<p>Uppsatsen behandlar olika aspekter av skogsbränslemarknaden mot bakgrund av biobränslets ökande betydelse i den svenska energiförsörjningen. Biobränslets andel av den totala svenska energitillförseln har ökat stadigt de senaste två decennierna. Ökningen hänger mycket samman med att värmesektorn, och då i främsta hand värmeverken, har ökat användningen av biobränslen och en stor andel av denna utgörs av skogsbränslen, dvs avverkningsrester och biprodukter från skogsindustrin. Skatter på fossila bränslen har varit en viktig drivkraft.</p><p>Uppsatsen gör en beskrivning av vilka aktörerna på skogsbränslemarknaden är och hur kedjan från skogen till slutanvändare ser ut. Analysen är baserad på egna intervjuer av såväl säljare och användare av skogbränslen men också på sekundärdata av olika slag. Statistiken är bristfällig. Trenden för priser på skogsbränslen är uppåtgående och såväl säljare som användare väntar sig att priserna ska fortsätta upp i reala termer.</p><p>Skogsbränslemarknaden ser ut att vara en fungerande (effektiv) marknad trots att den är förhållandevis ny och stadd i kraftig förändring. Många aktörer gör att konkurrensen är påtaglig i alla led. Det finns konkurrens både på säljarsidan och användarsidan. Dessutom sker viss import och export. Import av pellets är särskilt viktig. Men det sker också import av flis och samt rundved (för flisning). Det finns ett element av regionalisering förknippad med höga transportkostnader för lastbilstransporter.</p> / <p>I discuss various aspects of the market for wood fuels against the background of the increasing importance of bio fuels in the Swedish energy system. The use of bio fuels as a share of total energy supply in Sweden has increased considerably during the last couple of decades. Taxes on fossil fuels explain the increase in use of bio energy. It is district heating (fjärrvärme) which is the main user of wood fuels (outside the paper and sawmill industries themselves).</p><p>The supply chain from the cutting of logs to the end user is described. I base the description/analysis on interviews with suppliers and users of wood fuels as well as secondary sources. Statistics on wood fuels are generally deficient. Prices on wood fuels have increased in real terms and market actors (producers as well as users) expect prices to continue to increase in the medium term.</p><p>The market for wood fuels appears to be an efficient one despite the lack of standards and the despite the fact that it is a “new” market. There are a fairly large number of producers as well as users and there are no barriers to entry. The market is also “contestable” in the sense that wood fuels are imported. There is though an element of regionalisation of the wood fuel market due to high transportation costs.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Shaiane__Lucas.pdf: 2393290 bytes, checksum: 9e5c684ef130e9552f01b3191e3e8e1d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-20 / This study evaluated the hydrogen and methane production from cassava starch wastewater in reactors in series. The acidogenic and methanogenic reactors were operated in a continuous flow and trials were divided into three stages. In Stage 1, three essays for hydrogen production evaluated the effect of initial pH (6.0 and 4.5), substrate concentration (1.4, 1.1 and 2.2 g total carbohydrates.L-1) and strategies to control biomass (by disposal or change in the structure of such support material with low density polyethylene) in anaerobic reactors of fixed bed and upflow at 36 °C. The best operating condition among the evaluated ones was pH 6.0 and concentration of 1.4 g total carbohydrates.L-1, which resulted in Hydrogen Volumetric Productions (HVP) of 229 mL.L-1.d-1 and yield of 29.4 mL.g-1total carbohydrate. The best strategy to control biomass was the sort of bed with polyethylene cylinders, which provided the least changes in flow regime and excessive growth of biomass. In Stage 2, the effect of inoculum source was evaluated in two packed-bed reactors operating according to the following conditions: pH 6.0; 2 g.L-1concentration of substrate, 20 g.L-1.d-1organic loading rate (OLR) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2-hour. In the inoculated reactor with autofermented effluent, the answers were: 550 mL.L-1.d-1and hydrogen yield of 38mL.g-1total carbohydrates. These values were higher than those observed for the reactor inoculated with anaerobic heat-treated sludge, which indicated that the use of simple inoculums is a viable strategy for hydrogen production under the tested conditions. In addition to these essays, the influence of ORL and HRT were also evaluated. The increase of ORL (10 to 20 g-total