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Resistensbestämning med benzylpenicillin för Staphylococcus aureus vid diskdiffusion enligt EUCAST / Resistance testing of benzylpenicillin for Staphylococcus aureus by disc-diffusion according to EUCASTKlingén, Jenny, Twedmark, Amanda January 2024 (has links)
Efter upptäckten av penicillinet observerades en ökad resistens hos S. aureus vilket ledde till att alla stammar ansågs vara resistenta. Dock har många stammar enligt senare studier visat sig vara känsliga vilket har öppnat upp möjlighet att åter använda benzylpenicillin som ett behandlingsalternativ eftersom det kan ges i lägre koncentration jämfört med andra alternativ. Metoden för att upptäcka penicillinresistens hos S. aureus enligt EUCAST har bedömts svår att tillämpa på grund av subjektivitet vid bedömning av zonkanten. Studiens syfte var att utvärdera metoden för senare implementering på Klinisk Mikrobiologi Unilabs i Skövde. Metodens användbarhet utvärderades genom resistensbestämning av en referensstam samt tio stammar från ett referenslaboratorium för EUCAST. Bedömningen av de tio stammarna från referenslaboratoriet stämde vid jämförelse överens med deras resultat förutom för en stam som bedömdes som resistent i stället för känslig. Repeterbarheten var hög då ingen skillnad (p=0,156) uppvisades för referensstammen. Resultatet tyder på att det kan vara svårt att göra en korrekt tolkning av zonkantens utseende då det är en subjektiv bedömning. För att uppnå en högre säkerhet kan det vara fördelaktigt att mer än en person gör en bedömning. Slutsatsen var att metoden kan implementeras på laboratoriet. / Following the discovery of penicillin, resistance rates increased until all strains of S. aureus were considered resistant. Recent studies have shown that many strains are susceptible, making it possible to again use penicillin as an alternative for treatment since it can be used in lower concentrations compared to alternatives. The EUCAST method for discovering penicillin resistance in S. aureus has been judged difficult due to the subjectiveness of assessing the zone edge. The aim of this study was to evaluate the method to implement it in the Section for Clinical Microbiology Unilabs Skövde. The useability of the method was evaluated by resistance testing of a reference strain and ten strains from a EUCAST reference laboratory. The assessment of the strains from the reference laboratory equaled their results except for one strain that was assessed resistant rather than sensitive. The repeatability was high since no difference (p=0,156) was found for the reference strain. The results show how difficult it is to correctly assess the zone edge due to its subjectiveness. It could be beneficial with more than one person assessing the zone edge to achieve a higher security. In conclusion the method is possible to implement in the laboratory.
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Comparative Analysis of Zymot versus Gradient Centrifugation in Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Samples : A Study on Fertilization Efficiency and Embryo QualitySörensen Larsson, Mimmi January 2024 (has links)
Infertility is a global challenge, often remedied with In vitro fertilization (IVF) and Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Sperm quality is crucial, prompting ICSI when compromised. Routine sperm preparation via gradient centrifugation raises concerns about sperm stress and DNA fragmentation. Zymot, a new device that utilizes microfluidic technology, emerges as a promising alternative. It minimizes sperm stress and DNA damage, potentially enhancing fertilization rates and embryo quality. The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of ICSI samples treated with Zymot against gradient centrifuged samples. Focus was on fertilization rates, embryo quality, and pregnancy outcomes. The results of 104 Zymot treated samples from men with compromised sperm quality were compared with 144 gradient centrifugations retrospective. Results revealed a significant difference between methods in the number of pronulear (PN), specifically in the Good Quality Embryo (GQE) where 62% with Zymot were 2PN compared to 59% with gradient (p=0.017). No significant difference in pregnancy rates or embryo utilization rate were observed. A tendency towards higher proportion (54.6%) of Zymot-treated embryos were cryopreserved compared to gradient (49.4%, p=0,27). In conclusion, a significant difference between methods in the GQE proportion of 2PN embryos favored Zymot. Closer examination revealed a higher proportion of embryos cryopreserved with Zymot, suggesting a potential for increased treatment success in future cycles. Zymot, requiring less time, yielded equivalent results to gradient centrifugation, with higher GQE proportions and more embryos cryopreserved. This merits consideration as a high-quality alternative to sperm preparation for ICSI in cases of poor sperm quality.
