Dans les industries de procédés, les opérations de pompage et de transformation sont fondamentales et omniprésentes. Durant ces opérations unitaires (incluant des transferts de chaleur, de matière et de quantités de mouvement), les produits évoluent (réactions chimiques et biochimiques, croissances microbiennes, traitements thermiques, etc.) induisant dans de nombreux cas des phénomènes d'encrassement avec des cinétiques et des intensités variables. Les recherches issues de l’INRA ont conduit à la mise au point d’un capteur d’encrassement basé sur une analyse thermique différentielle et locale. Ce dernier permet le contrôle en continu et en ligne du niveau d’encrassement d’un équipement et a été protégé par brevet. L’entreprise Neosens a acquis une licence d’exploitation exclusive sur ce brevet afin de développer et commercialiser le produit dont les limites sont maintenant connues.Dans ce travail, nous visons à atteindre deux objectifs majeurs en vue de répondre aux nouvelles problématiques posées. Le premier doit permettre la mise au jour d’un capteur d’encrassement en utilisant les technologies microsystèmes. Le second vise la validation d’un nouveau mode de fonctionnement et d’une méthode pour le contrôle de l’encrassement. Ce travail s'appuie naturellement sur les travaux antérieurs et les principales phases de recherche ont porté sur la conception, la réalisation et l'intégration d'éléments sensibles sur les bases technologiques des microsystèmes, l'intégration des régimes thermiques permanent et périodique associés au traitement en ligne du signal et à la validation expérimentale aux échelles laboratoire, pilote et industrielles des géométries et configurations nouvelles.Les travaux de recherche ont permis de fiabiliser et d’améliorer considérablement les performances métrologiques. Le microsystème réalisé apparaît comme complémentaire du capteur existant en termes de limites de détection et de quantification. / In industrial processes including agro and bioprocess, fouling is considered to be a complex and misunderstood phenomenon. Unit operations (including heat, mass and momentum transfers) are carried out in continuous, batch or fed-batch processes. During these operations, the products may evolve (chemical and biochemical reactions, microorganisms growth and activity, etc.) and fouling may occur with a wide range of kinetics from minutes up to years and dimensions from micrometers up to centimeters. Research issued from INRA led to develop a fouling sensor based on local differential thermal analysis and to patent this system. The device enables on-line and continuous monitoring of fouling propensity. Neosens company acquired an exclusive licence and develop and commercialize the sensor whose operating limits are known. In this work, our scientific and technological objectives are to break new locks through: (i) the realization of a fouling sensor based on microsystems technologies, (ii) the investigation and validation of an alternative thermal working mode and a method for fouling monitoring. Based on the previous work, our research deals with conception, realisation and integration of components based on microsystems technologies, integration of permanent and periodic thermal regimes with on-line data treatment and experimental validation at laboratory, pilot-plant and industrial scales for new geometries and configurations.This work led to metrology improvement and reliability. The resulting microsensor seems to be a complement of previous sensor regarding detection and quantification limits

The stringent response is a highly conserved physiological response mounted by bacteria under stress (Ojha and Chatterji, 2001; Magnusson et al., 2005; Srivatsan and Wang, 2007; Potrykus and Cashel, 2008). Until recently, the only known players in this pathway were the (p)ppGpp synthesizing and hydrolyzing long RSH enzymes (Mittenhuber, 2001; Atkinson et al., 2011) - RelA and SpoT in Gram negative bacteria and the bifunctional Rel in Gram positive bacteria including mycobacteria. The existence of Short Alarmone Synthetases (SAS) (Lemos et al., 2007, Nanamiya et al., 2008; Das et al., 2009; Atkinson et al., 2011) and Short Alarmone Hydrolases (SAH) (Sun et al., 2010, Atkinson et al., 2011), small proteins possessing a single functional (p)ppGpp synthetase or hydrolase domain respectively, is a recent discovery that has modified this paradigm. Around the same time that the presence of the SAS proteins was reported, we chanced upon such small (p)ppGpp synthetases in the genus Mycobacterium. The stringent response in the soil saprophyte Mycobacterium smegmatis was first reported by Ojha and co-workers (Ojha et al., 2000), and the bifunctional RSH, RelMsm, responsible for mounting the stringent response in this bacterium, has been characterized in detail (Jain et al., 2006 and 2007). RelMsm was the only known RSH enzyme present in M. smegmatis, and consequently, a strain of M. smegmatis deleted for the relMsm gene (ΔrelMsm) (Mathew