The exceptions for individual use give rise to interesting and fundamental concerns drawing both international and national attention. There is uncertainty in the application of the individual use exceptions both in the international copyright treaties, particularly the three-step test of the Berne Convention, and in the national copyright legislation. To have a better understanding of this concerns, this thesis aims to: investigate whether the exceptions for individual use can still maintain the balance of interests between the copyright holders and users; analyse the contribution that international copyright agreements and national copyright legislation may have made to assist in solving the conflict of interest between right holder countries and user countries in applying the exceptions for individual use; and conduct a comparative study of the application of the individual use exceptions in developed and developing countries. The understandings that are found within this study are informed by relevant literature and by analysis of the application of the individual use exceptions. The thesis examines the application of the individual use exceptions in the international copyright treaties, namely, the Berne Convention, the TRIPS Agreement, and the WIPO Copyright Treaty in order to determine the appropriate ?balance? between the rights of owners and users in the three-step test. To explore the uncertainty in the individual use exceptions at the national level, a comparative case study is made between the exceptions for individual use in Australia, a developed country, and Thailand, a developing country. The results of the study reveal three major answers. First, the exceptions for individual use are able to still maintain the balance of interest between right holders and users in the digital environment, if some amendments are made to keep pace with the digital environment. Secondly, to assist in the solution to the conflict of interest between right holder countries and user countries in applying the exceptions for individual use, the international copyright agreements can make a contribution by making some minor changes, mainly in the three-step test of the Berne Convention, and by continuing to provide special treatments for developing countries. Nationally, the contribution may be made by thoroughly protecting the right holders whilst also still allowing individual use by amending the copyright legislation to update to the digital age when necessary, enacting the relevant Acts, and establishing a collecting society. Finally, from the comparison of the application of the exceptions for individual use as well as problems found and solutions proposed in developed and developing countries, in which Australia and Thailand are used as case studies, the comparison of the application of the exceptions for individual use can be divided into four categories: fair use exceptions (Australian fair dealing and Thai private use exceptions), free use exceptions, licences (Australian statutory licences and Thai compulsory licence), and limitation of legislative individual use provisions. In addition, the problem of different interpretations of the exceptions for individual use, the problem of conformity in the application of the exceptions for individual use according to the real purpose of the three-step test, which exists in Thailand, and the problem of response to the digital environment are all used as the frame for the comparison of the problems found and proposed solutions. The findings of the study are significant as they can provide contributions to the copyright areas primarily in the legal aspect: amendment of the exceptions for individual use. In addition, they also contribute to the related aspect in the copyright areas: the economic aspect: the balance between developed and developing Countries; and the moral aspect: developing countries? development. In addition, the thesis proposes four useful recommendations to enable the balance of interest between the right holders and the users to be maintained: amendment of the wording in the three-step test of the Berne Convention, amendment of domestic copyright law and its exceptions for individual use, encouragement of the role of collective management organisations, and raising public awareness on the issue of copyright and its exceptions for individual use.