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Utvärdering av XN Blood Bankmode (Sysmex) för analys avkomponentkontroller av plasma : Undersökning av preanalytiska faktorer ochmetodjämförelse med BD Plasma Count Kit / Evaluation of XN Blood Bank mode (Sysmex) for analysis of plasma quality controls : Investigation of pre-analytical factors and method comparison with BD Plasma Count KitNöjd, Jonathan January 2024 (has links)
Blod består av olika komponenter; erytrocyter, trombocyter, leukocyter och plasma.Plasma är en proteinrik vätska som bland annat innehåller koagulationsfaktorer. Vidberedning av donerat helblod kan dessa blodkomponenter separeras från varandra,för att sedan bearbetas vidare och-, eller användas för komponenten relevantaändamål. Plasma kan användas till transfusion vid bland annatkoagulationsrubbningar, alternativt användas som råvara förläkemedelsframställning. För att säkerställa kvaliteten på framställd plasma utförskomponentkontroller, som säkerställer att framställningsprocesser leder till önskvärtresultat. Plasma kontrolleras för innehåll av erytrocyter, trombocyter och leukocyter.Olika analysmetoder kan användas för detta, där BD Plasma Count Kit i dagslägetanvänds för att bestämma leukocytpartikelkoncentration (LPK),trombocytpartikelkoncentration (TPK) och erytrocytpartikelkoncentration (EPK).Sysmex XN Blood Bank mode (BB-mode) är en mjukvara som möjliggör analys avkomponentkontroller, och är i jämförelse en mindre resurskrävande (personal, tid,ekonomi) metod. Syftet med arbetet var därför att utvärdera denna metod;undersöka preanalytiska faktorer, verifiera provstabilitet och jämföra mednuvarande metod (BD Plasma Count Kit). Totalt 50 plasmakontroller analyseradesmed båda metoderna, till två av dessa kontroller tillsattes leukocyter.Reproducerbarhet för BB-mode mättes vid normal nivå och högre nivå, provernaanalyserades 10 gånger på varandra följda mätningar. Regressionsanalys förnuvarande metod och BB-mode utfördes för LPK, TPK och EPK. Svag korrelationförelåg för LPK (R2=0,8232), god korrelation för TPK (R2=0,9648) och dåligkorrelation för EPK (R2=0,5211). Analys av komponentkontroller (LPK, TPK ochEPK) med BB-mode gav inte samma resultat som BD Plasma Count Kit(signifikansnivå 0,05). BB-mode visar potential till förenklad analys avkomponentkontroller för plasma, men fler studier krävs. / Blood can be divided into different components: erythrocytes, thrombocytes,leucocytes, and plasma. Plasma is a fluid with proteins suspended in it. Some ofthese proteins Is coagulation factors, which makes plasma a viable treatment optionfor coagulation disorders. It could also be used for pharmaceutical production,where said coagulation factors is the main target. Quality controls (QC) of theproduced plasma ensure that the processes lead to the desired results. Residual cellsin plasma are used, and concentrations of erythrocytes, thrombocytes and leucocytesis measured in plasma. BD Plasma Count Kit is the method used today, but a newaddition to the haematology analysers Sysmex XN-series called Sysmex XN BloodBank mode (BB-mode) aims to analyse QC for blood products. The method wouldbe less resource consuming (time, personnel, economy) than the method used today.Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate analysis of quality controls for plasmaon BB-mode. This includes a comparison with BD Plasma Count Kit, as well asinvestigation of pre-analytical factors. A total of 50 samples were comparedbetween the methods, two of which were leucocyte spiked. Regression analysisshowed weak correlation between the methods for leucocyte concentration(R2=0,8232), good correlation for thrombocyte concentration (R2=0,9648), and poorcorrelation for erythrocyte concentration (R2=0,5211). However, the methods didnot show the same results for neither of the parameters (significance 0,05). BBmodeshow potential to use for QC on plasma, but further testing is needed.