et al., 2004), was expected to show a null phenotype for (p)ppGpp production. In this body of work, we report the surprising observation that the M. smegmatis ΔrelMsm strain is capable of synthesizing (p)ppGpp in vivo. This unexpected turn of events led us to the discovery of a second (p)ppGpp synthetase in this bacterium. The novel protein was found to possess two functional domains – an RNase HII domain at the amino-terminus, and a (p)ppGpp synthetase or RSD domain at the carboxy-terminus. We have therefore named this protein ‘MS_RHII-RSD’, indicating the two activities present and identifying the organism from which it is isolated. Orthologs of this novel SAS protein occur in other species of mycobacteria, both pathogenic and non-pathogenic. In this study, we report the cloning, purification and in-depth functional characterization of MS_RHII-RSD, and speculate on its in vivo role in M. smegmatis. Chapter 1 reviews the available literature in the field of stringent response research and lays the background to this study. A historical perspective is provided, starting with the discovery of the stringent response in bacteria in the early 1960s, highlighting the development in this area till date. The roles played by the long and short RSH enzymes, ‘Magic Spot’ (p)ppGpp, the RNA polymerase enzyme complex, and a few other RNA and proteins are described, briefly outlining the inferences drawn from recent global gene expression and proteomics studies. The chapter concludes with a description of the motivation behind, and the scope of the present study. Chapter 2 discusses the in vivo and in silico identification of MS_RHII-RSD in M. smegmatis. Experiments performed for the genotypic and phenotypic revalidation of M. smegmatis ΔrelMsm strain are described. Detailed bioinformatics analyses are provided for the in silico characterization of MS_RHII-RSD in terms of its domain architecture, in vivo localization, and protein structure prediction. A comprehensive list of the mycobacterial orthologs of MS_RHII-RSD from a few representative species of infectious and non-infectious mycobacteria is included. Chapter 3 summarizes the materials and methods used in the cloning, purification, and the biophysical and biochemical characterization of full length MS_RHII-RSD and its two domain variants – RHII and RSD, respectively. A detailed description of the purification protocols highlighting the specific modifications and changes made is given. Peptide mass fingerprinting to confirm protein identity, as well as preliminary mass spectrometric, chromatographic, and circular dichroism-based characterization of the proteins under study is also provided. Chapter 4 deals in detail with the in vivo and in vitro functional characterization of the RNase HII and (p)ppGpp synthesis activities of full length MS_RHII-RSD and its two domain variants - RHII and RSD, respectively. The RNase HII activity is characterized in vivo on the basis of a complementation assay in an E. coli strain deleted for the RNase H genes; while in vitro characterization is done by performing a FRET-based assay to monitor the degradation of a RNA•DNA hybrid substrate in vitro. The (p)ppGpp synthesis activity is characterized in terms of the substrate specificity, magnesium ion utilization, and a detailed analysis of the kinetic parameters involved. A comparison of the (p)ppGpp synthesis activity of MS_RHII-RSD vis-à-vis that of the classical RSH protein, RelMsm, is also provided. Inferences drawn from (p)ppGpp hydrolysis assays and the in vivo expression profile of MS_RHII-RSD in M. smegmatis wild type and ΔrelMsm strains are discussed. Based on the results of these functional assays, a model is proposed suggesting the probable in vivo role played by MS_RHII-RSD in M. smegmatis. Chapter 5 describes the attempts at generating MS_RHII-RSD overexpression and knockout strains in M. smegmatis, using pJAM2-based mycobacterial expression system, and mycobacteriophage-based specialized transduction strategy, respectively. The detailed methodology and the principle behind the techniques used are explained. The results obtained so far, and the future work and strain characterization to be carried out in this respect are discussed. Chapter 6 takes a slightly different route and summarizes the work carried out in characterizing the glycopeptidolipids (GPLs) from M. smegmatis biofilm cultures. A general introduction about the mycobacterial cell wall components, with special emphasis on GPLs, is provided. The detailed protocols for chemical composition and chromatographic analyses are mentioned, and the future scope of this work is discussed. Appendix-1 briefly revisits the preliminary studies performed to determine the pppGpp binding site on M. smegmatis RNA polymerase using a mass spectrometry-based approach. Appendices-2, 3, 4 and 5 give a comprehensive list of the bacterial strains; PCR primers; antibiotics, buffers and media used; and the plasmid and phasmid maps, respectively.