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-13T13:31:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - William Soares Medeiros.pdf: 2112015 bytes, checksum: 79b821090426baeb106b29b980b2ad18 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-13T13:31:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - William Soares Medeiros.pdf: 2112015 bytes, checksum: 79b821090426baeb106b29b980b2ad18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-31 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Dermatobia hominis (Linneaus Jr., 1781) (Diptera, Cuterebridae), popularly known in English as the Human Botfly or Warble fly, the only species of this genus and endemic to the neotropical region, is a holometabolous insect with an independent phase of life in its adult form and an obligatory parasitic phase in its larval form. In its parasitic phase, the larva is the cause of furuncular myiasis occurring in a large variety of endothermic animals, with most frequent occurrence in cattle, dogs and humans. The lack of information concerning dermatobiosis creates difficulties in its diagnosis. By means of a systematic review of the literature on the subject, it can be verified that this fly shows versatility in its phoresis and has a vast list of phoretic records. Field studies are restricted to observation of its larval form, because its adult form is difficult to observe, making this a rare event. With the intention of evaluating and comparing fluctuation in the population of D. hominis, searching for correlations between the incidence of Botfly larval infestations and climatic factors and their distribution on the body surface of cattle, two areas of study were selected, in which field collections were carried out twice monthly for counting the number of larvae in the herds. Discrepancies were discovered in the average number of larval nodes in cattle between these areas of study. These nodules showed variation in their bodily distribution on the cattle, with a higher incidence in the anterior region, compromising the quality of the animals? skins for economic purposes. In one of the areas, there was a correlation between the average number of larvae and the temperature and precipitation. These climatic factors are related to edaphic characteristics, influencing the penetration of the L3 larvae and the pupal period. For a greater understanding of the dynamics and fluctuations in the population of D. hominis in these areas, ample monitoring is needed to determine if the results encountered in this study are atypical or influenced by local characteristics. Currently, the demand for research is for methods of controlling the dermatobiosis, with emphasis on integrated plague management. Other deficiencies include following the Botfly?s complete life cycle in the laboratory and understanding certain peculiar adaptations, such as atrophied oral apparatus / A Dermatobia hominis (Linneaus Jr., 1781) (Diptera, Cuterebridae), popularmente conhecida como mosca do berne, ?nica esp?cie do g?nero e end?mica da regi?o Neotropical, ? um inseto holomet?bolo com uma fase de vida livre na sua forma adulta e uma fase parasit?ria obrigat?ria em sua forma larval. Em sua fase parasit?ria, a larva ? causadora da mi?ase furuncular ocorrendo em uma grande variedade de animais endot?rmicos, com ocorr?ncia mais frequente em bovinos, c?es e no homem. A falta de informa??o sobre a dermatobiose gera dificuldade em seu diagn?stico. Atrav?s de uma revis?o sistem?tica da literatura sobre o assunto, verifica-se que a mosca apresenta versatilidade para a foresia e conta com vasta lista de registros de for?ticos. Os estudos em campo se restringem a observa??es sobre sua forma larval, pois sua forma adulta ? de dif?cil observa??o tornando este evento raro. Visando avaliar e comparar a frequ?ncia populacional de D. hominis, buscando correla??o entre a incid?ncia do berne e fatores clim?ticos e a sua distribui??o na superf?cie corporal de bovinos, foram selecionadas duas ?reas de estudo, as quais foram realizadas coleta de campo quinzenalmente para o levantamento do n?mero de bernes no rebanho. Foram encontradas diverg?ncias no n?mero m?dio de n?dulos de berne em bovinos entre as ?reas de estudo. Os n?dulos apresentaram varia??o na distribui??o corporal dos bovinos, tendo maior incid?ncia na regi?o anterior, comprometendo a qualidade da pele do animal para fins econ?micos. Em uma das ?reas houve correla??o entre o n?mero m?dio de bernes e a temperatura e precipita??o. Esses fatores clim?ticos est?o relacionados ?s caracter?sticas ed?ficas, influenciando a penetra??o das larvas L3 e o per?odo pupal. Para o maior entendimento da din?mica e frequ?ncia populacional da D. hominis nessas ?reas, h? necessidade de amplo monitoramento para averiguar se os resultados encontrados neste estudo s?o at?picos ou influenciados por caracter?sticas locais. Atualmente a demanda de pesquisa est? em m?todos para controle da dermatobiose, com destaque para o manejo integrado de pragas. Outras lacunas est?o na realiza??o de seu ciclo completo em laborat?rio e compreens?o de adapta??es peculiares, tais como aparelho bucal atrofiado.

No description available.