carbohydrates.L-1.d-1) and decrease of HRT (4 to 2 hour) resulted in a higherhydrogen production (467 mL.L-1.d-1), hydrogen percentage in the studied biogas (40%) and molar flow rate (2.16 mmol.h-1). Therefore, the average yield of 30 mL H2.g-1 total carbohydrate was the same for both conditions tested. In general, butyric acid was associated with higherhydrogen production, followed by acetic and propionic acids, besides ethanol, in the five analyzed essays. In Stage 3, methane production from the acidified effluent was evaluated in a horizontal anaerobic reactor of fixed bed and continuous flow, operated at mesophilic temperature. The operating conditions were divided into four stages, whose variations were: initial pH (5.0 and 7.0), OLR (1.54; 3.54 and 6 g-COD.L-1.d-1) and HRT (5; 1.5 and 1.1 d). The results of effluent pH greater than 7.0, volatile acidity/total alkalinity of 0.2 and 98% removal of organic matter showed that the reactor performance was not impaired by the separation of acidogenic and methanogenic stages. The highest production of methane was observed in Phase IV, with pH 5.0, 6 g.L-1.d-1 OLR and 1.1 d HRT, resulting in average values of 0.82 L.L-1.d-1 for volumetric methane production, 0.85 L.g-1CODremoved yield and 80% methane in biogas composition. The energy efficiency in the combined system was 17% higher than the one observed in the single system for the treatment of cassava starch wastewater. / Este trabalho avaliou a produção de hidrogênio e metano a partir de efluente de fecularia de mandioca em sistema combinado. Os reatores acidogênico e metanogênico foram operados em fluxo contínuo, e os ensaios divididos em três etapas. Na Etapa 1, três ensaios para produção de hidrogênio avaliaram o efeito do pH inicial (6,0 e 4,5), concentração de substrato (1,4, 1,1 e 2,2 g carboidratos totais.L-1) e estratégias de controle da biomassa (por descarte ou mudança na estruturação do material suporte de polietileno de baixa densidade) em reatores anaeróbios de leito fixo e fluxo ascendente, à temperatura de 36 &#61616;C. A melhor condição operacional dentre as avaliadas foi pH 6,0 e concentração de 1,4 g carboidratos totais.L-1, que resultou em Produções Volumétricas de Hidrogênio (PVH) de 229 mL.L-1.d-1 e rendimento de 29,4 mL.g-1 carboidrato total. A melhor estratégia de controle de biomassa foi a ordenação do leito com cilindros de polietileno, a qual proporcionou menores alterações no regime de escoamento e crescimento excessivo da biomassa. Na Etapa 2, o efeito da fonte de inóculo foi avaliado em dois reatores de leito empacotado nas condições operacionais pH 6,0; concentração de substrato de 2 g.L-1, Carga Orgânica Volumétrica aplicada (COV) de 20 g.L-1.d-1 e Tempo de Detenção Hidráulica (TDH) de 2 horas. No reator inoculado com efluente autofermentado verificou-se PVH de 550 mL.L-1.d-1 e rendimento de hidrogênio de 38 mL.g-1 carboidratos totais. Esses valores foram maiores que os observados para o reator inoculado com lodo anaeróbio tratado termicamente, os quais indicaram que a utilização de inóculos simples representa uma estratégia viável para produção de hidrogênio nas condições testadas. Além desses ensaios, a influência da COV e do TDH também foi avaliada. O aumento COV (de 10 para 20 g.L-1.d-1) e a redução do TDH (de 4 para 2 h) resultaram em maior produção de hidrogênio (467 mL.L-1.d-1), percentual de hidrogênio no biogás (40%) e vazão molar (2,16 mmol.h-1). Entretanto, o rendimento médio de 30 mL H2.g-1 carboidrato total foi igual para as duas condições testadas. De modo geral, o ácido butírico foi associado à maior produção de gás hidrogênio, seguido dos ácidos acético e propiônico, além de etanol, nos cinco ensaios realizados. Na Etapa 3, a produção de metano a partir do efluente acidificado foi avaliada em reator anaeróbio horizontal de leito fixo e fluxo contínuo, operado em condição mesofílica de temperatura. As condições operacionais foram divididas em quatro fases, com variação do pH inicial (5,0 e 7,0), da COV (1,54; 3,54 e 6 g DQO.L-1.d-1) e do TDH (5; 1,5 e 1,1 d). Os resultados de pH efluente superior a 7,0, relação acidez volátil/alcalinidade total de 0,2 e remoção de 98% da matéria orgânica evidenciam que o desempenho do reator não foi prejudicado pela separação das fases acidogênica e metanogênica. A maior produção de metano foi observada na Fase IV, com pH 5,0, COV de 6 g.L-1.d-1e TDH de 1,1 d, que resultou em valores médios de produção volumétrica de metano de 0,82 L.L-1.d-1, rendimento de 0,85 L.g-1DQOremovida e 80% de metano na composição do biogás. O rendimento energético no sistema combinado foi 17% superior ao observado em sistema único no tratamento de efluente de fecularia.