The aim of present work is cultivation of probiotic bacteria L. acidophilus, B. breve and B. longum in such a way that the culture forms cells clusters or comprehensive biofilm on the variety of free carriers. Biofilm formation of L. acidophilus on the silica from point of view bile and acid tolerance in gastrointestinal tract was studied. While the number of living cells in planktonic form (planktonic form) at pH 1 fell by 30 %, the viability of the biofilm cells was maintained to 90 % under the same environmental conditions. The biofilm culture showed also the protection against environment contained bile. Furthermore, the possibilities of drying procedures of biofilm cultures used as commercial technologies in pharmaceutical industry were studied. The comparison of freeze-drying and fluidization bed drying showed, that freeze-drying is more suitable method, which is able to achieve higher amount of viable cells after drying than fluidization bed drying. The effectivity of freeze-drying method is dependent on the selection of suitable cryprotective medium. In this case, about 90 % higher viability after freeze drying was achieved in comparison with fluidization bed drying. Finally, the industrial processing of probiotic strains into the solid dosage form was studied. Tablets should be produced at hardness between 70 and 90 N and water activity of tablet mixture can be maintained below 0.3. Consequently, the drying step of the tablets in a hermetically closed space with at least 10 % of silica gel must be ensured. Thereafter, the tablets contain (5.4 ± 0.7)109 viable cells after 6 months of drying process. Capsule production technology has no significant effect on the cell‘s viability during production. The triplex blistering foil for primary blistering of probiotic capsules was chosen. The triplex foil, which has low values of water vapour transition rate (0.07 g H2O / (m2 × day) and oxygen transition rate (0.01 cm3/m2 × day), was chosen. Other studied blistering foils commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry are not suitable for long storage of solid dosage forms contained probiotics.

Travaux de recherche effectués sous la supervision de la docteure Marylise Duperthuy (directrice) et de la docteure Catherine Paradis-Bleau (codirectrice). / L’augmentation de l’incidence des infections bactériennes par des souches résistantes, multirésistantes, voire même ultrarésistantes, aux antibiotiques, combinés à la crise de découverte de nouvelles molécules depuis les années 1960 et du sous-investissement chronique de certains états dans la recherche publique, pourrait coûter la vie à 10 millions d’êtres humains par an d’ici 2050. L’écrasante majorité des souches bactériennes résistantes aux antibiotiques sont des bactéries à Gram négatif. Ceci est notamment dû à la composition intrinsèque de leur enveloppe, leur permettant d’être insensibles à de nombreuses molécules pourtant létales pour d’autres types de bactéries. L’étude des composants et des mécanismes de biosynthèse de l’enveloppe, qui sont essentiels au maintien de l'intégrité des bactéries et peuvent être impliqués dans leur virulence, devrait permettre l’identification de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. Dans le premier chapitre, nous allons tout d’abord faire un tour d’horizon des éléments composant l’enveloppe des bactéries à Gram négatif, des mécanismes de résistance aux antibiotiques et du danger que représentent les bactéries à Gram négatif. Mes résultats de recherches, présentés sous forme de quatre articles aux chapitres deux à cinq, sont précédés d’une mise en contexte des recherches propres aux deux laboratoires, portant d’une part sur les biofilms et la mobilité de Vibrio cholerae et d’autre part sur l’enveloppe de Escherichia coli. Dans le premier article, nous avons déterminé par quel mécanisme la polymyxine B en concentration sous-inhibitrice affecte la formation de biofilm chez Vibrio cholerae. Nous avons observé que la polymyxine B affecte principalement le flagelle par une action mécanique. La formation de biofilm nécessitant le flagelle dans ses premières étapes de formation, nous avons conclu que l’action de la polymyxine B prévenait ce changement d’état. Dans le second article, nous avons conçu un protocole d’évolution expérimentale qui nous a permis d’identifier des mutations dans différents gènes permettant à Vibrio cholerae de se déplacer plus rapidement en présence de concentration sous-inhibitrice de polymyxine B. Nous avons alors identifié chez plusieurs souches différentes mutations ayant probablement réduit ou anéanti la fonction des protéines IhfA, DacB, VacJ (MlaA) et MlaF. En