Au 20è siècle, l’Internet a commencé à se développer. En matière de propriété littéraire et artistique, l’incidence des nouvelles technologies sur la création fut réelle et parfois positive. Cependant, les nouvelles technologies causent des conséquences négatives sur la création elle-même. C’est le phénomène du piratage des œuvres sur l’Internet. Les prérogatives d’auteur sont alors menacées, car tous les citoyens peuvent être des consommateurs des œuvres sans difficulté, ni rémunération pour l’auteur. Alors que la législation vietnamienne dans cette matière est encore silencieuse, aucune étude pertinente et approfondie n’existe pour l’instant au Vietnam. Cette thèse vise à apprécier l’efficacité de la protection et de l’exploitation du droit d’auteur dans le cyberespace au Vietnam tant en théorie qu’en pratique.La première partie se consacre à l’étude des enjeux de l’application du droit d’auteur dans le cyberespace. L’analyse porte au premier rang sur les influences de l’Internet sur les droits d’auteur. Il s’agit donc d’étudier les caractères ainsi que les attributs des prérogatives morales et patrimoniales de l’auteur afin d’analyser pourquoi et comment l’Internet peut les influencer. Le développement de ce travail aborde ensuite l’exploitation du droit d’auteur dans cet environnement. La pertinence de l’étude de cette question se trouve dans l’idée selon laquelle sans l’exploitation, les prérogatives de l’auteur sont dépourvues de valeur.La deuxième partie porte sur les mesures de protection du droit d’auteur ainsi que les aspects de droit international privé. À ce titre, deux types de mesures de protection des droit d’auteur sur l’Internet sont envisagés, à savoir d’une part, l’engagement de la responsabilité des acteurs relatifs à l’exploitation des œuvres sur l’Internet, et d’autre part, le renforcement des sanctions civiles, administratives tant que pénales. En outre, pour une meilleure protection du droit d’auteur sur l’Internet, les conflits de juridictions ainsi que les conflits de lois pour des litiges ayant des éléments d’extranéité provoqués par l’espace sans frontière comme Internet doivent être résolus. En effet, est retenu en général pour la détermination du tribunal compétent, un principe selon lequel le tribunal du domicile du défendeur est compétent de juger ainsi que le tribunal du lieu du délit. Quant à la loi applicable, d’après un principe posé par la Convention de Berne, dit lex loci protectionis, l’étendue et les moyens de recours garantis à l’auteur pour sauvegarder ses droits sont réglés exclusivement par la législation du pays où la protection est réclamée. / In the 20th century, the Internet began to develop. In terms of literary and artistic property, the impact of new technologies on the creation was real and sometimes positive. However, new technologies are causing a negative impact on the creation itself. This is a piracy phenomenon on the Internet. The prerogatives of author are so threatened because all persons can become consumers of the works without difficulty, or compensation for the author. While the Vietnamese law in this area is still quiet, the relevant study is currently rare in Vietnam. This thesis aims to assess the effectiveness of the protection and of the exploitation of copyright in cyberspace in Vietnam both in theory and practice.The first part is devoted to study of issues in the application of copyright in cyberspace. In this part, the influences of the Internet on copyright are firstly mentioned. It is therefore to study the characteristics and the attributes of prerogatives of the author to analyze why and how the Internet can influence them. The development of this work addresses the exploitation of copyright in this environment. The relevance of the study of this question lies in the idea that without the operation, the prerogatives of the author have no value.The second part focuses on copyright protection measures and aspects of private international law concerning copyright. As such, two types of measures to protect copyright on the Internet are considered, namely the one hand, the commitment of the responsibility of actors of the Internet for the exploitation of works in cyberspace, and the other hand, the strengthening of civil remedies as well as administrative and criminal penalties. In addition, for better protection of copyright on the Internet, conflicts of jurisdiction and conflicts of law in disputes with foreign elements caused by the border-free area such as the Internet must be resolved. In fact, is usually chosen for the determination of the competent court, a principle that the court of the place of the defendant is competent to judge and the court of the place of the offence. For the applicable law, according to principle laid down by the Berne Convention, said lex loci protectionis, the extent and the remedies afforded to the author to protect his rights shall be settled exclusively by the law of the country where the protection is claimed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:18:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Alexandre Galvao.pdf: 298975 bytes, checksum: 9d22ecc92482b98f474bee4de0969bdd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-19 / Dermatobia hominis affects