No description available.

Magister Legum - LLM

The significance of bio fuels production is increasing as fossil fuels are being depleted and energy security is gaining importance in the final energy mix. Moreover, bio fuel production offers the potential to alleviate concerns regarding global warming and air pollution. The process scheme design and parameter value choices used in this analysis are exclusively based on research domain literature by considering the state of the art of pyrolysis technology. Henceforth, the results should not be interpreted as optimal performance of mature technology, but as the most likely performance given the current state of scientific knowledge. The purpose of this thesis is to study and assess the technical and economic models for the conversion of woody biomass to valuable biofuel products via fast pyrolysis. The mass rate of wood is considered as 100,000 t/y. Bio fuel production from pyrolysis is energy intensive process. Therefore, heat and energy requirement calculation for the process and optimum heat integration is necessary to improve the overall thermodynamic efficiencies for wood biomass pyrolysis. Three different cases are discussed in this thesis: 1. fast pyrolysis at 500 oC, 2. fast pyrolysis at 1000 oC   and 3. Slow pyrolysis at 500 oC.    Literature study was conducted for different pyrolysis processes and based on their findings and results a model was developed on excel for the calculation of mass and energy balance. Mass balance results shows that the process can be selected on the basis of final product required. It was found that fast pyrolysis at 500 oC is used when bio oil is the priority product, for maximizing the syngas yield fast pyrolysis at high temperature 800-1000 oC is preferred. Similarly slow pyrolysis is used for maximizing bio char yield. It was also found that raw material type and its pretreatment also has strong influence on the pyrolysis process and final composition of bio fuels. Heat flux and energy streams for the pyrolysis scheme are also designed and syngas was selected to fulfil the heat requirements for different processes alongside with pyrolysis such as drying and grinding. It was found out that syngas combustion and heat recovery from the condenser will be able to fulfill the heat demand for pyrolysis process. However the specific heat requirement for fast and slow pyrolysis process varies. According to the calculations heat flux requirement for slow pyrolysis is higher than the fast pyrolysis. An explanation for this variability of the heat for wood pyrolysis is exothermic primary char formation process competing with an endothermic volatile formation process which makes it as overall endothermic process. But pretreatment of wood or biomass in fast pyrolysis is extra burden on the total heat demand for fast pyrolysis. Economic assessment for the pyrolysis plants is also conducted through literature survey of already installed plants and it was found out that pyrolysis is more feasible for large production facilities. The trends shows that capital costs increase with the increase of plant size but the capital cost curve moves towards a straight line after reaching the certain value the production cost per gallon of bio fuel decreases with the increase of plant capacity. The cost of biofuel is extremely sensitive to variations in operating cost (for example, cost of feed stock such as wood and selling price of products) but is not significantly affected by the variations in capital cost.

Iron production accounts for substantial shares of global coal use and GHG emissions. LKAB is Europe’s largest iron company and Sweden’s fourth-largest emitter of GHGs. To reduce its emissions, LKAB might implement biomass in iron ore pelletisation. It is therefore important with information on how the biomass demand can be met and what the environmental implications may be, but available research focuses on contexts which are irrelevant for LKAB. This study aims to fill this knowledge gap by investigating the extent to which LKAB can replace coal with biomass in iron ore pelletisation by assessing the availability of biomass as well as its environmental and economic performance relative to coal.  The study includes slash, industrial residues, pellets, and willow. The biomass potential is assessed using statistics and calculations. The environmental performance is assessed based on an LCA combined with a qualitative sustainability assessment, covering land-use change (LUC), biodiversity, toxins, chemicals, eutrophication (toxic-chem-eut), and compliance with EU sustainability criteria. The economic performance is based on price statistics. In general, all assessed biomass sources can meet LKAB’s potential demand, but requires sourcing from different locations, at different prices, with different environmental impacts, and with different market effects. In northern Sweden (“Norrland”) slash is largely unused and has a very good potential to supply LKAB with biomass. Industrial residues have a good potential on the domestic level but lower potential regionally. The potential of domestically produced pellets is limited but the demand can be met by increased production or imports. Willow currently has a low potential, but there is good potential to increase domestic production. In general, the biomass fuels have substantially lower environmental impact than