nous basant sur la littérature, nous proposons que la perte de fonction de ces 5 protéines induisant l’augmentation de la mobilité en présence de polymyxine B puisse s’expliquer selon trois mécanismes, impliquant la stabilité de l’enveloppe, la sécrétion de vésicules de membrane ou une altération de l’expression de différents gènes. Dans le troisième article, nous avons étudié l’implication du stress oxydatif dans l’arrêt de la synthèse de la paroi qui est fatal au mutant ∆elyC de Escherichia coli. Nous avons alors démontré que la lyse du mutant ∆elyC est causée par la surproduction de radicaux hydroxyles dans son enveloppe. Cette molécule cause des dommages dans l’enveloppe suffisamment importants pour provoquer l’arrêt de synthèse de la paroi. Le mécanisme provoquant cette surproduction de radicaux toxiques reste encore à déterminer. Par le biais de l’étude de la fonction du facteur ElyC, nous avons découvert une nouvelle vulnérabilité dans l’homéostasie de l’enveloppe qu’il nous tarde de pouvoir exploiter. Dans le dernier article, nous avons étudié l’importance de la voie de synthèse de l’antigène commun aux entérobactéries dans le processus létal apparaissant en l’absence du facteur ElyC. Nous avons découvert que le mutant ∆elyC accumule un élément commun aux voies de synthèse de la paroi et de l’antigène commun aux entérobactéries, l’undécaprényl pyrophosphate. Nous avons également découvert que l’augmentation du recyclage de cette dernière via la surexpression du gène codant pour la protéine PgpB permettait de prévenir la lyse du mutant. Notre hypothèse est que l’absence de ElyC induit une mauvaise répartition de l’undécaprényl phosphate entre les voies de synthèse de la paroi et de l’antigène commun aux entérobactéries. La suractivité de la voie de synthèse de l’antigène commun aux entérobactéries induirait l’accumulation d’undécaprényl pyrophosphate provoquant l’inhibition de Pbp1b, empêchant l’ajout de nouvelles sous-unités à la paroi conduisant ainsi à la lyse du mutant ∆elyC. Ainsi l’ensemble de ces travaux a permis de mieux comprendre et d’identifier des vulnérabilités de l’enveloppe de Vibrio cholerae et Escherichia coli, de préciser certains mécanismes ainsi que d’entrevoir le rôle de divers facteurs impliqués dans l’homéostasie de leur enveloppe. / The increased incidence of bacterial infections by resistant, multiresistant and even extensively drug-resistant strain, combined with the crisis of new molecules discovery since the 1960s and the chronic underinvestment of certain states in public research, could cost 10 million human lives per year by 2050. The overwhelming majority of resistant bacteria are the Gram-negative one. This is mainly due to the intrinsic composition of their envelope, allowing them to be insensitive to many molecules yet lethal for other types of bacteria. The study of envelope components and biosynthetic mechanisms, which are essential for the maintenance of bacterial integrity and could be involved in their virulence, should lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets. The first chapter gave an overview of the different elements composing Gram-negative bacteria envelope, mechanisms of resistance and the threat that Gram-negative bacteria represent. The presentation of my work, divided in four articles from chapter two to chapter five, was preceded by a contextualization of the research projects specific to both laboratories, on biofilm and motility of Vibrio cholerae on one hand and on Escherichia coli envelope from the other hand. In the first paper, we determined the mechanism by which a sub-inhibitory concentration of polymyxin B affects biofilm formation in Vibrio cholerae. We observed that polymyxin B mainly affected the flagellum by a mechanical action. Since biofilm formation requires the flagellum in the early stages of its formation, we concluded that the action of polymyxin B prevented this change in Vibrio cholerae lifestyle. In the second paper, we designed an experimental evolution protocol which allowed us to identify mutations in different genes that increase Vibrio cholerae motility in the presence of sub-inhibitory concentration of polymyxin B. We then identified that different mutations had altered ihfA, dacB, vacJ (mlaA) and mlaF genes in different mutants. These mutations have probably induced reduction or loss of function of the proteins for which they respectively code. Based on literature, we hypothesize that the loss function of these proteins inducing increase in mobility in the presence of polymyxin B could be explained by three 7 mechanisms involving envelope stability, secretion of membrane vesicles or altered