bovines, causing serious economic damages and of productivity for the beef cattle. The occurrence of dermatobiosis and alteration in the fertility of bulls come being currently studied with intention to evaluate its influence on the parameters of the spermatic quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical analysis of the masculine reproductive system, the testicular perimeter, the physical characteristics as motility, turbidity, intensity and spermatic concentration, and morphology of the semen. For in such a way, 18 bulls of the commercial Nelore race had been used, with age of 36 months, variation of corporal score of 6.0 to 6.5, after pre selection, following the standard of the Manual of the CBRA. The bulls had been placed in two groups: G1 (nine infested with D. hominis larvae on the scrotal skin) and G2 (nine bulls as controls), and they were submitted to the andrologic examinations in the days D24, D48, D63 and D74 and evaluated the testicular and seminal characteristics. The gotten average values of these parameters had been analyzed by the variance test, and results had indicated that it did not have significant difference (p< 0.005). These results indicate that the experimental infestation of D. hominis in the escrotal skin did not influence the spermatic quality of bulls of the Nelore race. / Dermatobia hominis afeta os bovinos, causando graves preju?zos econ?micos e de produtividade para a pecu?ria de corte. A ocorr?ncia da dermatobiose e altera??o na fertilidade de touros v?m sendo estudadas atualmente com intuito de avaliar a sua influ?ncia sobre os par?metros da qualidade esperm?tica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar clinicamente o aparelho reprodutor masculino, o per?metro testicular, as caracter?sticas f?sicas (motilidade, turbilhonamento, vigor e concentra??o esperm?tica) e morfol?gicas do ejaculado. Foram utilizados 18 touros da ra?a Nelore comercial, com idade de 36 meses, com varia??o de escore corporal de 6,0 a 6,5, ap?s a pr?-sele??o seguindo o padr?o do Manual do CBRA. Os touros foram alocados em dois grupos: G1 (nove infestados com larvas de D. hominis na bolsa escrotal) e Grupo 2 ( nove touros, controle), e submetidos aos exames androl?gicos nos dias D24, D48, D63 e D74 e avaliadas as caracter?sticas testiculares e as seminais. Os valores m?dios obtidos destes par?metros foram analisados pelo teste de vari?ncia, e os resultados indicaram que n?o houve diferen?a significativa (P<0.05). Estes resultados indicam que a infesta??o experimental de D. hominis na bolsa escrotal n?o influenciou a qualidade esperm?tica de touros Nelore.

Les matériaux auxétiques ont la propriété contre-intuitive de s'élargir dans les directions perpendiculaires d'un étirement. Ils montrent potentiellement d'excellentes propriétés mécaniques, mais le défaut est que les structures synthétiques actuelles sont basées sur le niveau macroscopique, ce qui causent une porosité importante et diminue les propriétés mécaniques. Une hypothèse est qu'un mécanisme auxétique basé sur l'échelle moléculaire serait une méthode pour éviter ce problème, cependant aucune molécule ou structure organique auxétique n'a été synthétisée. Les polymères cristaux liquides du groupe de Griffin à Georgia Tech montrent un fort potentiel d'être auxétiques, néanmoins, en 2017, leurs différents matériaux ne montrent pas cette propriété. Le but de cette maîtrise est d'établir une méthode de simulation de polymères cristaux liquides potentiellement auxétiques, afin de trouver les paramètres favorisant ce comportement. La finalité du projet serait de présenter ces résultats à des groupes expérimentalistes, pour en effectuer la synthèse. Ces matériaux sont potentiellement extrêmement résistants, pouvant servir de fibre haute performance pour des applications dans des conditions extrêmes. Le premier chapitre de ce mémoire est dédié aux polymères cristaux liquides, traitant des différents types, des mésophases possibles et de leurs propriétés. L'emphase est particulièrement portée sur les polymères cristaux liquides auxétiques. Les systèmes d'intérêt pour ce projet y sont décrits plus amplement. Le deuxième chapitre est consacré aux techniques de simulation et numériques utilisées dans cette étude, telles que les méthodes ab initio et de dynamique moléculaire. Les avantanges et limitations des approches y sont présentés. Finalement, le troisième et dernier chapitre est dédié aux résultats obtenus, comme les paramètres du champ de forces obtenus, les observations reliées aux simulations par dynamique moléculaire et à la caractérisation des systèmes étudiés. Nous avons ainsi montré l'obtention d'une phase smectique A, puis smectique B à partir d'un système fondu, ce qui est, au meilleur de nos connaissances, une première dans le domaine de la simulation de polymères cristaux liquides. Cette observation rend attrayante la nouvelle méthode utilisée, qui consiste à paramétriser le champ de forces par des calculs quantiques pour des polymères cristaux liquides. Il y a cependant encore voie à de nombreuses améliorations possibles, puisque les transitions de phase sont à des températures très élevées (700K) et les simulations sont souvent instables.