coal. The LCA indicates that slash and industrial residues have the lowest environmental impact, pellets has slightly higher, and willow has higher impact in most categories (also higher than coal in some categories, although lower in general). Slash, industrial residues, and pellets cause no impacts on LUC, biodiversity, and toxic-chem-eut. Industrial residues, pellets, and willow are compliant with EU sustainability criteria, but it is uncertain if slash complies due to a pending criteria revision. Willow has slightly positive impacts on biodiversity and toxic-chem-eut but slightly negative impacts on LUC. The cost for biomass relative to coal is uncertain due to price volatility. In 2020, coal had the lowest price, but its average price the past three years is twice the price for slash and industrial residues and on par with the price for pellets. If all fossil GHGs in iron production would be subjected to the EU emission trading scheme the economic competitiveness of biomass would increase. The study shows that increased use of biomass, both in LKAB and in general, can be achieved with reduced environmental impacts compared to coal. Future studies should map the effects of dynamic factors on environmental impact and costs, and quantify net environmental impacts, including spatial-specific changes. / <p>Betygsdatum 2023-07-07</p>

Jordens befolkning behöver kraftigt reducera koldioxidutsläppen till atmosfären för att förhindra klimatförändringar. Klimatmål har sats upp av unioner och länder där de bland annat vill förhindra en global temperaturökning över 1.5 grader. För att uppnå dessa klimatmål menar forskare och institutioner på att stora mängder koldioxid kommer att behöva avskiljas vid utsläppskällor och lagras geologiskt (eng. carbon capture storage, förkortad CCS). I Sverige har ett fåtal CCS-projekt tagit fart men CCS är fortfarande inte kommersiellt tillgängligt. Frågeställningen för det här arbetet var därför: vilka är de mest relevanta utmaningar som kommersiellt tillgänglig CCS står inför idag i Sverige?Metoderna som användes var en litteraturstudie och tre\newline intervjuer. Personerna som intervjuades var en forskare från Chalmers Tekniska högskola, en chef från företaget Stockholm Exergi och en civilingenjör från projektet Northern lights. Utmaningarna delades in i kategorierna: tekniska-, politiska-, ekonomiska- och övriga utmaningar, för att enklare identifieras och jämföras. Resultaten visade att det fanns utmaningar i samtliga kategorier. Den tekniska utmaningen låg framförallt i att bygga upp och anpassa den tillgängliga CCS-tekniken till olika tillämpningsbara industrier. Politiskt var utmaningen främst att övertyga politiker att satsa på CCS, men också att införskaffa tillräckligt stora ekonomiska styrmedel, incitament och investeringar. Detta eftersom de som existerar idag antingen saknades helt eller ansågs vara för små. De ekonomiska utmaningarna var att stimulera investerare samt att bygga upp en fungerande och hållbar ekonomisk plan för CCS. I kategorin övriga utmaningar var den främsta utmaningen att övertyga befolkningen och att sprida kunskap kring CCS och dess potential. Avgränsningar i det här arbetet var framförallt bristen på resurser och tid. Fler intervjuer och en djupare litteraturstudie hade varit önskvärd för att fördjupa studien men begränsades av tid och möjligheter för kursens omfattning. / The world population need to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere in order to prevent a climate change. Climate targets have been set by unions and countries to reduce carbon dioxide emissions before the average temperature rise exceeds 1.5 degrees Celsius. To achieve these climate goals, researchers and institutions believe large amounts of carbon dioxide needs to be stored below ground (carbon capture storage, abbreviated CCS). In Sweden have a small number of projects taken off, but CCS is still not commercially available. The question for this work was therefore: what are the most relevant challenges that commercially CCS currently faces in Sweden?The methods used were a literature study and three interviews.The persons interviewed were a researcher from Chalmers Tekniska university, a manager from the company Stockholm Exergi and an engineer from the Northern Lights project. The challenges were divided into four categories: technical-, political-, economic-, and other challenges, to make it easier to identify and compare. Results showed that there were challenges in all four categories. The technical challenge was mainly to build and adapt the available CCS technology to different types of industries. Politically, the challenge was primarily to increase their interest and support towards CCS. This along with the challenge of acquiring financial instruments, incentives and investments that was currently lacking or was too small. The economic challenges were to stimulate investors from both private and political quarters and to organize and operate a functioning and sustainable financial plan. In the category other challenges, the most mentioned challenge was convincing the population and to spread knowledge about CCS and its potential. Delimitations in this work was above all the lack of resources and time. More interviews anda deeper literature study would have been desirable to deepen the study but was limited by time and opportunities for the scope of the course.