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Effects on aerobic capacity and oxygen saturation and compliance of external nasal dilator strips in healthy young adult ice hockey playersRydén, Isac, Gustavsson, Jim January 2024 (has links)
Background: Ice hockey is a fast-paced sport with a high possibility of acquiring dental damage and concussions which can be prevented by mouthguards (MG). Despite this, many athletes choose not to use MG due to drawbacks such as discomfort and restricted airways. Restricted airways provided by MG might be reduced by external nasal dilator strips (ENDS). ENDS could contribute to increased aerobic capacity, blood oxygen saturation and self-reported compliance of ENDS by elevating airflow through the nose. Therefore, ENDS could contribute to enhanced performance and recovery rate while reducing the discomfort of MG that could lead to an increased usage of MG among healthy young adult ice hockey players. Aim: The aim was to study aerobic capacity, and oxygen saturation using mouthguard with and without external nasal dilator strips during submaximal bicycle tests. A second aim was to study the compliance of external nasal dilator strips when using mouthguard in healthy young adult ice hockey players. Method: In this experimental study using a cross-over design 15 young adult ice hockey players were contacted to attend on two separate test occasions, with and without ENDS. Aerobic capacity was measured with a Ekblom-Bak submaximal bicycle test (VO2max) and a pulse oximeter was used to examine oxygen saturation (%SpO2). Post-testing, the participants stated self-reported compliance using ENDS based on the numeric rating scale (0-10, positive-negative attitude of usage). Data are presented as mean and standard deviation. Differences between groups were analyzed with the Wilcoxon- signed rank test based on median (Q1-Q3). Result: Nine participants, aged 18-19 completed both test occasions. This study found that ENDS provided no significant difference in estimated VO2max mean (±SD), with ENDS 63.3 (±5.5) and without ENDS 64.2 (±5.0), nor %SpO2 during standard load. A significant increase showed in %SpO2 for higher individual load by 3%, with ENDS 97.1 (±1.3) and without ENDS 94.1 (±4.5). The participants experienced the test as more strenuous with ENDS than without ENDS applied, without significant difference. Despite this, the participants had a positive attitude towards the usage of ENDS. Conclusion This study regarding healthy young adult ice hockey players showed that ENDS provided no significant difference in aerobic capacity. Oxygen saturation however resulted in a positive significant difference at the higher individual load. The majority of the participants in this study propose a positive compliance with ENDS. The results are interpreted with caution due to the small sample.
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Jämförelse och utvärdering av FastQ B*27 direct och LAMP Human HLA-B27 direct detection KIT för HLA-B27 allel detektion : Två kit utvärderas mot nuvarande metod på Länssjukhuset Ryhov för utbyte av rutindiagnostik / Comparison and evaluation of FastQ B*27 direct and LAMP Human HLA-B27 direct detection KIT for HLA-B27 allele detectionSollerbrant, Hanna, Suleiman, Joude January 2024 (has links)
Autoimmunitet är ett tillstånd där kroppens immunsystem felaktigt attackerar och skadar sina egna vävnader och celler. HLA-B27 är en genvariation som kan kopplas till autoimmun sjukdom som ankyloserande spondylit med en prevalens på 2-4% i världens befolkning. Denna studie syftade till att utvärdera och jämföra två kit för HLA-B27 alleler mot den nuvarande metoden på Länssjukhuset Ryhov i Region Jönköpings län. De metodprinciper som användes var realtids-PCR samt LAMP. Totalt analyserades 37 avidentifierade blodprover med vardera av kiten samt med nuvarande metod. Resultatet visade en överensstämmelse med avseende på förväntade positiva och negativa resultat för HLA-B27 för de två kiten jämfört med nuvarande metoden. De tre metoderna/kiten detekterar de vanligaste HLA-B27 allelerna. Utifrån studiens resultat visade sig båda kiten vara effektiva, lättanvända samt ha stabila reagenser. Dessutom uppnådde båda kiten de IVD-krav som ställs inom EU. / Autoimmunity is a condition where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and damages its own tissues and cells. HLA-B27 is a genetic variation that can be linked to autoimmune diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis, with a prevalence of 2-4% in the world’s population. This study aimed to evaluate and compare two kits for HLA-B27 alleles against the current method at Ryhov County Hospital in Region Jönköping County. The methodological principles used were real-time PCR and LAMP. A total of 37 anonymized blood samples were analyzed using each of the kits and the routine method. The results showed concordance with the expected positive and negative results for HLA-B27 between the two kits compared to the current method. The three methods/kits detect the most common HLA-B27 alleles. Based on the study’s results, both kits proved to be effective, user friendly, and have stable reagents. Additionally, both kits met the IVD requirements set within the EU.