expression of various genes. In the third paper, we investigated the involvement of oxidative stress in the fatal peptidoglycan synthesis arrest occurring in the ∆elyC mutant of Escherichia coli. We then demonstrated that lysis of the ∆elyC mutant is caused by the overproduction of hydroxyl radicals in its envelope. This molecule causes multiple and sufficiently important damages in the envelope to stop the synthesis of the wall. The mechanism causing this overproduction of toxic radicals has yet to be determined. By studying the function of the ElyC factor, we have discovered a new weakness in envelope homeostasis that we are eager to exploit. In the last paper, based on a previously formulated hypothesis, we investigated the importance of the enterobacterial common antigen synthesis pathway in the lethal process occurring in the absence of ElyC. We found that the ∆elyC mutant accumulates common element to the cell wall and enterobacterial common antigen synthesis pathways, undecaprenyl pyrophosphate. We also observed that the ∆elyC mutant lysis phenotype could be suppressed by increasing undecaprenyl pyrophosphate recycling via the overexpression of the gene coding for the phosphatase PgpB. We propose that the absence of ElyC induces a misallocation of undecaprenyl phosphate between the cell wall and enterobacterial common antigen synthesis pathways, in favors the latter pathway. Overactivation of the enterobacterial common antigen pathway would induce undecaprenyl phosphate accumulation, causing inhibition of Pbp1b, thus blocking addition of new subunits to the cell wall and leading to its lysis. Ultimately, all the original data generated by my research project has led to a better understanding of envelope vulnerabilities of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli, to clarify certain mechanisms but also to glimpse the role of various factors involved in the homeostasis of their envelope. / L'aumento dell’incidenza delle infezioni da batteri resistenti, multi-resistenti e anche estremamente resistenti agli antibiotici, combinata con la rarefazione della scoperta di nuove molecole fra gli anni 1960 e il sotto investimento cronico di certe nazioni nella ricerca pubblica, potrebbe costare la vita a 10 milioni di essere umano all'anno nel 2050. La stragrande maggioranza delle specie resistenti agli antibiotici sono batteri Gram- negativi. Questo è dovuto principalmente alla composizione intrinseca dei loro involucri che permette loro di essere insensibili a molte molecole che sono letali per altri tipi di batteri. Lo studio delle componenti e i meccanismi di sintesi dell’incurvo, che sono essenziali nell’integrità dei batteri e che possono essere coinvolti nella loro virulenza, dovrebbe permettere l'identificazione di nuovi bersagli terapeutici. Nel primo capitolo, avremo una panoramica dei diversi elementi che compongono l'involucro dei batteri Gram-negativi, dei meccanismi di resistenza e della minaccia che i batteri Gram-negativi rappresentano. La presentazione del mio lavoro, diviso in quattro articoli dal capitolo due a cinque, sarà preceduta da una contestualizzazione dei progetti di ricerca specifici di ciascuno dei due laboratori, sul biofilm e la motilità di Vibrio cholerae da un lato e sull'involucro di Escherichia coli dall'altro. Nel primo articolo, abbiamo determinato il meccanismo con cui la polimixina B in concentrazione sub-inibitoria influenza la formazione de biofilm in Vibrio cholerae. Abbiamo osservato che la polimixina B danneggia principalmente il flagello attraverso un'azione meccanica. Poiché la formazione del biofilm richiede il flagello nelle prime fasi della sua formazione, abbiamo concluso che l'azione della polimixina B ha impedito questo cambiamento nello stile di vita di Vibrio cholerae. Nel secondo articolo, abbiamo messo a punto un protocollo di evoluzione sperimentale che ci ha permesso di identificare diversi geni che aumentano la motilità di Vibrio cholerae in presenza di una concentrazione sub-inibitoria di polimixina B. Abbiamo quindi identificato vari mutazioni in diversi varianti che hanno probabilmente provocato la riduzione o il soppresso della funzione delle proteine IhfA, DacB, VacJ (MlaA) e MlaF. Sulla base della letteratura, proponiamo che la perdita di funzione di queste proteine inducendo un aumento della 9 mobilità in presenza di polimixina B può essere spiegato attraverso tre meccanismi coinvolgendo la stabilità dell'involucro, la secrezione di vescicole di membrana o l’alterazione dell’espressione di diversi geni. Nel terzo articolo, abbiamo studiato il coinvolgimento dello stress ossidativo nell'arresto della sintesi del