. This analysis is validated on applications parallel bars that deal with the problems of the training of neural nets of the type perceptrons using retro-propagation. The gotten conclusions show to the potentiality and easinesses of the analyzed tools. / Os ?ltimos anos t?m apresentado um aumento na aceita??o e ado??o do processamento paralelo, tanto para computa??o cient?fica de alto desempenho como para aplica??es de prop?sito geral. Essa aceita??o tem sido favorecida principalmente pelo desenvolvimento dos ambientes com processamento maci?amente paralelo (MPP - Massively Parallel Processing) e da computa??o distribu?da. Um ponto comum entre sistemas distribu?dos e arquiteturas MPPs ? a no??o de troca de mensagem, que permite a comunica??o entre processos. Um ambiente de troca de mensagem consiste basicamente de uma biblioteca de comunica??o que, atuando como uma extens?o das linguagens de programa??o, permite a elabora??o de aplica??es paralelas, tais como C, C++ e Fortran. No desenvolvimento de aplica??es paralelas, um aspecto fundamental esta ligado ? an?lise de desempenho das mesmas. V?rias podem ser as m?tricas utilizadas nesta an?lise: tempo de execu??o, efici?ncia na utiliza??o dos elementos de processamento, escalabilidade da aplica??o com respeito ao aumento no n?mero de processadores ou ao aumento da inst?ncia do problema tratado. O estabelecimento de modelos ou mecanismos que permitam esta an?lise pode ser uma tarefa bastante complicada considerando-se par?metros e graus de liberdade envolvidos na implementa??o da aplica??o paralela. Uma alternativa encontrada tem sido a utiliza??o de ferramentas de coleta e visualiza??o de dados de desempenho, que permitem ao usu?rio identificar pontos de estrangulamento e fontes de inefici?ncia em uma aplica??o. Para uma visualiza??o eficiente torna-se necess?rio identificar e coletar dados relativos ? execu??o da aplica??o, etapa esta denominada instrumenta??o. Neste trabalho ? apresentado, inicialmente, um estudo das principais t?cnicas utilizadas na coleta dos dados de desempenho, e em seguida ? feita uma an?lise detalhada das principais ferramentas dispon?veis que podem ser utilizadas em arquiteturas paralelas do tipo Cluster Beowulf com Linux sobre plataforma X86 utilizando bibliotecas de comunica??o baseadas em aplica??es MPI - Message Passing Interface, tais como LAM e MPICH . Esta an?lise ? validada sobre aplica??es paralelas que tratam do problema do treinamento de redes neurais do tipo perceptrons usando retropropaga??o. As conclus?es obtidas mostram as potencialidade e facilidades das ferramentas analisadas.

I Sverige bedrivs idag den största mineralutvinningen på samernas traditionella marker. Samerna har inte några lagligt bindande rättigheter till dessa marker, vilket skapat en politisk konflikt mellan ursprungsbefolkningen och de kommersiella gruvbolagen. Med utgångpunkt i det politiska läget och med särskilt fokus på den planerade gruvan i Kallak syftar denna studie till att studera det kommersiella bolaget Beowulf Minings förhållningssätt till samerna och resursutvinningen på deras marker. Med hjälp av teorierna Carrolls moralpyramid och Social License to Operate (SLO) samt metoden argumentationsanalys vill studien granska hur bolaget legitimerar gruvdriften på samernas marker samt se hur bolaget förhåller sig till samerna och deras sociala tillåtelse. Genom analys av bolagets externa rapportering fann studien att Beowulf Mining främst legitimerar gruvdriften genom att argumentera för de positiva fördelar som gruvdriften kan få för Jokkmokk och dess lokalbefolkning. Studien fann även att bolaget använder sig av det rättsliga ramverket som en särskild legitimering för deras aktiviteter samt att bolaget ger uttryck för att ha ett lokalt stöd från en del av Jokkmokks befolkning. Vidare påvisade analysen att bolaget inte haft någon utförlig relation till samerna och inga muntliga dialoger genomförts. Detta, tillsammans med att samerna sällan omnämns i dokumenten, leder till slutsatsen att gruvbolaget inte kan påvisa några meningsfulla försök till att få samernas tillåtelse av den planerade gruvdriften samt att en bestående relation inte existerar i nuläget mellan de två parterna.

From the early 1980s until the late 1990s the genre or sub-genre known as sword-&-sorcery was largely moribund. The Tolkien-derived high fantasy novel, on the other hand, flourished and mutated into six, eight, ten volume, or open-ended series. Even though the terms high fantasy and sword-&-sorcery are sometimes used interchangeably, sword-&-sorcery came to be viewed as an inferior, cruder form: rougher in style, more limited structurally, stunted in terms of character development, even morally questionable (rather than ambiguous). Revivifying the Ur-text aims to investigate if it is possible to subvert the genre, to create a work that realizes the form s potential to exist as literature . In order to do this it attempts to both analyze and re-vision the form by rendering the genre down to its pristine elements - exemplified but not monopolized by the widely-acknowledged creator of the sword-&-sorcery form, Robert E. Howard. The critical areas of the thesis thus concentrate on Howard, but extend backwards to Beowulf as proto-sword-&-sorcery and forwards to contemporary fantasy writers such as Joe Abercrombie and Steve Erikson. It begins by constructing an account of the creation of the form by Howard, hypothesizing that the conditions for its genesis are a result of the writer s internal emotional and thought processes interacting with external circumstances. This is followed by a study of a set of highly influential anthologies published in the sixties edited by Lyon Sprague de Camp, interrogating de Camp s introductions as well as his selections, sub-categorizing these into the variations on the Howardian model which evolved in the wake of his 1920/30s work, work from which other writers developed a commonly perceived genre. From this the thesis proceeds to a consideration of related forms such as epic fantasy, science fantasy, and grimdark, prefaced by a survey and analysis of what sword-&-sorcery was/is perceived to be by commentators such as de Camp, Brian Attebery and Peter Nicholls. These sections are followed and augmented by a refocusing on Robert E. Howard. A consideration of the crucial relationship between violence and the numinous in his fantasy is central to this thesis. This is done both through research into published texts, mainly fictional but also non-fictional, and is discussed both generally and through in-depth case studies of two stories, attempting to identify the particular elements of his writing which contributed to the birth and definition of sword-&-sorcery in order to establish Howard s output as an Ur-text . The creative heart of this research is my sword-&-sorcery fiction, The Shadow Cycles. Here I have attempted to write a narrative in the form which innovates narrative techniques, modifying or abandoning the generic scaffolding of situations, and methods of characterization, and developing a style of language appropriate to my aim of revisioning Howard s Ur-text for the 21st century. This is followed by a concluding afterthesis which draws on all the preceding sections to explicate the relationship between the critical and creative elements of the thesis. As with earlier critical sections, these recruit a synthesis of literary history, influence studies, genre theory, narratology, and practical criticism. By so doing they touch on conceptions of the literary such as those of Bakhtin, Eagleton, Todorov, and Katherine Hume.