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Jämförelse av serum och plasma för analys av IgG antikroppar mot Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato med Liaison ® XL samt mot Tick-borne encefalit och Varicella-zoster-virus med VirClia ® / Comparison of serum and plasma for the analysis of IgG-antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato using Liaison ® XL and against Tick-borne encephalitis and Varicella-zoster-virus using VirClia ®Hedenqvist, Hanna, Daved, Semona January 2024 (has links)
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) are two of the most common tick-borne diseases in Sweden. Varicella-zoster-virus (VZV) is a contagious, airborne herpesvirus with nearly 100% prevalence in individuals over 30 years old. At the Laboratorymedicine, County Hospital Ryhov, Jönköping, IgG-antibody analysis against B. burgdorferi s.l., TBE and VZV is performed on serum. The aim of the study was to compare ethylenediaminetetraacetic-acid-plasma and lithium-heparin-plasma with serum for thesea nalyses. The goal was to investigate whether it was possible to switch the sample material from serum to plasma for these analyses. Samples from 500 blood donors were collected for analysis in serum, ethylenediaminetetraacetic-acid-plasma and lithium-heparin-plasma. The qualitative data from the study indicated that there was no statistically significant difference in the interpretations (positive and negative) between the sample materials. The quantitative analysis of antibody levels showed a statistically significant difference between the sample materials. Due to the study´s limited sample size, no general conclusions could be drawn about whether plasma could replace serum. Further studies on the subject could provide increased understanding of the relationship between serum and plasma for analysis of Borrelia, TBE and VZV and how results are affected in the different sample materials. / Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) och tick-borne encefalit (TBE) är två av de vanligaste fästingöverförda sjukdomarna i Sverige. Varicella-zoster-virus (VZV) är ett smittsamt, luftburet herpesvirus med nära 100% prevalens hos personer över 30 år. På Laboratoriemedicin, Länssjukhuset Ryhov, Jönköping utförs analys av IgG-antikroppar mot B. burgdorferi s.l. TBE och VZV på serum. Syftet med studien var att jämföra etylendiamintetraättiksyra-plasma och litiumheparinplasma mot serum för dessa analyser. Målet var att undersöka om det var möjligt att byta provmaterial från serum till plasma för nämnda analyser. Prover från 500 blodgivare samlades in för analys i serum, etylendiamintetraättiksyra- och litiumheparin-plasma. Resultatet från studiens kvalitativa data indikerade att ingen statistisk signifikant skillnad förelåg vad det gäller tolkningarna (positiv och negativ) mellan provmaterialen. Kvantitativa analysen av antikroppsnivåerna visade en statistisk signifikant skillnad mellan provmaterialen. På grund av studiens begränsadeprovstorlek kunde inga generella slutsatser dras kring huruvida plasma kunde ersätta serum. Vidare studier kring ämnet kan ge ökad förståelse kring sambandet mellan serum och plasma för analys av Borrelia, TBE och VZV samt hur resultaten påverkas i de olika provmaterialen.
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Utvärdering av proteinglycerol och formaldehyd som agglutineringsmedel vid preparering av cellblock för lungcytologi / Evaluation of protein glycerol and formaldehyde as agglutination agents in the preparation of cell blocks for lung cytologyHolm, Moa, Myhrberg, Nora January 2024 (has links)
År 2020 stod lungcancer för högst andel cancer-relaterade dödsfall. Cellblockstekniken används inom diagnostik av vätskebaserad cytologi för att morfologiskt undersöka cellernas utseende och tumörcellers ursprung. I dagsläget upplever personal på Avdelningen för Klinisk patologi och cytologi Jönköping problematik vid klotformering av cellerna, vilket kan resultera i cellförlust. Syftet var att testa en ny metod för preparering av cellblock för lungcytologi samt utvärdera immunohistokemisk färgning med metoden. Studien behandlade 20 prover av pleuravätska och 20 lungcytologiprover som bearbetades till cellblock. Proteinglycerol och formaldehyd ersatte nuvarande agglutineringslösning bestående av koncentrerad formaldehyd och ättiksyra. Cellmängd beräknades på 39 snitt av två cytodiagnostiker, och graderades i tre nivåer från sparsam till riklig (1–3). Åtta cellblock selekterades för immunohistokemisk färgning. Det totala medelvärdet för cellularitet på snitten var måttlig (2,04). För pleuraproverna var medelvärdet 1,775 och för lungcytologiprover 2,315. Inga celler hittades på n=4 