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to create a comprehensive description of the ECAs, to describe the way of working and the risks that the agency must take. ECAs have long history and are influenced by the many events that contribute to the current form of ECA. The last major event that affected the meaning of the ECA is the recent financial and economic crisis, thanks to which the agency gained an even stronger position than before. In the theoretical part of the diploma thesis will be summarized information about export credit agencies gained from existing bibliography. There will be described various models of ECA, the types of provided services and the risks which are connected with process of granting loans in this part. The analytical part will be focused on a detailed description of the selected export credit agencies. There will be analyzed their way of working, structure, types of products and the impact of the aid. In the conclusion, a comparison is made of selected ECAs using selected indicators. There will be summary of results gained from analysis in the conclusion of the thesis.

The focus of this study is on the development of an original script designed to introduce concepts of structural and transactional analysis to elementary school children. Included in Chapter One are reviews of Transactional Analysis and the PAC communication model. Classroom application of Transactional Analysis principles is examined in Chapter Two. Chapter Three examines needs and characteristics of young children. Qualities of good children's literature are discussed in relationship to the selection and explication of script material. The manuscript appears in Appendix B. This report accepts evidence that Transactional Analysis training can be an additive part of the elementary school curriculum. It further proposes that story material conscientiously designed for young children could prove effective and entertaining training vehicles for Transactional Analysis concepts.

A presente dissertação se propõe a analisar a interação entre o sistema internacional de direitos humanos e o sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual e as implicações desta relação para o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, no que concerne especificamente aos direitos de autor e direitos conexos. No ano em que o Acordo TRIPS completará vinte anos, é oportuna a reflexão a respeito da efetividade de suas regras, especialmente quanto à capacidade de interagir com os demais sistemas jurídicos internacionais, especialmente o sistema internacional de direitos humanos. A leitura da seção de princípios e regras gerais (especialmente do artigo 6°, referente à exaustão de direitos) e da seção relativa aos direitos de autor do Acordo TRIPS (especialmente do artigo 13, que estabelece a Regra dos Três Passos) parece indicar para a previsão de limites à exploração destes direitos em vistas dos objetivos de promoção do desenvolvimento e de equilíbrio de interesses entre, de um lado, autores e titulares e, de outro lado, utilizadores das obras artísticas e literárias protegidas. Contudo, tem se verificado que o sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual tem caminhado na via contrária. Com a proliferação, particularmente na última década, de acordos bilaterais e de livre comércio, temos assistido à propagação indiscriminada das denominadas regras TRIPS-plus, caracterizadas pela previsão de padrões mais rígidos para a proteção da propriedade intelectual em comparação àqueles previstos pelas regras do sistema multilateral de comércio, o que tem dificultado a aplicação de regras mais flexíveis e que possibilitam mais facilmente a adoção de políticas públicas focadas no desenvolvimento econômico e social dos Estados-membros da OMC. Em paralelo, visando a coibir eventuais abusos praticados pelos Estados em suas políticas de direitos de autor, o sistema internacional de direitos humanos que, por meio dos Pactos Internacionais de Direitos Civis e Políticos e de Direitos Econômicos e Sociais, busca estabelecer o equilíbrio dos interesses dos autores e usuários, em vista do aparente conflito entre os direitos fundamentais de primeira e segunda dimensões, caso dos direitos de autor e dos direitos de acesso ao conhecimento e à educação, respectivamente. Neste sentido, destacam-se, além das ações promovidas pela UNESCO para a ampla disponibilização de material de educacional para instituições de ensino e bibliotecas, a iniciativa capitaneada por Brasil e Argentina junto à OMPI, a conhecida Agenda para o Desenvolvimento, que tem revolucionado o modo como administrar as regras previstas nos tratados da OMPI, especialmente a Convenção da União de Berna. Por meio da Agenda para o Desenvolvimento foram propostas novas maneiras de se pensar e reconstruir o direito internacional da propriedade intelectual, levando em consideração o fortalecimento do domínio público, a disponibilização de material educacional em larga escala e acesso à informação por parte dos grupos hipossuficientes, começando pelos deficientes visuais. Alinhado às discussões nos foros multilaterais, o Brasil está passando por uma fase de reforma da Lei de Direitos Autorais, a qual tem na revisão das limitações aos direitos de autor, consubstanciadas no artigo 46, um dos principais pontos de