peptidoglicano che è fatale al mutante ∆elyC di Escherichia coli. Abbiamo poi dimostrato con numerosi esperimenti che la lisi del mutante ∆elyC è causata dalla sovrapproduzione di radicali idrossilici nel suo involucro. Questa molecola causa importanti danni nell’involucro provocando l’inibendo della sintesi del peptidoglicano. Il meccanismo che causa questa sovrapproduzione di radicali tossici deve ancora essere determinato. Studiando la funzione del fattore ElyC, abbiamo scoperto una nuova vulnerabilità nell'omeostasi dell’involucro che siamo in fretta di sfruttare. Nel nostro ultimo articolo, basandoci su un'ipotesi precedentemente formulata, abbiamo studiato l'importanza della via di sintesi dell'antigene comune agli enterobatteri nel processo letale che si svolge in assenza di ElyC. Abbiamo scoperto che il mutante ∆elyC accumula un elemento comune alle vie di sintesi del peptidoglicano e dell'antigene comune agli enterobatteri, l'undecaprenil pirofosfato. Abbiamo anche scoperto che l'aumento del riciclaggio di quest'ultimo attraverso la sovraespressione del gene pgpB previene la lisi del mutante. Proponiamo che l'assenza di ElyC induce una allocazione diffetosa del undecaprenil fosfato tra le vie di sintesi del peptidoglicano e dell'antigene comune agli enterobatteri. L'iperattivazione della via dell'antigene comune agli enterobatteri provoca l'accumulo di undecaprenil pirofosfato, causando l'inibizione di Pbp1b e dunque dell’aggiunta di nuove unità al peptidoglicano, provocandone quindi la lisi. Quindi, questo lavoro ha portato a una migliore comprensione o identificazione delle vulnerabilità dell'involucro di Vibrio cholerae ed Escherichia coli, a chiarire certi meccanismi essenziali ma anche a intravedere il ruolo di vari fattori coinvolti nell'omeostasi del loro involucro.

<p>Pathogenic bacteria are evolving to drug resistant strains at alarming rates. The threat posed by drug resistant bacterial infections emphasize the need to establish new antimicrobial agents. Of immediate concern regarding the dangers of antibiotic resistance is the existence of intracellular bacteria, which find refuge from bactericidal devices by hiding within mammalian cells. Unfortunately, many therapeutics, such as vancomycin, do not possess membrane penetrating abilities to achieve efficacious eradication of bacteria at the subcellular level, allowing infections to persist. In an effort to target pathogens that thrive within mammalian cells, features of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) were combined to develop a dual action antimicrobial CPP, cationic amphiphilic polyproline helices (CAPHs). CAPHs have proven to be an effective antimicrobial agent to combat an array of both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. </p> <p> </p> <p>Herein, to improve CAPHs activity, we have demonstrated how the incorporation of strategic modifications has resulted in increased cell uptake, alternative subcellular locations for CAPHs, and advanced antimicrobial potency. By simultaneously extending the helical length of CAPHs while incorporating different hydrophobic groups in place of the original isobutyl moiety that compose CAPHs we have created a <b>FL-P17-5R </b>series of peptides with five carbon aliphatic motifs: <b>Fl-P17-5B</b>, <b>Fl-P17-5C</b> and <b>Fl-P17-5L. </b>Through these modifications the peptides proved to be 2 to 5-fold more efficient in accumulating in macrophage cells than parent peptide Fl-P14LRR and where able to clear intracellular pathogenic bacteria, such as <i>Listeria</i>, from infected macrophages by 26 to 54%. </p> <p> </p> <p>In addition to making the <b>Fl-P17-5R</b> series of CAPHs to potentiate CAPHs activity, modifications to the cationic moiety of CAPHs were explored. By incorporating a new cationic monomer into the CAPHs sequence, a guanylated amino proline (GAP) residue, we produced <b>Fl-P14GAP</b>, a CAPHs peptide with an organized cationic charge display. This modification resulted in a 5-fold increase in cell uptake and a 2 to 16-fold decrease in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against strains of enteric and ESKAPE pathogens in comparison to Fl-P14LRR. <b>Fl-P14GAP</b> also executed superior clearance of intracellular pathogenic bacteria that resulted in the complete eradication of a drug resistant strain of <i>A. baumannii</i> from infected macrophage cells. Overall, our efforts with the <b>Fl-P17-5R</b> series of CAPHs and <b>Fl-P14GAP</b> have strengthened the therapeutic potential of CAPHs in the hopes of addressing the need for novel antibiotics with the propensity to eradicate intracellular pathogens.</p>

No description available.