prover. Samtliga (n=8) immunohistokemiska färgningar med tillhörande kontroller godkändes av metodspecialist. Metoden ger snitt med tillräcklig cellularitet som fungerar väl med immunohistokemisk färgning. Metoden kan optimeras i relation till proteinförhållande och provtagning för att vid implementering bidra till en effektiviserad och individualiserad diagnostik. / In 2020, lung cancer accounted for the highest proportion of cancer-related mortalities. The cell-block technique is used in liquid-based cytology to morphologically examine the appearance of cells and the origin of tumour-cells. Staff at the Department of Clinical pathology and cytology in Jönköping are experiencing problems with clot-formation of cells, which can result in cell-loss. The aim was to test a new method for preparing cell-blocks for lung cytology, and evaluate immunohistochemical staining with the method. The study treated 20 pleural fluids and 20 fine needle aspirations that were processed into cell-blocks. Protein-glycerol and formaldehyde replaced the current agglutination solution consisting of concentrated formaldehyde and acetic acid. The cell-count on 39 sections were graded by two Cytotechnologists in three levels from sparse to abundant (1-3). Eight cell-blocks were selected for immunohistochemical staining. The mean cellularity was moderate (2,04). For the pleural and lung cytology samples the mean values were 1,775 and 2.315. No cells were found on n=4 sections. Every (n=8) immunohistochemical staining with associated controls was approved by method specialist. The method provides sufficient cellularity and works with immunohistochemical staining. It can be optimized in relation to protein-ratio and sampling to contribute to streamlined and individualized diagnosis if implemented.
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Fysiologiska reaktioner vid kallvattenimmersion / Physiological reactions during cold-water immersionAbualrob, Elena, Al-Emari, Zeinab January 2024 (has links)
Bakgrund: Kallvattenimmersion är en vanlig förekommande metod som är populär inomtränings- och tävlingsvärlden samt terapimiljöer och kan resultera i förbättrat humör. Vidsådana tillfällen kan akuta fysiologiska effekter inträffa, såsom ökad kardiovaskulärarbetsbelastning vilket kan leda till höjt blodtryck och hjärtfrekvens. Syftet: Syftet med denna studie är att analysera de akuta effekterna avkallvattenimmersion på blodtryck och hjärtfrekvens hos både vana och ovana individersamt att undersöka eventuella skillnader mellan grupperna. Metod: En kvantitativ studie utfördes på 40 deltagare, varav 20 ovana och 20 vana.Deltagarna inkluderade både män och kvinnor i åldersgruppen 18 till 70 år. Ovanadeltagare exponerades för kallvatten i 30 sekunder medan vana deltagare utsattes i 2minuter. Resultat: Resultaten visade signifikanta förändringar i både systoliskt och diastolisktblodtryck samt pulstryck hos båda grupperna. Dock observerades ingen signifikantskillnad i hjärtfrekvens hos de vana, utan snarare hos de ovana. Ingen statistisktsignifikant skillnad observerades mellan grupperna vad gäller blodtrycket, däremotnoterades en skillnad i hjärtfrekvensen. Slutsats: Både vana och ovana deltagare uppvisade ökning i blodtrycket, medan endastde ovana deltagarna uppvisade en ökning i hjärtfrekvens. / Physiological reactions during cold-water immersionBackground: Cold water immersion is a common method popular in training,competition, and therapeutic settings and can result in improved mood. During suchoccasions, acute physiological effects can occur, such as increased cardiovascularworkload, leading to elevated blood pressure and heart rate. Aim: The purpose of this study is to analyze the acute effects of winter swimming onblood pressure and heart rate in both experienced and inexperienced individuals andinvestigate any differences between the groups. Method: A quantitative study was conducted with 40 participants, 20 inexperienced and20 experienced. The participants included both men and women aged 18 to 70 years.Inexperienced participants were exposed to cold water for 30 seconds, while experiencedparticipants for 2 minutes. Results: The results showed significant changes in both systolic and diastolic bloodpressure and pulse pressure in both groups. However, no significant difference in heartrate was observed in the experienced group, but in the inexperienced group. Nostatistically significant difference was observed between groups regarding blood pressurehowever, a difference in heart rate was noted. Conclusion: Both experienced and inexperienced participants showed changes in bloodpressure, while only the inexperienced participants exhibited an increase in heart rate.