atenção e insatisfação social, em vista das restrições atualmente impostas para a reprodução integral de obras artísticas e literárias. Ainda, o sistema nacional de direitos de autor tem sido desafiado pelas novas tecnologias e formas de promover o acesso à educação no sistema público de ensino. Assim, a proposta de propagação do material de ensino por meio de recursos educacionais abertos, em que o autor ou titular autoriza, no momento da aquisição do material pelo Estado, a reprodução, atualização e distribuição futura do material didático, sem que seja necessária nova autorização a cada tiragem ou alteração do conteúdo pelo corpo de professores. Em estrutura, o trabalho se divide em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo (Direitos de Autor na Ordem Internacional) analisa o sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual, com foco nas regras internacionais relativas aos direitos de autor. O Segundo Capítulo (Interface entre Direitos de Autor e Direitos Humanos) aborda a presença dos fundamentos dos direitos humanos na estrutura dos direitos de autor e sua influência nas atuais demandas desta matéria. O terceiro capítulo (Direitos de Autor sob a Perspectiva Constitucional) analisa o sistema brasileiro de direitos de autor e as garantias fundamentais que envolvem este aparente conflito. Por fim, o quarto capítulo (Limites na Prática) apresenta o posicionamento da jurisprudência nacional e internacional sobre a matéria. / The main goal of this dissertation is to investigate the interaction between international human rights law and the international intellectual property system, as well as the implications of this relationship to Brazilian copyright system. In the year when TRIPS Agreement is turning twenty years old, it is proper to reflect about the effectiveness of its rules, especially the ability to interact with other international legal systems, mainly the international human rights system. In the sections about general principles and rules (v. article 6, regarding exhaustion of rights) and copyrights (v. article 13, regarding Three Step-Test), TRIPS seems to indicate the limits for the exploitation of IP rights, bearing in mind promoting the development and balancing of the interests involved, mainly those related to authors and users of copyrights. However, it has been found that the international intellectual property system has moved in the opposite direction. International trade system have witnessed the proliferation of bilateral and free trade agreements, which contain indiscriminate TRIPS-plus rules, more restrictive than the rules established for the multilateral system, which obstacles the implementation of more flexible rules focused on economic and social development, allowed by WTO system. In order to curb abuses practiced by its Member States, the international human rights system, through the International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and Economic and Social Rights, seeks to establish a balance between authors and users interests, considering the apparent conflict between fundamental rights of first and second dimensions, case of copyrights and access to knowledge and education, respectively. In this sense, must be mentioned the actions promoted by UNESCO to make available educational materials for institutions and libraries, and the initiative headed by Brazil and Argentina, the well-know WIPO Development Agenda, which has proposed a revolution in the manner how States should interpret the rules established in the treaties administered by WIPO, mainly the Berne Convention. New ways of thinking and rebuilding the international intellectual property law are being taken into account, like strengthening the intellectual goods in public domain, increasing the availability of educational material on a larger scale and conceding access to information to vulnerable groups, starting with visually impaired person. Considering this scenario, Brazil is reforming its Copyright Law. The role of limitations to copyrights, embodied in the article 46, is one of most important issues in the mentioned reform, and society is expecting for structural changes, especially because of the general dissatisfaction with the restrictions imposed by law for the reproduction of intellectual works. Still, the national system of copyright has been challenged by new technologies and new ways to provide access to education in the public school system. Thus, proposals like Open Educational Resources, which allows the State, upon previous authorization from the author, to reproduct, update and distribute of educational materials in a large scale. The dissertation is divided into four chapters. The first chapter (Copyrights in the International Order) analyzes the international intellectual property system, focusing on international copyright law. The second chapter (Interface between Copyrights and Human Rights) discuss the human rights framework and the influence of this system on IP Law. The third chapter (Copyright according the Constitutional Perspective) studies the Brazilian Copyright System considering the fundamental guarantees involved. Finally, the fourth chapter (Limits in Practice) analyzes national and international court cases about the matter.