Introduction : La chronicité de la rhinosinusite, sa résistance aux antibiotiques, et ses exacerbations aiguës laissent croire que les biofilms sont impliqués dans la rhinosinusite chronique. Objectifs : Nous avons évalué la capacité des bactéries Pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylocoques à coagulase négative et Staphylococcus aureus à former des biofilms par un essai in vitro, et si cette capacité de formation a un lien avec l’évolution de la maladie. Nous avons évalué in vitro l’effet de la moxifloxacine, un antibiotique utilisé dans le traitement de la rhinosinusite chronique sur des biofilms matures de Staphylococcus aureus. Méthodes : Trent et une souches bactériennes ont été isolées de 19 patients atteints de rhinosinusite chronique et qui ont subit au moins une chirurgie endoscopique des sinus. L’évolution de la maladie a été notée comme "bonne" ou "mauvaise" selon l’évaluation du clinicien. La production de biofilm a été évaluée grâce à la coloration au crystal violet. Nous avons évalué la viabilité du biofilm après traitement avec la moxifloxacine. Ces résultats ont été confirmés en microscopie confocale à balayage laser et par la coloration au LIVE/DEAD BacLight. Résultat et Conclusion : Vingt deux des 31 souches ont produit un biofilm. La production d’un biofilm plus importante chez Pseudomonas aeruginosa et Staphylococcus aureus était associée à une mauvaise évolution. Ceci suggère un rôle du biofilm dans la pathogenèse de la rhinosinusite chronique. Le traitement avec la moxifloxacine, à une concentration de 1000X la concentration minimale inhibitrice réduit le nombre des bactéries viables de 2 à 2.5 log. Ces concentrations (100 µg/ml - 200 µg/ml) sont faciles à atteindre dans des solutions topiques. Les résultats de notre étude suggèrent que l’utilisation de concentrations supérieure à la concentration minimale inhibitrice sous forme topique peut ouvrir des voies de recherche sur de nouveaux traitements qui peuvent être bénéfiques pour les patients atteints de forme sévère de rhinosinusite chronique surtout après une chirurgie endoscopique des sinus. / Introduction: The role of biofilms in chronic diseases is increasingly recognized. Chronic rhinosinusitis, with its chronic indolent course, resistance to antibiotics, and acute exacerbations, has an evolution that parallels that of other biofilm-related diseases. Objectives: 1-To develop an in vitro method to assess the biofilm formation capacity. 2- To determine whether biofilm-forming capacity of bacteria demonstrated in chronic rhinosinusitis has an impact on persistence of the disease following endoscopic sinus surgery. 3- To determine the in vitro activity of moxifloxacin against Staphyylococcus aureus in biofilm form. Method: Thirty-one bacterial strains recovered from 19 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis at least one year post-endoscopic sinus surgery. Evolution of disease was assessed by questionnaire and endoscopy as favorable or unfavorable. The bacteria were cultured on a 96-well culture plaque and a semi-quantitative method using crystal violet to quantify biofilm production was used. Confirmation of the effect of the antimicrobial agents on viability was performed with confocal laser microscopy, using a LIVE/DEAD BacLight staining. Results: Twenty-two of 31 samples produced a biofilm thicker or equal to the positive control. Biofilm formation was associated with a poor evolution for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, but not for coagulase-negative staphylococci. Biofilm treated with moxifloxacin at 1000X (0.1mg/ml – 0.2 mg/ml) gave a 2 to 2.5 log reduction in number of viable bacteria. Conclusion: We have shown that Crystal violet method is able to detect biofilm formation. There is a correlation between in vitro biofilm production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and unfavorable evolution after endoscopic sinus surgery, suggesting a role for biofilm in chronic rhinosinusitis. Increased concentrations of moxifloxacin, easily attainable in topical solutions have a potential role in the management of biofilm infections.