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Korrelation mellan kroppsvikt och rekonstruerade counts i myokardscintigrafibilder från StarGuide / Correlation between bodyweight and reconstructed counts in myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography images from StarGuideLundholm, Sara January 2024 (has links)
Myokardscintigrafi är en nuklearmedicinsk metod som används för att kartlägga och visuellt bedöma blodflödet till hjärtat. Vid undersökningen används radiofarmakan Myoview, som består av radionukliden 99mTechnetium som vid sönderfall avger gammastrålning som kan registreras med en gammakamera. StarGuide är en modern gammakamera som implenterades i verksamheten på Skånes universitetssjukhus år 2022. Skillnaden mellan konventionella kamerasystem och StarGuide är främst utformningen och uppbyggnaden av detektorerna, vilket även påverkar hur bilderna framställs. Det här gör att det inte finns några riktlinjer på kliniken gällande kvalitetssäkring i myokardscintigrafi-bilder tagna med StarGuide. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om det finns korrelation mellan counts och kroppsvikt i myokardscintigrafibilder tagna med StarGuide. Retrospektiva data från totalt 60 patienter användes till studien. Medelcounts/s/MBq sattes mot vikt i en scatterplot samt utfördes även en korrelationsanalys. Korrelationsanalysen för hela populationen gav ett värde på -0,790. Könsfördelade korrelationsanalyser utfördes även och gav värdena -0,784 för kvinnor och -0,706 för män. Slutsatsen är att det finns en märkbar korrelation mellan counts och vikt tagna på StarGuide men att det behövs vidare arbete för att stärka studiens fynd. Framför allt behövs insamling av mer data från patienter med en lägre vikt då de var underrepresenterade i studien. / Myocardial perfusion SPECT is a nuclear test used to map and visually assess blood flow to the heart. In the test, the radiopharmaceutical Myoview is used, which consists of the radionuclide 99mTechnetium, which when decaying emits gamma radiation that can be registered with a gamma camera. StarGuide is a modern gamma camera that was implemented in the clinics at Skåne University Hospital in 2022. The difference between conventional camera systems and StarGuide is primarily the design and construction of the detectors, which also affects how the images are produced. This means that there are no guidelines in the clinic regarding quality assurance in myocardial scintigraphy images taken with StarGuide. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether there is a correlation between counts and body weight in myocardial scintigraphy images taken with StarGuide. Retrospective data from a total of 60 patients were used for the study. Mean counts/s/MBq were plotted against weight in a scatter plot and a correlation analysis was also performed. The correlation analysis for the whole population gave a rsvalue of -0.790. Gender-distributed correlation analyzes were also performed and yielded rsvalues of -0.784 for women and -0.706 for men. The conclusion is that there is a noticeable correlation between counts and weight taken on the StarGuide, but that further work is needed to strengthen the study's findings. Above all, the collection of more data is needed from patients with a lower weight as they were underrepresented in the study.
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Comparison And Optimization Of The Thinprep™5000 Processor For Detecting Abnormal Cells In Bladder Irrigation FluidForsman, Alva January 2024 (has links)
Background: Urine cytology has introduced the use of the ThinPrep™ method, originally for gynecologic applications, years ago. It has demonstrated numerous clinically proven advantages, compared to conventional methods. However, the preparation of bladder irrigation fluid has faced several difficulties at the Cytology laboratory at Gävle Hospital, Sweden. The current method, based on the Cytospin® with MegaFunnel™ technique, is soon to be replaced by the ThinPrep™ method at the current lab. The purpose was to compare the ThinPrep™ and the Cytospin® with MegaFunnel™ preparatory techniques. Additionally, investigations for potential improvements of the ThinPrep™ method tailored for the Cytology laboratory at Gävle Hospital was conducted. Material and method: Bladder irrigation fluid was processed using both techniques. The slides were then evaluated by five cytotechnicians and two specialized doctors based on distribution of cells on the smear, the background and assessability for diagnosis. Further investigation of the ThinPrep™ method was conducted for the purpose of optimization. Results: The ThinPrep™ technique showed significant, diagnostical and statistical, improvement in the preparation of bladder irrigation fluid. It successfully detected highly malignant cells, which the conventional method failed to identify. Optimization testing indicated that the method is best suited with appropriate UroCyte™-filters, and the added step of sample-washing removed inflammatory cells and lightened the staining of the smear. Conclusion: The ThinPrep™ technology was proven superior to the conventional Cytospin® technology, providing a cleaner background, clearer staining and – enhanced safety in diagnostic procedure.
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