No description available.

Thesis (MScFor (Forest and Wood Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The discussion on climate change is leading to a re-evaluation of tree plantations in South Africa; prompting the adoption of forest bioenergy system as one of the cost effective ‘carbon mitigation options’. In an analysis of this changing paradigm, emphasis was placed on the socio-economic aspects of integrated commercial tree plantations and forest bioenergy systems with special attention to harvest residues recovery for bioelectricity production and construction and operation of a bioelectricity plant. The study also explored the direct and indirect benefits that adjacent communities derive from tree plantations in South Africa in order to determine the potential impact of integrated timber and bioelectricity production on rural livelihood and conventional forestry operations. Structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews were used in randomly sampling twelve villages on Mondi tree plantations in the Piet Retief and Iswepe areas of South Africa. Six villages from each area were selected; and a systematic random sampling of ten households per village was carried out. The possibility of using harvest residues from final clear felling from these plantations for bioelectricity production was examined. The study developed and described a scenario for a five megawatt bioelectricity generation facility, requiring an annual volume of 19,569.85 dry tonnes of residues as feedstock for its operation. The study revealed that adjacent rural communities to Mondi plantations in Piet Retief and Iswepe areas enjoy direct benefits such as employment opportunities, utilization of harvest residues, utilization of non-timber resources, and free accommodation. Indirect benefits that these communities enjoy include: free farmland and graze-land and various social benefits. Issues of concern and dislike such as: lack of electricity; poor health and sanitation and transportation problems were also identified. Using NPV and IRR, the study estimated the economic impacts of integrated pulpwood and bioelectricity production, compared to conventional pulpwood production operation. The study concluded that integrated pulpwood and harvest residue recovery for bioelectricity production is a profitable means of producing renewable energy. The approach was found to increase the profitability of conventional forest operations. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Besprekings rondom klimaatsverandering lei tot ‘n her-evaluasie van boom plantasies in Suid Afrika wat aanleiding gee tot die aanvaarding van bio-energie stelsels as een van die koste effektiewe “koolstof versagtende opsies”. In ‘n ontleding van hierdie paradigma verandering, is klem geplaas op die sosio-ekonomiese aspekte van die integrasie van boom plantasies en bos bio-energie stelsels. Spesiale aandag is gegee aan onginningsafval herwinning vir bio-energie produksie en die konstruksie en werking van ‘n bio-elektriese kragsentrale. Die studie ondersoek ook die direkte en indirekte voordele wat gemeenskappe, aangrensend aan boom plantasies in Suid Afrika verkry, om sodoende die potensiële effek van geintegreerde hout en bio-elektriese produksie op landelike lewensbestaan en konvensionele bosbou operasies te bepaal. Gestruktureerde vraelyste en indiepte onderhoude is gebruik om ‘n lukraakte steekproef van twaalf dorpies op Mondi boom plantasies in die Piet Retief en Iswepe areas van Suid Afrika uit te voer. Ses dorpies in elke area is gekies en ‘n sistematiese lukraakte steekproef van tien huishoudings per dorpie is uitgevoer. Die moontlikheid om ontginningsafval van finale kaalkap van hierdie plantasies vir bio-elektrisiteit te gebruik is ook ondersoek. Die studie het ‘n senario ontwikkel en beskryf van ‘n vyf megawatt bio-elektriese kragsentrale wat ‘n jaarlikse volume van 11,708 droë ton ontginningsafval benodig as voermateriaal vir kragopwekking. Die studie het getoon dat aangrensende landelike gemeenskappe langs Mondi plantasies in die Piet Retief en Iswepe areas direkte voordele soos werksgeleenthede, gebruik van ontginningsafval, gebruik van nie-hout hulpbronne en gratis akkommodasie geniet. Indirekte voordele wat gemeenskappe geniet sluit in gratis toegang to landbou grond en weiding, sowel as sosiale voordele. Probleemfaktore waarmee hulle saamleef is ‘n gebrek aan elektrisiteit, swak gesondheids en sanitasie dienste en vervoerprobleme. Deur die gebruik van NPV en IRR analitiese metodes is die ekonomiese impak van geintegreerde pulphout en bio-elektrisiteits produksie bepaal en vergelyk met konfensionele pulphout produksie. Die gevolgtrekking is dat geintegreerde pulphout en ontginningsafval herwinning vir bio-elektrisiteit produksie ‘n winsgewende manier van hernubare energie produksie is. Die benadering kan die winsgewendheid van konfensionele bosbou operasies verbeter.