A presente dissertação se propõe a analisar a interação entre o sistema internacional de direitos humanos e o sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual e as implicações desta relação para o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, no que concerne especificamente aos direitos de autor e direitos conexos. No ano em que o Acordo TRIPS completará vinte anos, é oportuna a reflexão a respeito da efetividade de suas regras, especialmente quanto à capacidade de interagir com os demais sistemas jurídicos internacionais, especialmente o sistema internacional de direitos humanos. A leitura da seção de princípios e regras gerais (especialmente do artigo 6°, referente à exaustão de direitos) e da seção relativa aos direitos de autor do Acordo TRIPS (especialmente do artigo 13, que estabelece a Regra dos Três Passos) parece indicar para a previsão de limites à exploração destes direitos em vistas dos objetivos de promoção do desenvolvimento e de equilíbrio de interesses entre, de um lado, autores e titulares e, de outro lado, utilizadores das obras artísticas e literárias protegidas. Contudo, tem se verificado que o sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual tem caminhado na via contrária. Com a proliferação, particularmente na última década, de acordos bilaterais e de livre comércio, temos assistido à propagação indiscriminada das denominadas regras TRIPS-plus, caracterizadas pela previsão de padrões mais rígidos para a proteção da propriedade intelectual em comparação àqueles previstos pelas regras do sistema multilateral de comércio, o que tem dificultado a aplicação de regras mais flexíveis e que possibilitam mais facilmente a adoção de políticas públicas focadas no desenvolvimento econômico e social dos Estados-membros da OMC. Em paralelo, visando a coibir eventuais abusos praticados pelos Estados em suas políticas de direitos de autor, o sistema internacional de direitos humanos que, por meio dos Pactos Internacionais de Direitos Civis e Políticos e de Direitos Econômicos e Sociais, busca estabelecer o equilíbrio dos interesses dos autores e usuários, em vista do aparente conflito entre os direitos fundamentais de primeira e segunda dimensões, caso dos direitos de autor e dos direitos de acesso ao conhecimento e à educação, respectivamente. Neste sentido, destacam-se, além das ações promovidas pela UNESCO para a ampla disponibilização de material de educacional para instituições de ensino e bibliotecas, a iniciativa capitaneada por Brasil e Argentina junto à OMPI, a conhecida Agenda para o Desenvolvimento, que tem revolucionado o modo como administrar as regras previstas nos tratados da OMPI, especialmente a Convenção da União de Berna. Por meio da Agenda para o Desenvolvimento foram propostas novas maneiras de se pensar e reconstruir o direito internacional da propriedade intelectual, levando em consideração o fortalecimento do domínio público, a disponibilização de material educacional em larga escala e acesso à informação por parte dos grupos hipossuficientes, começando pelos deficientes visuais. Alinhado às discussões nos foros multilaterais, o Brasil está passando por uma fase de reforma da Lei de Direitos Autorais, a qual tem na revisão das limitações aos direitos de autor, consubstanciadas no artigo 46, um dos principais pontos de atenção e insatisfação social, em vista das restrições atualmente impostas para a reprodução integral de obras artísticas e literárias. Ainda, o sistema nacional de direitos de autor tem sido desafiado pelas novas tecnologias e formas de promover o acesso à educação no sistema público de ensino. Assim, a proposta de propagação do material de ensino por meio de recursos educacionais abertos, em que o autor ou titular autoriza, no momento da aquisição do material pelo Estado, a reprodução, atualização e distribuição futura do material didático, sem que seja necessária nova autorização a cada tiragem ou alteração do conteúdo pelo corpo de professores. Em estrutura, o trabalho se divide em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo (Direitos de Autor na Ordem Internacional) analisa o sistema internacional de propriedade intelectual, com foco nas regras internacionais relativas aos direitos de autor. O Segundo Capítulo (Interface entre Direitos de Autor