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram negative opportunistic pathogen with the capacity to cause serious disease by forming biofilms, most notably in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Biofilms are communities of microorganisms that adhere to a solid surface, undergo global regulatory changes, secrete exopolysaccharides, and are innately antibiotic resistant. Virulence modulation is an important tool utilized by P. aeruginosa to propagate infection and biofilm formation in the CF airway. Many different virulence modulatory pathways and proteins have been identified including the protein, MgtE. MgtE has recently been discovered and has been implicated in virulence modulation, as an isogeneic mutation of mgtE leads to increased cytotoxicity. To further elucidate the role of MgtE in P. aerugionsa infections, transcriptional and translational regulation of this protein following antibiotic treatment has been explored. I have demonstrated that mgtE is transcriptionally upregulated following antibiotic treatment of most of the twelve antibiotics tested utilizing RT-PCR and QRT-PCR. A novel model system was employed, which utilizes cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial (CFBE) cells homozygous for the ΔF508 mutation for these studies. This model system allows P. aeruginosa biofilms to form on CFBE cells modeling the P. aeruginosa in the CF airway. Translational effects of antibiotic treatment on MgtE have been attempted via Western blotting and cytotoxicity assays. Furthermore, to explore the possibility that mgtE is interacting with a known regulatory pathway, a transposon-mutant library was utilized and the regulatory proteins, AlgR and NarX, among others have been identified as possibly interacting with MgtE. Lastly, an MgtE homologue from Staphylococcus aureus was utilized to further demonstrate the virulence modulatory effects of MgtE by demonstrating the expression of the homologue results in decreased cytotoxicity, exactly like expression of the native P. aeruginosa MgtE. This research explores a newly discovered protein that impacts cytotoxicity and biofilm formation and provides valuable information about P. aeruginosa virulence.

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In conventional wastewater treatment plants, methanol, ethanol, and acetate are used as carbon source for the denitrification process in the biological nutrient removal. However, growing concern regarding economical costs and carbon footprints from the fossil-based production of these chemicals have forced the companies to look for other alternatives. VFAs have shown a great potential in replacing the conventionally used carbon sources. If implemented this will result in lower chemical cost and a drastic decrease in carbon footprint as well as striving WWTPs towards sustainable development. In this work denitrification has been analysed using different variations of VFAs such as fermented potato protein liquor, food waste and chicken manure VFA. This was done using a basic laboratory setup of a denitrification reactor which used basic stirring agitation and nitrogen purging to ensure anoxic conditions. Nutrients and excess sCOD were added to ensure the highest denitrification rates. The denitrifying biomass was collected at Gryaab AB in the form of k1-carriers making this process a MBBR. The most influential characteristic of the VFAs is the distribution of the acids in the VFA effluent. Butyric acid along with caproic acid showed the best potential for efficient denitrification. The possibility of concentration of VFA effluent showed a high potential when using a nanofiltration system. A C/N ratio of 4.5 conventionally used when methanol is added showed to be the most optimal condition for VFA addition. The combination of VFAs together with conventional used carbon sources showed the best potential in denitrification efficiency proving to be as good or even better than pure synthetic ones. VFAs effluents showed the best potential in removing the intermediate nitrite from the wastewater at high rates. Overall, VFAs shown a great potential for replacing conventionally used carbon sources, demonstrating the potential of substitution, which if implemented will result in lower carbon footprint and a strive towards sustainable development.