e Direitos Humanos) aborda a presença dos fundamentos dos direitos humanos na estrutura dos direitos de autor e sua influência nas atuais demandas desta matéria. O terceiro capítulo (Direitos de Autor sob a Perspectiva Constitucional) analisa o sistema brasileiro de direitos de autor e as garantias fundamentais que envolvem este aparente conflito. Por fim, o quarto capítulo (Limites na Prática) apresenta o posicionamento da jurisprudência nacional e internacional sobre a matéria. / The main goal of this dissertation is to investigate the interaction between international human rights law and the international intellectual property system, as well as the implications of this relationship to Brazilian copyright system. In the year when TRIPS Agreement is turning twenty years old, it is proper to reflect about the effectiveness of its rules, especially the ability to interact with other international legal systems, mainly the international human rights system. In the sections about general principles and rules (v. article 6, regarding exhaustion of rights) and copyrights (v. article 13, regarding Three Step-Test), TRIPS seems to indicate the limits for the exploitation of IP rights, bearing in mind promoting the development and balancing of the interests involved, mainly those related to authors and users of copyrights. However, it has been found that the international intellectual property system has moved in the opposite direction. International trade system have witnessed the proliferation of bilateral and free trade agreements, which contain indiscriminate TRIPS-plus rules, more restrictive than the rules established for the multilateral system, which obstacles the implementation of more flexible rules focused on economic and social development, allowed by WTO system. In order to curb abuses practiced by its Member States, the international human rights system, through the International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and Economic and Social Rights, seeks to establish a balance between authors and users interests, considering the apparent conflict between fundamental rights of first and second dimensions, case of copyrights and access to knowledge and education, respectively. In this sense, must be mentioned the actions promoted by UNESCO to make available educational materials for institutions and libraries, and the initiative headed by Brazil and Argentina, the well-know WIPO Development Agenda, which has proposed a revolution in the manner how States should interpret the rules established in the treaties administered by WIPO, mainly the Berne Convention. New ways of thinking and rebuilding the international intellectual property law are being taken into account, like strengthening the intellectual goods in public domain, increasing the availability of educational material on a larger scale and conceding access to information to vulnerable groups, starting with visually impaired person. Considering this scenario, Brazil is reforming its Copyright Law. The role of limitations to copyrights, embodied in the article 46, is one of most important issues in the mentioned reform, and society is expecting for structural changes, especially because of the general dissatisfaction with the restrictions imposed by law for the reproduction of intellectual works. Still, the national system of copyright has been challenged by new technologies and new ways to provide access to education in the public school system. Thus, proposals like Open Educational Resources, which allows the State, upon previous authorization from the author, to reproduct, update and distribute of educational materials in a large scale. The dissertation is divided into four chapters. The first chapter (Copyrights in the International Order) analyzes the international intellectual property system, focusing on international copyright law. The second chapter (Interface between Copyrights and Human Rights) discuss the human rights framework and the influence of this system on IP Law. The third chapter (Copyright according the Constitutional Perspective) studies the Brazilian Copyright System considering the fundamental guarantees involved. Finally, the fourth chapter (Limits in Practice) analyzes national and international court cases about the matter.